FLOW STRUCTURE AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT WITH IMPACTS OF AQUATIC VEGETATION

Aquatic vegetation plays an important role in the flow structure of open channels and thus changes the fate and the transport of sediment. This article proposes a three-dimensional turbulence model by introducing vegetation density and drag force into the control equations of water flow in the presence of vegetation. The model was used to calculate the impacts of submerged vegetation on the vertical profiles of longitudinal flow velocities, the changes of the depth-averaged flow velocities in a compound channel with emergent vegetation in the floodplain, the removal of suspended sediment from the channels by emergent vegetation, and the bed changes around and in a vegetated island. Numerical investigations show that aquatic vegetation retards flow in the vegetation zone, reduces the sediment transport capacity, and contributes to erosion on both sides of the vegetated island. Calculated results agree well with experimental results.     

A STUDY ON NONEQUILIBRIUM TRANSPORT OF NONUNIFORM BEDLOAD IN STEADY FLOW

In the case of steady flow, an equilibrium state for an alluvial reach referring tothe input of sediment over a sufficiently long time (time interval in the order of months) is equalto the output of sediment. A nonequilibrium state exists under steady flow when the sedimenttransport rate changes with time and space, so that there is no balance between input and outputof sediment. The experiments were performed in an open circuit tilting flume with the bed slope of 0.001-0. 009, the flume length of 30m and flume width of 0. 5m. The boundary condition atupstream and in all experiments, the rate of sedimant supply was zero. The coal or sand was se-lected as the Wed material. The grain diameter of the bed material varied in the range of 0.05-20. 00ram. The equation of nonequilibrium transport of nonuniform bedload is derived. Thegrain distribution of the size distribution of bedload is calculated by modified Gessler's formula.The grain size distribution of bed material is calculated by CARICHAR mixed layer model. These equations are applied to numerical simulation of armoring of riverbeds. The results ofthe bedload transport rate and the grain size distribution of the bedload at the end of the down-stream in the process of time, as well as the grain size distribution of the bed material in the pro-cess of time and distance are all in close agreement with the measurements.     

CALCULATION MODELS FOR THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RATE

The calculation accuracy of the suspended sediment transport rate relies on that ofthe vertical distribution of the particle concentration,the particle velocity distribution and thereference concentration.In view of the limitations of the previons formulas for both the velocityand the concentration distributions,general expressions are introduced to the calculation of sus-pended sediment transport rate.Based on these analyses,a simple and practical calculation modelis given in the present paper.     

A VERTICAL 2-D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

Numerical simulation of sediment transport and bed evolution has become an important technique in the sediment research. In this article,a numerical model of suspended sediment transport was proposed,which was established in the vertical σ coordinate for fitting the free surface and bottom. In the research of the sediment transport,the predominant factors were found to be the eddy diffusion,the settling velocity,the bed condition and so on. By the aid of the model in the article,the contribution of the Rouse parameter to the vertical profile of sediment concentration was clarified,which was identical to the theoretical results. In the comparison of the numerical results with laboratory data,the agreement between experimental data and numerical results was reached except for some data. And the possible reasons for the disagreement were discussed.     

全沙模型试验的一种设计方法

本文对在同一模型中同时复演悬抄，异重流和底沙３种形式的泥沙运行进行了探讨，以悬沙，以沉降相似和扬相相似设计泥沙，保证挟沙能力和冲淤时间相似，及泥沙级配相似；对异重流，就满足异重流发生条件的相似，保证含沙量和淤积时间相似；对底沙，以满足起动相似设计泥沙，使输沙量及冲淤时间相似，３种形式泥沙运动的冲淤时间比尺应基本一致，最后，给出了某工程设计实例。     

NUMERICAL MODELING OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN CHANNEL BENDS

1. INTRODUCTION Due to the fact that three-dimensional (3D) numerical models are quite expensive to simulate flow and sediment transport processes, vertically-integrated two-dimensional (2D) models are extensively applied at present, even to the predictio…     

FLOW FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAND FUNNEL AND ITS MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

The flow in funnel chamber is typical three-di-mensional flow. The experimental results of clear water flowfield and muddy water flow field show that the flow character-istics in the funnel chamber are favorable to the separation ofwater and sand. Tangential velocity sustains the vortexstrength of the funnel chamber, axial velocity is benefit to thesediment sinking, and radial velocity is benefit to sedimentmoving to desilting hole. So the sand funnel is successful insediment disposal. The sand funnel projection has also gooddesilting effectiveness in practice. Its average flushing dis-charge is 3% of inlet canal discharge, the sand disposal rate is100% for the sand with grain diameter of more than 0. 5mm,and is more than 90% for the sand with grain diameter of lessthan 0. 5mm.     

