超声波辅助咸蛋快速腌制方法

对比传统腌制、酸碱处理、超声波处理3种腌制方法;研究超声波处理及未处理腌制期间蛋内盐度分布规律并比较成熟时间。结果表明:超声波预处理腌制的蛋内部盐度分布均匀,咸度适中,蛋清和蛋黄的色泽、质地及蛋黄出油率均优于其他两种方法;采用超声波处理的蛋,在腌制末期,咸蛋内部含盐量平均分布,而未处理的咸蛋内部盐含量由外到内逐渐减小;经超声波预处理的咸蛋成熟时间为27 d,比未处理的提前了13 d,腌制周期缩短33%。     

减压法快速腌制咸蛋及蛋黄中脂肪酸变化

将减压技术应用于咸蛋的传统盐水浸泡法中,达到了明显缩短咸蛋腌制周期的目的。通过单因素试验和正交试验分析,测定各组蛋在腌制过程中的蛋黄色度、指数、蛋清和蛋黄含盐量、咸蛋合格率以及感官评分,得到减压法腌制咸蛋的最优工艺条件是:真空度为-0.09 MPa,温度为23℃,每天维持一定真空度的时间为23.5 h。利用GC-MS技术测定鲜鸭蛋和所腌制咸蛋的蛋黄中的脂肪酸,发现两者之间脂肪酸的种类没有发生变化,相对含量有所不同,腌制后棕榈酸由7.707%上升到12.910%,亚油酸由6.166%减少到3.835%,顺式-十八烷酸由16.510%增加到31.620%。     

咸蛋黄快速腌制剂的优化研究

蛋清和蛋黄分离后用盐水直接腌制蛋黄,不仅可以达到快速腌制蛋黄的目的,还可以大大减少咸蛋清的浪费。该研究采用单纯形格子法对咸蛋黄的快速腌制剂配方进行研究,结果表明,食盐浓度对咸蛋黄的咸度影响最大,白酒对咸蛋黄风味起到重要作用,磷酸二氢钠和卡拉胶对咸蛋黄的出油率贡献较大。综合考虑成本与工艺要求等问题,确定咸蛋黄的腌制剂配方为:食盐70%,卡拉胶2.5%,磷酸二氢钠7.5%,白酒20%,在该条件下制备的咸蛋黄的含盐量、感官评价和出油率分别为2.10%、15.10和41.56%,与理论预测值的相对误差均在±1%以内,说明利用该方法建立的模型在实践中进行预测是可行的。     

3种方法腌制咸蛋理化性质的对比

咸鸭蛋是我国传统再制蛋之一,优质咸蛋具有蛋清洁白不咸、蛋黄松沙出油的特点,但咸蛋加工周期长,品质不太稳定。该研究引入真空减压智能腌制设备加工咸蛋,并与泥包法和常压水淹法传统咸蛋加工方法进行对比,研究3种腌制方法对咸蛋理化性质的影响。测定腌制过程中的蛋增重、蛋黄指数、蛋黄硬化率、咸蛋的盐含量、蛋黄出油率、咸蛋质构与蛋黄风味物质。结果显示,真空减压法在12 d即可腌制出成熟的咸鸭蛋,而泥包法需要22 d,常压水腌法需要32 d。真空减压法在较短时间内就可达到与泥包法和常压水淹法腌制咸蛋的品质效果,其最终蛋黄指数、蛋黄硬化率、质构和风味物质结果均相当,达到咸蛋成熟度和质构指标以及具有特有的咸蛋风味。泥包法和常压水腌法腌制的咸蛋蛋清盐含量分别为5.32%和5.40%,口感较咸;真空减压腌制的咸鸭蛋蛋清的盐含量为4.60%,蛋黄盐含量为1.98%,达到适宜口味,整体口感最好。真空减压水腌法腌制得到的咸鸭蛋出油率(47.5%)略高于常压水腌法和泥包法(分别为46.1%和43.9%)。综上,与泥包法和常压水腌法相比,真空减压水腌法加工咸蛋可大大缩短腌制周期,且咸蛋产品的咸度适宜、出油率高,表明真空减压技术可用于咸蛋快速生产加工。     

烹饪用咸蛋黄腌制工艺研究

以新鲜鸡蛋蛋黄为原料,对烹饪用咸蛋黄腌制工艺参数进行优化。采用单因素试验探究腌制时间、温度及食盐、白酒添加质量分数对咸蛋黄出油率、色度值的影响;利用响应面分析优化高出油率咸蛋黄的腌制工艺参数。试验结果表明,咸蛋黄的出油率和色度值随食盐、白酒添加质量分数、腌制温度、时间的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。食盐添加质量分数1.6%、白酒添加质量分数5%、腌制温度26℃、腌制时间36 h时,咸蛋黄出油率最高,为32.73%,色度值最大,为59.88,感官评价评分为91.3分。制得的咸蛋黄调味料色泽橘黄、咸香馥郁,适于生产烹饪用咸蛋黄调味料。     

