Precision nanometrology of a large areamicrostructured metrology surface

1 Introduction The authors have been working on a newsurface encoder for detecting multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF) translational and tilt motionsof precision stages[1]. The surface encoder con-sists of two fundamental elements: a sinusoidalmicrostructured metrology surface, which is re-ferred to as the angle grid, and a two-dimension-al (2D) slope sensor[2-3].     

Analysis of surface texture of plateau-honed cylinder liner – A review

The surface of cylinder liner is tribologically important. In most cases, it has a two-process cross-hatched structure created by the plateau honing process. Because the surface topography of cylinder liners is complicated, its analysis is challenging. Special methods have been used to analyse the textures. In this article, first, the parameters in the standard are reviewed. Next, the methods for selecting the reference elements are presented. Other comprehensive methods of cylinder surface analysis are described. Finally, methods of cylinder texture modelling are analysed.     

Application of response surface method on machining of Al–SiC nano-composites

The newly fabricated metal matrix nano-composite (MMNC) of Al 7075 reinforced with 1.5 wt% SiC nano-particles was prepared by a novel ultrasonic cavitation method. The high resolution scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and field emission scanning electron micrograph (FESEM) shows uniform distribution and good dispersion of the SiC nanoparticles within the aluminum metal matrix. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) was employed to machine MMNC with copper electrode by adopting face centered central composite design of response surface methodology. Analysis of variance was applied to investigate the influence of process parameters and their interactions. Further a mathematical model has been formulated in order to estimate the machining characteristics. It has been observed that pulse current was found to be the most important factor affecting all the three output parameters such as material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR) and surface roughness (SR). The optimum parameter of combination setting has been identified for the MMNC are voltage 50.00 V, pulse current 8.00 A, Pulse on time 8.00 μs and pulse off time 9.00 μs. Finally the parameters were optimized for maximizing MRR, minimizing EWR and SR using desirability function approach.     

Precision nanometrology of a large area microstructured metrology surface

1　Introduction　　Theauthorshavebeenworkingonanewsur faceencoderfordetectingmulti degree of freedom(MDOF)translationalandtiltmotionsofprecisionstages[1] .Thesurfaceencoderconsistsoftwofun damentalelements :asinusoidalmicrostructuredmetrologysurface ,whichisreferredtoastheanglegrid ,andatwo dimensional( 2D)slopesensor[2 3 ] .Theanglegridhasa 3Dmicrostructuredsur face ,whichisasuperpositionofsinusoidalwavesintheX andY directions.Sincetheanglegridsur faceisusedasthereferenceofpositionmeasur…     

Effect of micro-scale Young’s modulus and surface roughness on adhesion property to plasma-treated rubber surface

Adhesion between rubbers and metals is often the main cause of machine trouble. Therefore, efficient utilization of rubber in dynamic and static applications requires the modification of the adhesion property of the rubber surface without affecting the bulk characteristics. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of the reduction in adhesion force between medical rubber, chloride-isobutene-isoprene rubber (CIIR), and stainless steel by using surface wave-excited plasma treatment of the rubber surface with oxygen and argon gases. Experimental results showed that surface roughness derivations increased by about 10 times across the treatment, at maximum, corresponding to the increase in time. In addition, the micro-scale Young’s modulus of treated CIIR sheet increased by about 6.3 times at maximum from that of the untreated CIIR sheet. These changes in Young’s modulus and roughness at the surface of CIIR sheet are considered to be the main reasons for the plasma-assisted reduction of adhesion force between stainless steel ball (SUS 440C, JIS) and CIIR sheet.     

Optimization of surface treatment to enhance fiber–matrix interface and performance of composites

Oxidation treatment with concentrated HNO₃ was employed to the carbon fabric (CF) for various time intervals (30–180 min) to observe the effect of treatment on two simultaneous processes involved viz. improvement in its adhesion with the matrix and reduction of fiber strength which in turn is responsible for change in the performance properties of composites. Seven composites with untreated and acid treated CF were developed based on the polyetherimide (PEI) matrix and evaluated for adhesive wear properties under various loads (200–600 N) against mild steel disc. 90 min treated CF composite indicated the best tribological properties and showed 30% reduction in specific wear rate (K₀) and 23% in coefficient of friction (μ) respectively at 600 N load. Treatment beyond this time proved detrimental for improvement in properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed increase in roughness with treatment time, while atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies indicated substantial increase in roughness value. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of worn surfaces supported the wear mechanisms and improvement in adhesion between fiber and matrix.     

