支链聚合度对菠萝蜜种子淀粉老化特性的影响

本研究以菠萝蜜种子淀粉(jackfruit seed starch,JFSS)为原材料,将其分离成直链淀粉和支链淀粉。将直链淀粉与五种不同支链聚合度的支链淀粉以1:1质量比进行混合,并进行糊化/老化处理,制备具有不同支链聚合度的老化JFSS(retrograded JFSS,RJFSS:M1’、M5’、M6’、M11’和BD’)。M1的支链聚合度最低,BD的支链聚合度最高。5种RJFSS样品显示出从致密到松散结构的显著变化。高脱水收缩形成致密结构,低脱水收缩相反。支链聚合度增加,5种RJFSS样品的Avrami指数和转变温度升高,重结晶速率、老化焓、老化度、相对结晶度、吸光度比降低。热力学特性、结晶结构和短程分子有序度的结果证实了不同支链聚合度RJFSS的老化特性。结果表明,支链聚合度是影响淀粉在贮藏过程中老化特性的重要结构因素。     

支链聚合度对菠萝蜜种子淀粉凝胶化特性的影响

采用5种菠萝蜜种子淀粉(jackfruit seed starch,JFSS)分离直链淀粉和支链淀粉,马来西亚1号(M1)直链淀粉分别和M1、马来西亚5号(M5)、马来西亚6号(M6)、马来西亚11号(M11)、本地品种(BD)的支链淀粉进行1:1的混合,制备具有不同支链聚合度的凝胶化JFSS(gelatinized JFSS,GJFSS:M1'、M5'、M6'、M11'和BD')。以颗粒形貌、冻融稳定性、热力学性质、糊化特性和短程分子有序度为考察指标,研究不同支链聚合度对JFSS凝胶化过程的影响。结果表明,BD的支链聚合度最高,其次是M11、M6、M5、M1的支链聚合度最低。5种GJFSS样品的微观结构明显从致密(M1')变到疏松(BD')。冻融稳定性结果与微观结构结果一致,高脱水收缩形成致密结构(M1'),低脱水收缩形成松散结构(BD')。随着支链聚合度的增加,凝胶化焓、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值和吸光度比降低,但转变温度和糊化温度升高。热力学性质、糊化特性和短程分子序列与微观结构和脱水收缩结果一致,支链聚合度是影响淀粉凝胶化特性的重要结构因素。     

支链聚合度对菠萝蜜种子淀粉理化特性的影响

从菠萝蜜种子淀粉(jackfruit seed starch,JFSS)分离直链淀粉和支链淀粉,将相同直链淀粉(50%)混合5种不同支链淀粉,制备具有不同支链聚合度的JFSS(M1′、M5′、M6′、M11′和BD′),探究支链聚合度对JFSS理化特性的影响。结果显示:M1′具有最低的支链聚合度(189 506),BD′具有最高的支链聚合度(431 481)。随着支链聚合度增加,5种JFSS样品的脱水收缩、凝胶化焓、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值、相对结晶度和吸光度比分别从72.87%、15.59J/g、4 755cP、3 548cP、1 207cP、5 751cP、2 203cP、33.22%、1.56(M1′)降低至66.79%、13.84J/g、2 717cP、1 971cP、746cP、3 158cP、1 187cP、27.94%、1.45(BD′)。然而转变温度和糊化温度分别从48.19,60.39,75.32,77.55℃(M1′)升高到52.39,64.54,78.47,81.60℃(BD′)。冻融稳定性、热特性、结晶结构、短程分子序列的结果表明,支链聚合度是影响淀粉理化特性的重要结构因素。     

DSC法研究6种莲子淀粉糊化和老化特性

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)结合Avrami 方程研究在4℃、储存两周的条件下,6种莲子淀粉的糊化和老化特性,探讨直链淀粉以及贮存时间对其热力学行为产生的影响,并用SPSS软件计算其相关性。结果表明：6种莲子淀粉的糊化温度、ΔH、老化焓、老化度以及老化速率存在着一定的差异,老化速率的大小顺序为太空莲＞美人红＞大紫红＞武植2号＞鄂莲＞洪湖莲,太空莲淀粉的老化速率是洪湖莲淀粉的1.36 倍;6种莲子淀粉的成核方式均为瞬间成核;4℃条件下贮存两周的莲子淀粉的老化度随着贮存时间的增加而增大;直链淀粉含量与Avrami 指数n值呈负相关,与速率常数k值、ΔH、老化焓以及冰融溶焓呈正相关。     

聚葡萄糖对大米淀粉凝胶老化特性的影响

为探究聚葡萄糖(PD)对大米淀粉(RS)凝胶老化特性的影响,利用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、X-射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究聚葡萄糖对大米淀粉糊化黏度特性、热特性、晶体结构和微观结构的影响。结果表明,随着聚葡萄糖添加量的增大,大米淀粉糊化的峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值均显著下降(p<0.05);但是糊化温度升高,大米淀粉的糊化焓值和老化焓值均显著降低(p<0.05),大米淀粉凝胶的相对结晶度从14.09%降到8.61%。SEM结果表明添加聚葡萄糖后,大米淀粉凝胶孔洞变小,表面更致密、光滑,说明聚葡萄糖可以抑制大米淀粉凝胶的重结晶,延缓大米淀粉凝胶的老化。     

压榨型鲜湿米粉条凝胶质构特性及食用品质影响因素

以压榨型鲜湿米粉条凝胶品质影响因素为研究对象,主要探讨了大米粉基本理化指标、快速黏度分析(rapid visco analyze,RVA)糊化特性、大米淀粉结晶特性对压榨型鲜湿米粉条的食用品质及其凝胶质构特性的影响。研究表明大米粉直链淀粉的质量分数与米粉条的感官得分、质构特性指标(除黏附性、弹性外)呈显著或极显著正相关(P0.05,P0.01),大米粉支链淀粉质量分数与米粉条感官得分、质构特性指标(除黏附性、弹性外)呈显著或极显著负相关(P0.05,P0.01);大米粉粗蛋白(除与恢复性呈显著正相关外)、粗脂肪质量分数与米粉条凝胶特性和食用品质相关性不显著(P0.05);X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱2种方法分析得到的结晶度RX和RI均与米粉条的凝胶特性指标和食用品质感官得分均无显著相关性(P0.05)。RVA糊化特性参数中的峰值黏度、最低黏度和最终黏度与米粉条的感官得分、质构特性指标(除黏附性、弹性外)呈显著或极显著正相关性(P0.05,P0.01);衰减值虽与感官得分、凝胶质构特性指标(除与黏附性显著负相关外)均呈一定的负相关性,但均不显著(P0.05);而回生值则与米粉条感官得分、凝胶质构特性指标的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、恢复性均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。由此可见,直链淀粉、支链淀粉质量分数及RVA糊化特性参数可用来预测压榨型鲜湿米粉条的食用品质关键性指标。     

水分含量对燕麦淀粉糊化老化特性影响的研究

本研究采用扫描电镜法、X-射线衍射法和差示扫描量热法(DSC),从淀粉的颗粒形貌特性、晶体结构特性和热力学特性的变化,来研究水分含量对燕麦淀粉糊化老化特性的影响。结果表明:燕麦淀粉的X-衍射图谱为A型,含水量较低(70%)时,老化后的燕麦淀粉凝胶质地坚硬表面空隙较大,衍射峰相对强度大,含水量较高(90%)时,凝胶表面质地均匀,衍射峰的相对强度较弱。燕麦淀粉重结晶晶体融化的起始温度(To)、顶点温度(Tp)、终止温度(Tc)和融化热焓值(ΔH),以及晶体生长速率均随含水量增加而降低,说明增加含水量可延缓燕麦淀粉老化;随着贮藏时间的延长焓值(ΔH)有所增加,说明燕麦淀粉老化度随贮藏时间延长而增加;同时,含水量在60%~90%时,燕麦淀粉重结晶的成核方式为一次成核。说明燕麦蒸煮类食品的老化度随着贮藏时间的延长而增加,但适当增加含水量可延缓贮藏过程中燕麦淀粉的老化现象。     

糙米重组米的回生特性

采用差示扫描量热仪和质构仪研究了糙米重组米的Avrami方程及硬度,探讨了糙米重组米的回生特性。结果表明：糙米重组米的Avrami参数n值均小于1,以一次成核的方式结晶;糙米重组米淀粉中的直链淀粉含量对Avrami参数n有非常显著的影响,对支链淀粉的最大回生度没有显著的影响;参数n和结晶速率k之间成极显著负相关;最大回生度与结晶速率k成显著负相关;硬度可以有效地反映出糙米重组米的回生程度。     

