高压电场下自然对流蒸发器结霜的试验研究

为研究高压电场下自然对流蒸发器表面结霜的过程及电压等参数对该结霜过程的影响，对其在肋片式换热器的结霜过程进行微细观可视化研究。试验中，在冷表面Tw=-14℃，湿空气温度为15℃至20℃，相对湿度为20％～90％，静电场电压为0-40kV范围内，受高压不均匀电场的作用，换热器铜管表面的结霜分布不均匀，高压电场有明显抑制结霜的作用。     

大直径圆孔翅片管结霜过程动态特性的实验研究

在入口空气温度28℃,恒温恒湿条件下,以三对称大直径圆孔翅片为研究对象,在循环式风洞中对其结霜工况下的动态性能进行了实验研究,考察了入口空气相对湿度和空气流速对换热器性能的影响,给出了换热器换热量、翅片表面传热系数和空气侧压降在结霜过程中的动态变化规律,研究结果表明:入口空气温度28℃时结霜工况下,翅片表面未覆盖满霜层时,在雷诺数Re=3602～5509,进口相对湿度φ=60％～80％范围内,不同的环境参数对结霜影响的差别较大.实验结果表明,空气相对湿度对SK型翅片的传热与流阻性能的影响大于空气流速的影响.实验结果可为优化环境参数,使制冷系统达到节能匹配提供参考.     

空气源热泵系统无霜化及除霜方法概述

空气源热泵因性能稳定、使用方便等特点在房间供暖与空调等领域得到广泛应用,冬季室外换热器表面结霜和除霜是影响其系统性能的主要因素。本文概括了空气源热泵系统的结霜条件、无霜化以及各类热力与非热力除霜方法,重点阐述了采用相变蓄热装置的各种热泵系统及除霜方法,对研究报导中应用的相变材料、蓄热换热器结构进行综述。最后对实现空气源热泵产品的无霜化或除霜高效化和持续供热的研究方向进行展望:可靠的吸附材料及其再生方法研发是通过干燥方法破坏除霜条件的技术需求;高压电场和超声波除霜方法需进一步完善,提高稳定性和经济性;蓄热除霜有很大的市场潜力,但需优化系统及蓄热换热器设计,并深入相变材料的研究。     

三排变片距翅片盘管换热器结霜特性实验研究

为改善空气源热泵室外翅片盘管换热器在低环境温度下沿空气流动方向结霜不均匀、首排结霜量较大进而导致热泵除霜间隔较短、制热能力下降等问题,对不同翅片片距组合的变片距翅片盘管换热器在低环温工况下运行及结霜的情况进行实验研究。结果表明：变片距翅片盘管换热器在低环温条件下可有效延长迎风面管排发生结霜堵塞的时间、对于结霜生长速度和结霜质量也有抑制作用。变片距翅片盘管换热器在结霜中后期阶段换热功率更高,在合理的翅片间距组合下,变片距翅片盘管换热器可以在不损失过多换热功率的情况下延长换热器迎风面管排结霜堵塞的时间,如样品4的平均换热功率比样品1低6.02%,而除霜间隔延长了37 min。     

翅片管式换热器表面结霜特性的数值分析和实验研究

换热器表面结霜会增加传热热阻和流动阻力，为了合理确定融霜周期，必须对其结霜特性做深入地了解。本文采用了数值求解方法预测了翅片管式换热器的结霜量和霜层密度的变化过程。翅片管结霜是一个瞬变问题，为了计算方便，将其简化为准稳态过程，即在时间步长内，认为该过程是稳定的，然后把所得的霜层厚度以及霜层的表面温度作为下一时间步长内传热传质的边界条件。在研究中考虑了霜层阻力引起风量下降这一因素，计算结果与翅片管式换热器结霜的实际工况相符。     

铝基波纹表面结霜特性实验研究

本文针对铝基波纹翅片换热器广泛应用及结霜问题,基于相变驱动力分析结霜机理,实验研究了在不同冷表面温度(-5～-15℃)、空气温度(11～17℃)、空气流速(1.5～2.5 m/s)等工况下,铝基裸铝波纹表面的结霜情况,观察了铝基波纹表面上霜层生长过程中的微观形貌,并采用田口实验法分析了环境因素对表面结霜情况的影响。结果表明：环境因素的改变会对铝基波纹表面结霜产生不同程度的影响,以波纹角度11.3°为例,结霜60 min时,与冷表面温度为-5℃相比,冷表面温度为-10℃和-15℃时结霜量分别增长12.20%和31.28%,霜层厚度分别增长19.95%和47.24%。田口实验法分析表明：相比湿空气温度和空气流速,冷表面温度和湿空气相对湿度对波纹表面结霜特性影响相对较大,对波纹表面结霜量的贡献率分别为37.3%和31.8%,对霜层厚度的贡献率分别为61.1%和22.6%。空气流速对结霜量的贡献率为22.6%,而对结霜层厚度的贡献率仅为4.2%,表明空气流速对霜层的致密化作用较大。     

两级压缩空气源热泵结霜性能试验研究

虽然空气源热泵得到了广泛的应用,但是空气源热泵机组在冬季低温环境下运行,其蒸发器表面结霜,会严重影响效率。本文研究了两级压缩空气源热泵在低温工况下一些参数变化对风冷热泵结霜的影响,以及结霜条件下热泵机组性能参数的变化。研究表明:在0℃以下,结霜量以及结霜速度随着温度的升高而增多和加快,在进风温度在0℃左右的时候结霜最严重。温度在3℃的时候,结霜却不如前者严重。而当温度达到-7℃以下时,结霜不是很明显,特别是在相对湿度为90%,温度为-12℃时几乎不结霜。当蒸发器壁面的温度与空气的露点温度比较接近,而且空气含湿量大时,结霜速度最快。在保持进风温度一定,相对湿度越大,换热器风侧表面结霜量也就越多。相对湿度变化对结霜量的影响比温度要大,因此环境相对湿度是影响空气源热泵机组结霜、除霜特性的主要因素。同时,机组在结霜条件下运行时,机组的制热量和COP降低,综合性能下降。这一研究对翅片管式蒸发器除霜具有指导意义。     

风量对空气源热泵换热器结霜影响的分析

关于风量变化对结霜量影响的研究目前一直存在一定的分歧。本文通过对前人仿真方法和结论的分析，在保证翅片表面温度低于0℃的条件下，用凝水量来反映结霜量的大小，从而将动态模型简化为稳态模型，并在风量变化的同时考虑环境参数的变化以及换热器结构的变化。仿真结果表明风量对结霜量的影响与环境参数密切相关。干球温度的变化虽然影响结霜量的大小，但结霜量最大时对应的风量却不受空气干球温度的影响，临界风量随着相对湿度的增加而增加。另外换热器回路等结构参数也会一定程度地改变风量的影响作用。     

翅片表面涂层对结化霜除灰特性影响的实验研究

为了解决空调换热器长时间运行后性能下降的问题,需要及时清除换热器翅片上沉积的粉尘。本文提出采用空调换热器自身的结化霜过程来实现除灰,并通过实验研究了不同翅片表面涂层对结化霜除灰效果的影响。为了对比不同翅片表面涂层的除灰效果,采用4种实验样件,包括空调换热器常用的无涂层铝片和无涂层铜片,以及通过微纳结构自组装方法制备的具有不同表面润湿性的带亲水涂层铜片和带疏水涂层铜片。通过搭建可视化实验台观测了不同样件表面的结化霜除灰过程,对比了不同样件的除灰速率与残留灰量。实验结霜工况为：样件表面温度-10 ℃,结霜时间1 h,环境温度27 ℃,相对湿度50%;化霜工况下样件表面温度为5 ℃。实验结果表明,带有疏水涂层的铜片在结化霜过程中的除灰效果最好,疏水样件上残留粉尘的质量仅是无涂层铝片上残留粉尘质量的1.9%,是无涂层铜片上残留粉尘质量的2.0%,是亲水铜片上残留粉尘质量的5.9%。     

疏水表面改性在换热器抑霜上的实验研究

对分体式空调室外换热器翅片管表面进行了疏水改性处理并搭建了可视化的结霜测试平台,在干、湿球2℃/1℃环境工况下测试了改性后和常规换热器翅片表面结霜、除霜及融霜过程的性能。实验表明疏水纳米涂层翅片表现出一定的抑霜效果:其液滴冻结时间延后、霜层薄且疏松、除霜周期延长、化霜时间缩短,但抑霜效果会在结霜后期减弱且融霜后翅片上存在残留液滴。而对于未处理的亲水裸铝翅片:其霜层冻结快、霜层较为致密、结霜程度较严重,但融霜后排液效果好。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...