Design and application of a borehole–surface microseismic monitoring system

Borehole–surface microseismic monitoring is a new approach for monitoring artificially induced hydraulic fracturing in an oil or gas field. However, ineffective communication links and incompatible data formats between current borehole- and surface-based monitoring systems mean that borehole–surface monitoring cannot be reported in real time. To solve this problem, the borehole–surface microseismic monitoring system reported here allows fracturing points through inversion and the development of fractures to be viewed in real time. Private cloud technology is used to control the instruments, manage the borehole and the surface database, and process the data. This system ensures high performance and availability of the system. The data acquisition modules and the geophones used in the borehole and surface instruments were calibrated in the laboratory to ensure the consistency of the acquired microseismic signals. The monitoring system located 82 microseismic events with a fracture azimuth of N84°E during fracture production in the Daqing Oilfield. Subsequent analysis showed that the locations of the fractures and their strike directions were consistent with the theory of hydraulic fracture propagation and the local crustal stress field. The results demonstrate that the monitoring system effectively and promptly processed data, thus enabling real-time borehole–surface microseismic monitoring.     

Detection for transverse corner cracks of steel plates’ surface using wavelet

An algorithm is presented for detecting transverse corner cracks at a steel plate surface using wavelet transform. According to characteristics of transverse corner crack images, the wavelet transform is used for the multi-scale analysis of detecting the image edges and disintegrating the image into four directions at the same time. The proper threshold value is chosen to segment the image into vertical components to obtain the final detection result. The experiment shows that transverse corner cracks of steel plates can be more effectively extracted by the proposed method than the other two common methods.     

Projected structure of the surface protein of deinococcus radiodurans determined to 8 Å resolution by cryomicroscopy

Cryomicroscopy at liquid nitrogen temperature has been used, in conjunction with correlation averaging, to determine the projection structure of the surface protein (HPI layer) of the Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans to a resolution of 0.83 nm. The two-dimensional crystals were embedded in a thin layer of frozen-hydrated aurothioglucose, obtained by the controlled evaporation of an aurothioglucose solution and cryofixation in the syrup state. The relative merits of this preparation procedure are evaluated.     

Detection for transverse corner cracks of steel plates’ surface using wavelet

An algorithm is presented for detecting transverse corner cracks at a steel plate surface using wavelet transform. According to characteristics of transverse corner crack images, the wavelet transform is used for the multi-scale analysis of detecting the image edges and disintegrating the image into four directions at the same time. The proper threshold value is chosen to segment the image into vertical components to obtain the final detection result. The experiment shows that transverse corner cracks of steel plates can be more effectively extracted by the proposed method than the other two common methods.     

Facility for investigating the propagation of sound in the surface layer of the earth’s atmosphere

The facility is intended for investigating the propagation of sound waves in the surface layer of the Earths atmosphere. It permits the directional radiation, and recording, of high-level audio-frequency sound. The maximum sound level (referred to a distance of 1 m) is as high as 151 dB; the antenna beamwidth is 6° to 16°, depending on the frequency; the side-lobe level does not exceed –20 dB; and the lengths of the investigated propagation paths, with various underlying surfaces, are up to 3 km.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 2, 2005, pp. 130–132.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Krasnenko, Kudryavtsev, Mananko.     

Experimental investigation of surface quality for minimum quantity oil–water lubrication grinding

Effective lubrication and cooling is necessary to ensure grinding temperature levels not to become excessive during grinding process. Conventional grinding fluid has negative influences on the working environment in terms of the health of the machine operator. Furthermore, the using of grinding fluid is seen to increase production cost due to fluid purchase and disposal. One attractive alternative is the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) grinding. In this study, oil–water was applied in the MQL grinding and the grinding results were compared with those of wet, dry, and pure oil MQL grinding. It is found that MQL grinding in comparison to dry grinding significantly enhances grinding performance in terms of improving the quality of the ground workpiece and reducing grinding temperature and forces. Compared with pure oil MQL grinding, the grinding temperature and the thickness of the affected layer for oil–water MQL grinding are lower. However, the tangential force and surface roughness for oil–water MQL grinding are higher than that for pure oil MQL grinding. This indicates that the former has a better cooling condition than the latter, but the lubrication capacity is contrary.     