支链聚合度对菠萝蜜支链淀粉与月桂酸复合物理化特性的影响

为探究支链聚合度对支链淀粉-脂肪酸复合物糊化特性的影响，对5种支链聚合度不同的菠萝蜜种子支链淀粉（Jackfruit seed amylopectin, JFSA）与月桂酸复合物（M1ZY、M2ZY、M3ZY、M4ZY和M5ZY）的理化特性进行了测定并分析了这五种复合物糊化特征参数、重均聚合度（DPw）和复合指数（CI）的相关性。结果表明:随着支链聚合度升高，形成的菠萝蜜种子支链淀粉-月桂酸复合物的复合指数显著增加（P<0.05），由23.27%（M1ZY）提高到35.95%（M5ZY）；五种复合物的脱水收缩程度、水溶性与油溶性，以及膨胀度、溶解度值均明显增加；五种复合物的糊化特征参数值有显著差异，其峰值黏度（PV）、谷值黏度（TV）、最终黏度（FV）随支链聚合度聚合度的增加而升高，但崩解值（BkD）、回生值（StB）降低；Pearson相关分析表明，支链淀粉的DPw与复合物的TV、CI呈显著正相关（r=0.887，0.949，P<0.05）。支链聚合度是影响菠萝蜜种子支链淀粉-月桂酸复合物理化特性的重要因素。     

单甘酯对马铃薯淀粉物化特性的影响

考察分子蒸馏单甘酯(MON)对马铃薯淀粉(PS)糊的流变特性、淀粉凝胶析水特性及其硬度的影响,并借助差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)方法,分析PS与PS-MON的热特性和凝胶微结构的变化。结果表明:添加MON可显著提高PS的起始糊化温度、最大黏度值下的温度和糊化过程的焓值;显著降低淀粉糊的最大黏度值和凝胶老化过程的析水率(P<0.05);并增强凝胶内部结构的致密性,提高淀粉老化凝胶的硬度(P<0.05)。     

Effect of low molecular weight dextrins on gelatinization and retrogradation of starch

!-Amylases, usually added to bread recipes as anti-firming agents, are known to produce low molecular weight dextrins by starch hydrolysis. The influence of these compounds on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Adding oligosaccharides to starch caused a delay in gelatinization, although its extent was not quantified. However, oligosaccharides of degrees of polymerization (DP) 3-5 reduced the enthalpy of the retrogradation endotherm, shown as the staling endotherm. The addition of gluten to starch and starch/oligosaccharide mixtures had no effect on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch. The retrogradation of starch in dough samples was also analysed, after 'baking' in the calorimeter, to obtain additional information about starch retrogradation during storage. Oligosaccharides of DP 3-5 also reduced the enthalpy of the retrogradation endotherm. This work provides evidence that oligosaccharides influence starch changes during the baking and storage of bread. These effects could be considered as the mechanism by which the bacterial !-amylase reduces starch retrogradation and acts as an anti-firming agent.     

海藻酸钠与氯化钙对大米淀粉回生影响机理的热力学分析

为探究海藻酸钠与氯化钙对大米淀粉回生的影响机理,采用差示扫描量热仪研究海藻酸钠与氯化钙对大米淀粉回生热力学特性的影响,采用Avrami模型分析大米淀粉的回生动力学参数,并用热重分析法验证影响结果。结果表明：3?mmol/L氯化钙组、质量分数0.9%海藻酸钠组及其混合物分别使大米淀粉的糊化峰值温度提高1.0%、1.1%和2.2%,使糊化焓提高4.7%、14.0%和21.4%;储藏21?d后,氯化钙对大米淀粉的回生没有显著性影响（P＜0.05）,质量分数0.6%的海藻酸钠及其与氯化钙混合物分别使大米淀粉的回生焓降低23.7%和27.6%,使回生率降低33.9%和36%;氯化钙、海藻酸钠（0.9%）及其混合物使大米淀粉的成核方式由瞬间成核转变成连续成核,并分别使大米淀粉的结晶速率常数降低73.0%、90.1%和95.3%;海藻酸钠（0.6%）与氯化钙混合物使回生大米淀粉的水分损失率减少87.1%,验证海藻酸钠与氯化钙混合物对大米淀粉回生的抑制作用。     

Gelatinization and Retrogradation Properties of Native and Hydroxypropylated Crosslinked Tapioca Starches with Added Sucrose and Sodium Chloride

The effects of sucrose and sodium chloride on the gelatinization and retrogradation of native and hydroxypropylated crosslinked tapioca starches were investigated by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Hydroxypropylated crosslinked tapioca starches showed low gelatinization temperature and enthalpy compared to the native tapioca starch. Sucrose and sodium chloride increased the gelatinization temperatures of all starch samples. The enthalpy to melt retrograded amylopectin of hydroxypropylated crosslinked tapioca starches were low, compared to that of the native starch. Sucrose did not have much effect on retrogradation of the starch, while sodium chloride decreased retrogradation of all starch samples.     