咸蛋腌制过程中超声波预处理技术参数优化

超声波能迅速降低蛋清黏度,加速成蛋腌制过程盐分渗透.将超声波技术应用于成蛋腌制,对缩短生产时间,提高生产效率有显著的作用.然而不合理的超声预处理方式会使腌制过程出现蜂窝、蛋壳破裂等现象.为优化超声波参数,以超声处理时间、超声波频率、超声强度作为正交试验的3个因素.通过单因素试验确定超声处理时间的3个水平为5、10、15 min,超声频率为45、80、100 kHz,超声强度为2.52、3.78、5.04 W/cm2.通过测定蛋黄和蛋清盐度分布,蛋黄含油量及感官评定,得到最优超声波参数组合为A 1B2C2,即超声处理时间5min,超声波频率80 kHz,超声强度3.78 W/cm2.     

脉冲减压腌制低盐风味咸蛋及黑圈抑制剂开发

以新鲜鸡蛋为原料,运用真空脉冲减压水腌法,探究腌制液配比、腌制时间等对咸蛋品质的影响,采用抗氧化剂茶多酚与金属螯合剂葡萄糖酸钠作为防黑圈剂,探究在真空脉冲减压水腌法下两者抑制咸蛋黑圈的可行性及抑制效果,结果发现在42℃的腌制环境下,将鸡蛋放入盐度为24%的五香腌制液中腌制5 d,再放入盐度16%的五香腌制环境中腌制2 d,腌制成熟时间最短为7 d,极大缩短了腌制时间,咸蛋蛋黄出油率为（64.73±1.98）%,蛋清的盐含量为（4.05±0.06）%,蛋黄盐含量为（1.36±0.02）%,风味物质含有醇类、烃类、酮类、酸类和酯类,酯类物质种类及含量增加,产品为低盐风味咸蛋。复配的腌制助剂（1%茶多酚+4%葡萄糖酸钠）较单一腌制助剂预防黑圈的效果较好,在质构分析与感官评价表现也较好。     

酸浸减压法腌制咸蛋与传统咸蛋的对比

将酸浸减压技术应用于咸蛋的传统盐水浸泡工艺中,将各理化指标变化与传统腌制的咸蛋进行对比。实验结果表明:酸浸减压法腌制咸蛋过程中,蛋清和蛋黄含盐量增长率较快,生产周期由32 d缩短至6 d;与传统咸蛋相比,各指标最终结果无较大差异,符合咸蛋应有的标准。随着时间的延长,两者的出油率都达到16%以上,无显著差异,符合市场需求。GC-MS法分析脂肪酸和风味物质组成成分,得出两种咸蛋黄均含有13种脂肪酸,成分一致,相对含量上有小范围波动,但酸浸减压法咸蛋的风味物质较传统法多了4种。电镜观察发现酸处理后蛋壳表面变得粗糙,气孔暴露,有利于腌制过程的进行。     

超声波辅助腌制鲟鱼片的工艺优化研究

本文研究了超声波辅助腌制鲟鱼片的工艺条件,以感官评分为评价指标,在前期分别对超声时间、超声功率与超声频率等进行单因素实验的基础上,采用三因素三水平的正交实验优化得到超声波辅助腌制的最优工艺条件,结果得出超声波辅助腌制鲟鱼片的最佳工艺条件为:超声时间80 min,超声功率300 W,超声频率35 k Hz,采用这一条件进行腌制的鲟鱼片感官品质最佳。     

鸭蛋腌制前后于低频波段的阻抗特性研究

盐分、出油率和硬化率是反映咸蛋品质的主要指标,通过研究鸭蛋腌制过程中蛋清和蛋黄在低频区域100Hz～12MHz的阻抗特性与理化指标的相关性来提供一套可行的检测方法.分析了腌制前后蛋清和蛋黄的主要蛋白质种类并建立了等效电路,对其阻抗特性曲线Bode图、复导纳图、实部虚部图进行拟合,确定了蛋清和蛋黄腌制前后特征频率的变化以及各自可能的散射类型;发现在102Hz频率下鸭蛋腌制过程中的盐分含量、出油率和硬化率变化与阻抗幅值有较显著的回归特性.     

低盐咸蛋的腌制工艺及其品质研究

提出一种两段腌制法制备低盐咸蛋的方法,分别对两段法腌制过程中咸蛋蛋白和蛋黄的水分含量、盐分含量进行实时检测,考察腌制结束时蛋黄的出油率,并且对咸蛋品质进行综合感官评定。结果表明,先使用19%盐水再换用3.5%盐水的两段法腌制工艺,咸蛋产品中蛋白盐分含量为3.64%,比传统法腌制产品蛋白盐分含量降低51.21%,口感适宜;蛋黄含盐量为0.94%,略低于传统法腌制的1.23%;蛋黄脂质渗出率为67.73%,与传统法腌制的69.22%基本相当。该腌制工艺不仅可解决传统咸蛋蛋白盐分过高、口感过咸的问题,同时也可保证蛋黄松沙出油,从而获得高品质的低盐咸蛋。     

Enhanced mass transfer of osmotic dehydration and changes in microstructure of pickled salted egg under pulsed pressure

Pulsed pressure osmotic dehydration (PPOD) technology is much more effective than the traditional pickling for salted egg. This study was designed to compare the changes of water and salt in salted egg under five pressures and five pulsation frequencies in saturated brine solution (?25% NaCl (w/w)). Results showed that moisture content of both egg white and yolk significantly decreased with concomitant increase in salt content compared to traditional pickling. PPOD caused increases in water loss and salt gain of eggs and the optimal pressure and pulsation frequency were 160 kPa and 7.5 min/15 min. Moreover, hardening ratio of egg yolk increased as pickling time and storage time increasing. About 2.92–15.63 fold diffusivity was found for the egg under PPOD compared to traditional pickling over the same time period. Environmental Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that yolk granule was aligned closely and became increasingly smaller after pickling.     

Effect of salting processes on chemical composition,textural properties and microstructure of duck egg

BACKGROUND: Salted eggs have been produced in Thailand and consumed nationwide. Salted egg can be made by brining eggs in saturated saline or by coating the egg with soil paste mixed with salt. The achievement of salting is generally indicated by the textural development of egg yolk. Yolk property is therefore a prime factor governing consumer acceptability and market demand. The objective of this study was to determine chemical composition, textural properties and microstructure of duck egg obtained from the coating and immersing methods at different salting times. RESULTS: Decreases in moisture content with coincidental increases in salt content in both egg white and yolk were observed during salting, regardless of salting process. However, no difference in salt content was noticeable in yolks (P > 0.05). The paste coating method tended to yield greater oil exudation of egg yolk than the immersing method. Maximum transition temperature (T_max) of egg proteins and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) value in yolk increased with increasing salting time. A similar hardening ratio of yolk was observed in both processes. Higher hardness and adhesiveness were found in yolk with the paste coating method, whereas greater fracturability, springiness, gumminess and chewiness were observed with the immersing method. Nevertheless, both processes rendered the yolk with similar cohesiveness. Yolk granules were aligned closely when salting proceeded, irrespective of salting process. CONCLUSION: Dehydration and release of lipids in egg yolk increased with increasing salting time and were more pronounced with the paste coating method. Therefore salting processes affected the properties of salted eggs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of salting processes and time on the chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg

Chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg salted by 2 methods (coating and immersing) were determined during 4 wk of salting. As the salting time increased, moisture content increased and salt content decreased for both cooked salted egg white and yolk. Oil exudation of cooked yolk and expressible water content of cooked egg white obtained from both salting methods increased as salting proceeded (P < 0.05). After cooking, oil exudation accompanied by the solubilized pigments, especially at the outer layer of yolk, was obtained. At week 3 of salting, egg yolk from coating method had the higher egg exudation than that from immersing method. As the salting times increased, the lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience with higher adhesiveness and cohesiveness were generally found in cooked salted egg white (P < 0.05), irrespective of salting methods. Conversely, the hardness of cooked yolk increased continuously and reached the maximum at week 2 and 2 to 3 for immersing and coating method (P < 0.05), respectively. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed the smaller yolk granules with more release of free lipid in salted egg after heating, compared with the fresh counterpart. As visualized by scanning electron microscope, gel of cooked salted egg white was coagulum type with larger voids. Salting methods determined oil exudation in egg yolk and texture profile of egg white gel after cooking; however, those attributes were also governed by the salting time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Salted duck egg can be made by 2 methods (coating and immersing) affecting the characteristic of salted egg white and yolk after cooking. Desirable cooked salted egg having the red yolk with hardness and high oil exudation could be obtained when salting was carried out for 3 and 4 wk for immersing and coating method, respectively.     