THE NONLINEAR CUSP-CATASTROPHE MODEL OF THE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RATE

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＦｒｏｍｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｒａｔｅｏｆＰ .Ｄｕｂｏｙｓｉｎ 1879,ｔｈｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｒａｔｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｂｙｍａｎｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｏ     

泥沙输移的理论研探

本文通过对泥沙颗粒在水中的受力情况分析，从理论上导出了描述推移质运动的数学表达式．在此基础上，又导得了挟沙水流的底部含沙量，从而使泥沙运动的扩散方程能够方便地运用到工程实际问题之中．     

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE OFFSHORE NEAR YANGTZE ESTUARY

Based on the Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Modeling System with Sediments （ECOMSED） model, a 3-D hydrodynamic-transport numerical model was established for the offshore area near the Yangtze Estuary in the East China Sea .The hydrodynamic module was driven by tide and wind. Sediment module included sediment resuspension, transport and deposition of cohesive and non-cohesive sediment. The settling of cohesive sediment in the water column was modeled as a fimction of aggregation （flocculation） and deposition. The numerical results were compared with observation data for August, 2006. It shows that the sediment concentration reduces gradually from the seashore to the offshore area. Numerical results of concentration time series in the observation stations show two peaks and two valleys, according with the observation data. It is mainly affected by tidal current. The suspended sediment concentration is related to the tidal current during a tidal cycle, and the maximum concentration appears 1 h-4 h after the current maximum velocity has reached.     

CRITICAL UNIT STREAM POWER FOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＬＩＴＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＲＥＶＩＥＷＩｎｃｉｐｉｅｎｔｍｏｔｉｏｎｉｓａｓｐｅｃｉａｌｃａｓｅｏｆｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｒａｔｅｏｒｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｉｓｚｅｒｏｏｒａｓｍａｌｌｖａｌｕｅｔｈｅｎ .Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｓｔｉｃａｎｄｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ ,ｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄｉｎｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉ…     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED-LOAD SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN IRREGULAR WAVE-CURRENT COEXISTENT FIELD

1.　INTRODUCTIONTheproblemofsedimenttransportnearcoastalregionisofgreatimportanceforthesiltationinnavigationalfairways,harbordocksandthechangesinbeachprofileandcoastalmorphology.Underpracticalconditions,dynamicenvironmentisverycomplexbecausethewaveandcurrentarerandomand,theirpropagatingdirectionsarealsouncertain.Sothestudyofsedimenttransportinanirregularwave-currentcoexistentfieldismoreimportantthanthatinpurewaveorpurecurrentfield.Inrecentyears,manyempiricalformulaswereproposedtoexpressth…     

EXPERIMENT STUDY ON SEDIMENT INCIPIENCE IN BACKWARDFACING STEP FLOW

Flow over a backward-facing step was studied to investigate the effect of large-scale vortex structures on sediment incipience. The transient flow velocity field at the downstream of the backward-facing step was obtained using the technique of Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV). The optical amplification technique was employed to measure the instantaneous flow velocities near the bed and the instantaneous bed shear stress was given. The experimental observations revealed a new insight into the oscillation of the large-scale structure and the three-dimensional characteristics of the flow. In particular,very high turbulence intensity,instantaneous horizontal velocity near the bed and the bed shear stress near the reattachment point were observed. The sediment incipient probability obtained from the sequent images of sediment particles near the bed indicates that the critical instantaneous shear stress of the sediment incipience is independent of flow conditions.     

STUDY ON SORPTION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS BY SEDIMENT PARTICLES

Sorption of heavy metal on sediment particles is studied theoretically am experimentally. Sorption processes of heavy metal pollutants on sediment particles can b well described by Langmuir model. Parameters in the model b,,k and k1 depend on proper ties of sediment and water, and have nothing to do with sediment concentration. By com bining the sorption dynamic equation and the mass conservation equation, the variation c N(sorption content of heavy metal pollutant by specific weight of sediment) and c (con centration of heavy metal pollutant in water phase) with time can be deduced. Further more, formulas for calculating the equilibrium sorption content N and the equilibriur concentration of heavy metal pollutant in water phase c are established too. Experimenta data well coincide with theoretical formulas. These can be treated as the basis for furthe quantitative study of sediment sorption-desorption characteristics.     

VERIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF FORMULAS FOR BED LOAD TRANSPORT

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｂｅｄｌｏａｄｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔｆｅｗｄｅｃａｄｅｓａｎｄｍａｎｙｆｏｒｍｕｌａｓｆｏｒｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇｂｅｄｌｏａｄｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｒａｔｅｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ(Ｅｉｎｓｔｅｉｎ 1950 ;Ｍｅｙｅｒ Ｐｅｔｅｒ 194 8;Ｂａｇｎｏｌｄ 1973;Ｅｎｇｅｌｕｎｄ 1976;Ｙａｌｉｎ 1972 ;Ｓａｍａｇａ 1986;ａｎｄＫａｒｉｍ 1998) .Ｗｈｅｎａｐｐｌｉｅｄｔｏｓｔｒｅａｍｓｗｉｔｈｐａｒｔｉａｌ…     

河工泥沙模型相似律研究现状及其存在的问题

河工泥沙模型是研究河流工程问题的重要工具，它是建立在模型相似律基础之上的．文中阐述了河工泥沙模型相似律的研究现状，指出其中存在的一些问题，并提出和介绍了一些处理方法。     

局部冲刷坑发展过程的泥沙输运特性

为揭示水流作用下沙质河床结构物周围床面冲刷过程中的泥沙输运特性,采用三维紊流、考虑推移质和悬移质运动的河床变形数值模拟,研究了清水冲刷和动床冲刷条件下,墩柱型结构物局部冲刷过程中悬移质和推移质泥沙输运贡献及其与马蹄涡流特征量、床面切应力以及泥沙悬浮指数的相关性。研究发现,清水冲刷条件下,悬移质输运占比较小,推移质泥沙输运占优;动床冲刷条件下,悬移质输运的贡献随悬浮指数的减小迅速增大;冲刷过程中悬移质和推移质输沙率与床面切应力变化趋势一致,结构物周围局部切应力的大小与马蹄涡涡量呈正相关关系。     

EPISODIC SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND ELEVATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN A SMALL,MOUNTAINOUS RIVER IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA

Suspended sediment and organic contaminants were measured during a period of 2 years in the San Lorenzo River, central California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, in an effort to quantify the potential environmental effects of storm events from a steep, mountainous coastal urban watershed. Most suspended sediment transport occurred during flooding caused by winter storms; 56% of the total sediment load for the 2‐year study was transported by the river during one storm event in January 2010. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exceed regulatory criteria during high‐flow events in the San Lorenzo River, and total annual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon load was on the order of 10 kg in water year 2010. These results highlight the importance of episodic sediment and contaminant transport in steep, mountainous coastal watersheds and emphasize the importance of understanding physical processes and quantifying chemical constituents in discharge from coastal watersheds on event‐scale terms. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE TIDAL MOTION AND SUSPEND EDSEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE RADIAL SANDBANK AREA OF THE SOUTHERN YELLOW SEA

A coupled 2-D numerical model for hydrodynamic-sediment transport was established and applied to simulate the tides, tidal currents and sediment movement in the submarine Radial Sandbank area of the southern Yellow Sea.With a high-resolution topography dataset used in the model,the simulation reproduced a fine-structured current field and erosion-siltation distribution. The modeled results show that,in the area of Radial Sandbanks, reversing tidal current and seabed erosion occurs within troughs while tidal current with more rotary feature and deposition occurs above sandbanks,which indicates the tidal-induced formation of the Radial Sandbanks. During a tidal period, associating with the variation of current speed, erosion alternates with siltation. The seabed deformation depends on the relative strength of erosion and siltation in a tidal period.     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR UNSTEADY SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN NINGXIA REACH OF THE YELLOW RIVER

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＮｉｎｇｘｉａｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｐａｒｔｏｆＣｈｉｎａ .ＴｈｅＹｅｌｌｏｗＲｉｖｅｒｐｌａｙｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌ ｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＮｉｎｇｘｉａ’ｓｅｃｏｎｏｍｙａｎｄｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ,ｂｕｔｉｔａｌｓｏｂｒｉｎｇｓｇｒｅａｔｓｏｒｒｏｗｔｏｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｉｎｔｈｉｓｒｅｇｉｏｎｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｓｉｌｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｃｈａｎｎｅｌｂｒｉｎｇｓａｂｏｕｔｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｆｏｒｆ…