A low-frequency model for wedge or pyramid absorber arrays-II:computed and measured results

Based on the theoretical model developed in Part I of this two-part paper, we present numerical results for the plane-wave reflection coefficient from arrays of pyramid-cone absorbers when the period of the array is smaller than half a wavelength. Comparison is made with results of a moment-method calculation, as well as with experimental measurements. The model is then used to modify the design of some existing types of commercially available absorbers for reduced reflection in the frequency range of 30-300 MHz. These improved absorbers have been installed in an anechoic chamber used for electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference (EMC/EMI) measurements. Site attenuation measurements from this chamber are presented which show closer correspondence to an ideal open-field test site     

Modeling semi-anechoic electromagnetic measurement chambers

Previous studies developed a model to predict theoretically the low-frequency plane-wave reflection coefficient of an array of pyramid cone absorbers such as those used to line anechoic electromagnetic measurement chambers. The present authors apply this model in a geometrical optics approach to predict the electromagnetic field in a chamber lined with cone absorbers in the frequency range of 30-300 MHz. The results are compared with site attenuation measurements for two actual semi-anechoic chambers     

基于低温共烧陶瓷技术的Ku波段低噪声放大器

设计了一种基于低温共烧陶瓷(Low temperature co-fired ceramic)技术的Ku波段低噪声放大器。将低噪声放大器的MMIC芯片集成于LTCC基板中,利用三维全波电磁场软件设计和优化了LNA的无源模型,包括金丝、通孔阵列和多层地平面。金丝用来连接MMIC芯片和微带,通孔用来连接不同地平面。分析了两根平行金丝的π型等效模型并提取了该模型的参数,研究了通孔阵列的间距以得到良好的接地效果。为了得到LNA完整的仿真,将整个无源模型的电磁场数据导出到ADS软件中,并和MMIC芯片的S参数一起协同仿真,最终得到优化结果。测试结果表明该LNA在12~17GHz的频段内,具有40dB的增益,±1.215dB的带内平坦度,2.9dB的噪声系数。     

暗室墙面反射对雷达告警系统测向的影响

微波暗室为电磁波的定性分析或定量测试提供一个近似无反射的环境,当微波暗室内存在的反射不能忽略时,暗室墙面反射引起的多路径传输就会影响对测试结果的评定。在阐述比幅单脉冲测向原理的基础上,研究了由于暗室静区反射电平对雷达告警系统测向精确度的影响,建立了暗室静区反射电平与雷达告警接收机测向误差的关系模型,并且结合四元阵、八元阵、十六元阵说明了静区反射电平、来波方向与测向误差范围的关系。     

等离子体开关在TEA CO2激光倍频中的应用

简要分析了脉冲整形对于TEA CO2激光倍频实验的重要性和必要性。目前，获得短脉冲的激光脉冲整形技术中，等离子体开关结构简单，而且脉冲整形效果好，是获得高质量短脉冲比较好的方法。设计了利用激光触发气体击穿产生等离子体的方式进行脉冲整形的等离子体开关，并利用电磁波在等离子体中的反射和传播对其工作原理进行了说明。利用自行研制的等离子体开关进行了TEA CO2激光脉冲整形实验，将主峰半高全宽(FWHM)60 ns，带有长达数百纳秒的氮气拖尾的TEA CO2激光脉冲斩去拖尾、整形，得到了FWHM 30 ns的窄脉冲。在双块AgGaSe2晶体(长分别为11．7mm和19．5mm)倍频实验光路图中加入等离子体开关所得倍频转换效率达12．9％，比起未加等离子体开关时最高转换效率2％有明显的增加。     

FINITE-DIFFERENCE TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF UNMAGNETIZED PLASMA PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

The plasma photonic crystal is a periodic array composed of alternating thin unmagnetized (or magnetized) plasmas and dielectric materials (or vacuum). In this paper, the piecewise linear current density recursive convolution finite-difference time-domain method for the simulation of isotropic unmagnetized plasma is applied to model unmagnetized plasma photonic crystal structures. A perfectly matched layer absorbing material is used in these simulations. In time-domain, the electromagnetic propagation process of a Gaussian pulse through an unmagnetized plasma photonic crystal is investigated. In frequency-domain, the reflection and transmission coefficients through unmagnetized plasma photonic crystals are computed and their dependence on plasma frequency, plasma thickness, collision frequency is studied. The results show theoretically that the electromagnetic bandgaps of unmagnetized plasma photonic crystals are tuned by the plasma parameters.     

鲁棒的四元数空间平滑算法

本文针对相干信号波达方向(DOA)估计问题,利用简化电磁矢量传感器阵列提出了一种基于四元数模型的空间平滑(Q-SS)算法。首先,根据四元数的正交特性能够很好地描述矢量传感器阵元内部信号分量之间的垂直关系这一特点,将每个阵元的两分量接收数据合成为一个四元数,建立了简化电磁矢量传感器阵列的四元数接收模型,该模型比传统的长矢量模型更适合于矢量传感器阵列的信号处理。在此基础上,利用本文提出的Q-SS算法对相干信号进行预处理,实现了解相干,并对解相干性能进行了分析,然后通过四元数域的ESPRIT算法估计出相干信号的DOA。理论分析表明Q-SS算法比传统的长矢量空间平滑(V-SS)方法有更高的DOA估计精度,具有对矢量传感器内部电场噪声分量解相关的能力,这是V-SS算法所不具备的优势。最后,通过计算机仿真实验比较和分析了所提算法的有效性。      

阵列辐射瞬态电磁脉冲能量合成特性研究

根据单元天线辐射瞬态电磁脉冲轴线能量传输特性的解析解,提出了阵列辐射瞬态电磁脉冲的点源近似模型,给出阵列辐射瞬态电磁脉冲高效合成特性的物理实质。并采用阵列瞬态电磁脉冲产生系统,对高效合成特性进行实验验证。实验结果和采用点源近似模型计算结果都很好地证明了阵列瞬态电磁脉冲的高效合成特性。     

On the size requirement for finite phased-array models

The question considered is how large an array model must be in order to capture approximately the characteristics of both the interior and the edge elements of a large multi-octave phased array. Arrays with tapered slot elements and with top-loaded dipoles are analyzed at element spacings as small as 0.1λ and it is concluded that at any frequency, a finite array model with this type of element should be at least 5λ×5λ in size. This suggests the generalization of the 10×10 element model often used as an engineering "rule of thumb" in the normal narrow-band case with 0.5λ element spacing. An array model with a 5:1 bandwidth thus needs about 25 times more elements than a narrow-band model. The array feed impedance is considered and it is found that the array active reflection coefficient in finite arrays but not in infinite arrays is dependent on the matching condition at the feed. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique is used to analyze arrays up to 49×49 elements, demonstrating that computer power now makes feasible the full wave solution for large phased arrays with complex geometry     

时域天线阵列半功率波束宽度计算

对于冲击雷达系统中的时域天线阵列,提出点源近似模型,用来计算时域超宽带天线阵列辐射瞬态电磁脉冲的场方向图以及辐射波束的半功率波束宽度。采用点源近似模型计算的半功率波束宽度和CST仿真结果一致,并和实验测试结果吻合得很好。实验表明,阵列辐射瞬态电磁脉冲具有波束聚焦特性,点源近似模型可以作为一种简便的方法,对时域天线阵列的参数进行分析。     

PERIODIC DYADIC GREEN''S FUNCTION FOR FIELD ANALYSIS IN EMC CHAMBER

Herein a novel Dyadic Green's Function (DGF) is presented to calculate the field in ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) chamber. Due to the difficulty of simulating the whole chamber environment, the analysis combines the DGF formulation and the FEM method, with the latter deals with the reflection from absorbers. With DGF formulation for infinite periodic array structures, this paper investigates electromagnetic field in chamber with truncated arrays. The reflection from the absorber serves as the virtual source contributing to the total field. Hence the whole chamber field calculation can be separated from the work of absorber model set-up. Practically the field homogeneity test and Normal Site Attenuation (NSA) test are carried out to evaluate the chamber performance. Based on the method in this paper, the simulation results agree well with the test, and predict successfully the victim frequency points of the chamber.     

Periodic Dyadic Green’s Function for Field Analysis in EMC Chamber

Herein a novel Dyadic Green＇s Function （DGF） is presented to calculate the field in ElectroMagnetic Compatibility （EMC） chamber. Due to the difficulty of simulating the whole chamber environment, the analysis combines the DGF formulation and the FEM method, with the latter deals with the reflection from absorbers. With DGF formulation for infinite periodic array structures, this paper investigates electromagnetic field in chamber with truncated arrays. The reflection from the absorber serves as the virtual source contributing to the total field. Hence the whole chamber field calculation can be separated from the work of absorber model set-up. Practically the field homogeneity test and Normal Site Attenuation （NSA） test are carried out to evaluate the chamber performance. Based on the method in this paper, the simulation results agree well with the test, and predict successfully the victim frequency points of the chamber.     

Three-dimensional FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocalsystem for breast cancer detection: design of an antenna-array element

We are investigating a new ultrawide-band (UWB) microwave radar technology to detect and image early-stage malignant breast tumors that are often invisible to X rays. We present the methodology and initial results of three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The discussion concentrates on the design of a single resistively loaded bowtie antenna element of a proposed confocal sensor array. We present the reflection, radiation, and scattering properties of the electromagnetic pulse radiated by the antenna element within a homogeneous, layered half-space model of the human breast and the polarization and frequency-response characteristics of generic tumor shapes. We conclude that the dynamic range of a sensor array comprised of such elements in conjunction with existing microwave equipment is adequate to detect small cancerous tumors usually missed by X-ray mammography     

Transient reflection properties of a dispersive and lossy bi-isotropic slab with an anisotropic laminated composite backing

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the transient reflection from a general bi-isotropic slab backed by a laminated composite. Either a nonreciprocally Tellegen medium or a reciprocally dispersive chiral medium with losses is considered as the bi-isotropic slab. The laminated composite is a graphite-fiber-reinforced-plastic composite (GFRPC), which has been widely used as a replacement for metals and may be treated as a multilayered anisotropic medium from the electromagnetic point of view. For the analysis, a theoretical model is developed based on a state-equation approach. On the basis of this model, both the time-domain and the frequency-domain plane-wave reflection results are obtained and studied. The factors affecting the results, such as the material parameters of the bi-isotropic slab and the fiber-orientation pattern of the GFRPC, are investigated in detail. Some special reflection properties, such as the twist-polarizer reflection and the antireflection, are observed based on this investigation. The properties may lead to a novel transient absorber technology for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications.     

Analysis of multipole electron lenses designed from the sections of slow-wave structures and microwave distributed-interaction devices based on such lenses

Microwave devices designed on the basis of multipole lenses (ring electromagnetic structures using resonant sections of slow-wave structures) are analyzed. The possibility of development on the basis of these lenses of a low-noise amplifier and a microwave multiplier, which ensure long-term interaction of the electron beam and the transversely extended electromagnetic field with continuous extraction of energy, is shown.     

基于互耦效应的相控阵天线有源反射系数研究

建立逼真高效的互耦效应分析模型对相控阵天线设计至关重要。阵列天线的互耦效应通常可以用有源反射系数显性化表征,分别采用无限阵仿真与散射(耦合)系数综合实验相结合的方法提取了阵列天线的有源反射系数。首先基于无限阵方法设计相控阵渐变开槽天线,优化并获取无限阵列环境下的中心单元有源反射系数,再依据设计结果研制169单元阵列天线,通过实验测试提取中心单元与其它各激励单元的散射系数的幅值与相位变化,最后采用散射(耦合)系数法综合出有限大阵列的有源反射系数。无限阵仿真结果与有限阵实测结果在扫描盲点出现角度、频段、有源驻波整体趋势等方面吻合良好,从而验证了无限阵设计方法在天线工程设计中的实际效果。     

Accurate analysis of two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering from multilayered periodic arrays of circular cylinders using lattice sums technique

A very efficient and accurate method to characterize two-dimensional (2-D) electromagnetic scattering from multilayered periodic arrays of parallel circular cylinders is presented, using the lattice sums technique, the aggregate T-matrix algorithm, and the generalized reflection and transmission matrices for a layered system. The method is quite general and applies to various configurations of 2-D periodic arrays. The unit cell of the array can contain two or more cylinders, which may be dielectric, conductor, gyrotropic medium, or their mixture with different sizes. The periodic spacing of cylinders along each array plane should be the same over all layers, but otherwise the cylinders in different layers may be different in material properties and dimensions. The numerical examples validate the usefulness and accuracy of the proposed method.     

Artificially soft and hard surfaces in electromagnetics

A transversely corrugated surface as used in corrugated horn antennas represents a soft boundary. A hard boundary is made by using longitudinal corrugations filled with dielectric material. The concept of soft and hard surfaces is treated in detail, considering different geometries. It is shown that both the hard and soft boundaries have the advantage of a polarization-independent reflection coefficient for geometrical optics ray fields, so that a circularly polarized wave is circularly polarized in the same sense after reflection. The hard boundary can be used to obtain strong radiation fields along a surface for any polarization, whereas the soft boundary makes the fields radiated along the surface zero     

Modeling of transverse propagation through a uniaxial bianisotropic medium using the finite-difference time-domain technique

This work presents an extension of the recently developed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique for modeling electromagnetic wave interactions with bianisotropic (BI) media, known as BI-FDTD, to include the more general class of bianisotropic materials. This new FDTD formulation is called BA-FDTD. The theoretical foundation for this method is based on a wavefield decomposition technique. The formulations based on the application of this wavefield decomposition technique to BA media will be presented. Validations of this new model are demonstrated for the interaction of an electromagnetic wave propagating transversely through a uniaxial BA half-space.