腌制对鸭蛋中油脂品质的影响

以新鲜鸭蛋为原料,采用裹蛋腌制法制备咸鸭蛋。研究了腌制过程中不同腌制时间对咸鸭蛋的蛋黄指数、水分含量,以及对蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量、脂肪酸构成等指标的影响。研究结果表明,随着腌制时间的延长,鸭蛋中的水分含量逐渐降低,而蛋黄指数、蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量逐渐增加。腌制后的鸭蛋中不饱和脂肪酸含量略有降低,而饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸含量略有增加。总体而言,腌制并没有鸭蛋中蛋黄油的食用品质产生严重的影响。     

脉动压技术腌制鸡蛋工艺优化

为提高咸蛋的腌制速率和食用品质,应用脉动压技术,选取高压幅值、高压与常压时间比为影响因素,通过单因素及正交试验,考察咸蛋腌制中蛋增重率、蛋清含盐量和蛋黄含盐量的变化,对脉动压腌制禽蛋工艺进行优化。结果表明：用饱和食盐溶液腌制48h,传质速率最佳的工艺为高压幅值135kPa、高压与常压时间比7.5min/15min。并对咸蛋品质进行感官评定,最终以高压幅值120kPa、高压与常压时间比为7.5min/15min 所腌制的咸蛋品质最佳。     

咸蛋黄制备过程中理化指标变化规律的研究

对鸡蛋蛋黄单独腌制,测定咸蛋黄在不同腌制条件下含盐量、水分含量、出油率、蛋黄色差的变化规律,分析其指标间的相关性,并用扫描电子显微镜观察内部结构变化。结果表明:随着腌制液浓度的提高以及腌制时间的加长,含盐量、出油率、蛋黄色差增加,水分含量下降,且各指标间存在相关性。同时,蛋黄内部因腌制使得蛋黄颗粒之间变得疏松。     

腌制条件对熟制咸鸭蛋蛋黄组织形态及组成的影响

为探索咸鸭蛋腌制条件对熟制后蛋黄组织形态及组成的影响，以期减少熟制咸鸭蛋蛋黄中的硬芯含量，通过称量法、原子火焰吸收光谱分析、凯氏定氮法、差示量热扫描分析、红外光谱分析和扫描电子显微镜观察等方法对不同腌制浓度和时间下咸蛋黄不同部位理化性质以及生熟咸蛋黄微观结构的不同进行分析。结果表明，蛋黄硬芯从鸭蛋腌制的第2周出现，随着腌制时间延长，硬芯逐渐变大，腌制完成后占蛋黄总质量的33.64%～44.80%，水分含量约为21.47%～23.49%。硬芯的Na+含量在10.66～11.47 mg/g之间。腌制完成后，蛋黄外部的游离脂肪含量约为34.79%～36.34%，与外部相比，硬芯的游离脂肪含量更低，约为17.71%～27.90%，且随着腌制液盐浓度的上升而增加。腌制后蛋黄硬芯蛋白质含量上升至30%以上，高于外部。蛋黄经加热后，硬芯部分蛋黄微粒颗粒度较小，且形成间隙较小的连续结构。盐分渗透的先后顺序导致蛋黄中不同部位在组织结构和组成成分的差异，这些差异导致了熟制后蛋黄硬芯及外部的差别，且较高的腌制时间和浓度均会加剧硬芯的形成。在15%盐浓度条件下腌制4周后，得到的成熟咸蛋黄在熟制后硬芯含量较少，...     

Changes in chemical composition,physical properties and microstructure of duck egg as influenced by salting

Changes in chemical composition, physical properties and microstructure of duck egg, during salting for up to 14 days, were determined. Duck egg consisted of 10.87% shell, 54.73% egg white and 33.94% yolk. Salting resulted in an increase in weight proportion of egg white, but a decrease in yolk proportion. Moisture contents of both egg white and yolk decreased gradually with concomitant increases in salt and ash contents as the salting time increased. Protein and lipid contents increased slightly in both interior (viscous portion) and exterior (hardened portion) egg yolk with increasing salting time. Oil exudation was observed in yolk, particularly in exterior yolk. Triacylglycerols and phospholipid, found as the major lipids in egg yolk, underwent slight changes, but no differences in protein patterns of either egg white or egg yolk were observed during salting. Hardening ratio and hardness of egg yolk increased with increasing salting time. Adhesiveness and gumminess also increased, while springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess decreased slightly when the salting time increased. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that yolk granule was polyhedral in shape and aligned closely when the salting proceeded. Protein spheres were distributed uniformly, together with oil droplets, in salted yolk, as visualised by transmission electron microscopy. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) micrographs indicated that the greater dehydration and release of lipids took place in egg yolk during salting.