茶叶乙醇提取物对蜡质玉米淀粉回生性质的影响

以蜡质玉米淀粉（waxy corn starch,WCS）为原料,研究不同添加量（1.0%、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%）茶叶乙醇提取物（ethanol extract of tea,EET）与WCS共糊化后的相互作用以及对其透光率、老化度、溶解度、膨胀度、凝胶强度、糊化及回生特性、结晶结构、微观结构及体外消化性能的影响。结果表明：EET的添加对WCS的理化性质、回生性质及体外消化性能影响显著。随着EET添加量的增加,WCS的溶解度、膨胀度逐渐增加,而WCS的凝胶强度逐渐下降;与对照组相比,当EET添加量为2.5%时,WCS的老化度、糊化焓值、回生焓值、回生率、1047/1022的比值以及相对结晶度均有所下降,说明WCS的回生受到显著抑制。此外,EET的添加导致WCS的消化性能下降,使WCS中的快消化淀粉含量下降,抗性淀粉的含量增加。因此,在淀粉类食品加工时,可适量加入EET,降低产品的回生程度,提高产品的感官品质并延长产品的保质期。     

Gelatinization and retrogradation of native starch from cherimoya fruit during ripening, using differential scanning calorimetry

The aim of this work was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of non-conventional starch from cherimoya fruit in order to suggest possible applications of these polymers in various food systems. The influence of the stage of ripening on thermal behaviour of cherimoya fruit starch was also analysed. Starch was visualized by cryo-SEM, and gelatinization and retrogradation properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC was also used for accurate determination of the starch content of cherimoya dry matter. The calorimetric profile for cherimoya fruit starch showed a peak temperature (gelatinization) over a range from 63.7 to 65.2 °C and enthalpy values between 14.8 and 15.9 J g⁻¹ during ripening. Neither temperatures nor melting enthalpy of recrystallized amylopectin differed over the ripening period. The recrystallization rate, as measured by changes in melting enthalpy with time according to the Avrami model, showed a very slight retrograde tendency. It is suggested that these characteristics could be useful in products where good quality and long shelf-life are required.     

Physicochemical characteristics of waxy rice starch influencing the in vitro digestibility of a starch gel

Starches were isolated from three waxy rice varieties: Koganemochi (Kog), Hakuchomochi (Hak), and Kantomochi 172 (K172). Forty percent starch gels were prepared and the extent of starch gel digestibility was determined by an in vitro method. The distribution of chain lengths of amylopectin was analyzed and differential scanning calorimetry was used to analyze gelatinization and retrogradation of waxy rice starch. The K172 gel had significantly higher resistance to hydrolysis than had the other gels. The K172 starch contained lower proportions of the short chains of amylopectin and showed higher gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. The retrogradation peak was measured using waxy rice starch gels stored for 1 and 7 days at 5 °C. The K172 gel was observed to retrograde more quickly and to have a greater extent of retrogradation than the other gels. The difference in amylopectin chain length distribution and recrystallinity contributed to the variation in the starch gel digestibility of waxy rice.     

Retrogradation Behavior of Wheat Starch Gels with Differing Molecular Profiles

Differing molecular profiles of starches were developed by acid treatment of native wheat starch. Molecular weight distribution, branching, and linear chain length distribution was characterized. Starches with fewer large size amylopectin fragments, increased smaller size amylopectin fragments, decreased branch points, decreased overall sizes, and narrower linear chain length distributions, had higher initial retrogradation rates. However, all aged starch gels had similar final crystalline enthalpy levels. Different retrogradation behaviors were due to smaller size amylopectin fragments, narrowed linear chain length distribution, and decreased branching. Retrogradation behavior was modeled using classical Avrami kinetics to allow comparison with other retrogradation studies.