Effect of additives on a surface textured piston ring–cylinder liner system

ABSTRACT

Laser texturing of the surface is a known approach to improve the tribological performance of mechanical systems. Many studies focused on optimising surface texture parameters for the piston-ring cylinder liner (PRCL) system. However, little attention is given to explore the effect of the textured surface on additive film formation. In the present work, the effect of a laser textured surface on the formation of additives tribochemical films and its impact on the tribological performance of PRCL system is studied. Commercially available steel piston ring and grey cast iron cylinder liner are used as samples to carry out the experiments using linear reciprocating tribometer. Experiments are carried out at 75?N load, 0.1?Hz frequency and 80°C temperature, using polyalphaolefin as base oil mixed with different additives. It is found that dimples are interfering in the formation of tribo-chemical films. However, the hydrodynamic effect of dimples is contributing to the improvement of lubrication performance even in the presence of additives.     

An ion pulse ionization chamber for spectrometric measurements of low surface α activities

The design of a pulse ionization chamber for measuring the surface αactivity of various samples is described. When used together with the appropriate methods for recording and processing the signals, a low-background spectrometer based on this chamber is able to ensure a high sensitivity in direct measurements of ultralow surface α activities. This approach offers a solution to the problem of controlling superpure materials used in detectors for studying rare nuclear processes with a broken equilibrium in the decay chains of the uranium and thorium series. A procedure for modeling the shape of the current pulses according to the orientation of α-particle tracks and their location inside the chamber is described. Results obtained with an α source, as well as with copper and VM2000 light-reflecting film samples, are presented.     

Technical–economic assessment of stone slabs surface finishing using water jet technology

This paper examines, from an economic standpoint, some of the surface finishing results achieved for stone slabs using high pressure water jets. The results of both the management accounting method and a technical and economic cost analysis method are here applied. The latter method is specifically aimed at verifying and fine-tuning the management analysis model based on the technical coefficient matrix. The second method proposed allows one to examine each process in detail and easily determine technical–economic models for planning, processing and management. The type of production cost analysis proposed here is original, rigorous and precise. The fact that it captures all the most significant technical aspects of the process and clarifies their economic implications makes it far more preferable to the traditional final accounts analyses. Moreover, this technical and economic cost analysis method allows one to accurately calculate the unit cost of each product.     

Friction‐generated surface deposits

Recent publications are reviewed that illustrate friction and wear reductions by friction‐generated surface coatings in a number of applications. The emphasis is on surface chemistry. Topics included are the friction of polymers with and without fillers, the friction of metals and ceramics, friction and wear related to computer disk and tape drives, friction and wear reduction in atmospheres of carbonaceous gases, and chemical reactions between tribological surfaces with and without lubricants. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of milling on surface integrity of Ti6Al4V—study of the metallurgical characteristics: microstructure and microhardness

The quality of titanium alloy parts in the aeronautical field demands high reliability, which is largely related to surface integrity. Surface integrity is generally defined by three parameters: a geometric parameter, a mechanical parameter and a metallurgical parameter. The present article addresses the influence of milling on the metallurgical parameter for a surface milled in Ti6Al4V material, focusing in particular on the microstructure and microhardness. Observation of the machined surface from a macroscopic perspective highlight an orange peel phenomenon. This effect is the combined result of redeposition and crushing of the milled material. No plastically deformed layer or lengthening of the grains was observed under the milled surface. As far as microhardness is concerned, a slightly softened region was observed under the milled surface. A diffusion of vanadium from the β phase to the α phase was also noted, but with no change in microstructure.     

Experimental methods of determining the cutting forces at the tool’s rear surface

Considerable discrepancies are observed when different methods are used to determine the normal cutting forces at the tool’s rear surface in free right-angled cutting.     

Thermo-mechanical analysis of the magnetic head–disk interface with a fractal surface description

Rigid rough surface of a magnetic head and smooth surface of a hard disk are chosen to perform a comprehensive thermo-mechanical contact analysis at the magnetic head–disk interface, which is characterized by using the fractal geometry. The effects of mechanical and thermal surface loadings on deformation of the semi-infinite medium in normal and sliding contacts are analyzed simultaneously by developing a 2D finite element model. It is shown that frictional heating increases not only the contact area but also the contact pressure and stresses. The maximum temperature occurs at the tip of the asperities of the semi-infinite medium.