Modelling the effects of pH, storage temperature and redox potential (Eh) on the survival of bifidobacteria in fermented milk

The effects of storage temperature, pH and E _h on the survival of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis were modelled in a 3 × 4 × 3 factorial design using three storage temperatures (4, 8, 12 °C), four pH (4.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75) and three E _h (0, 200, 400 mV) values. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis showed significantly better survival than B. longum ( P  < 0.0001) in fermented milk under normal environmental conditions. Bifidobacterium longum was more susceptible to acidity and survival was log-linear at low pH values whereas at higher pH pronounced shouldering and tailing effects were apparent. Both individual environmental conditions ( T , pH, E _h) and interactions between E _h and pH affected survival and death was always more rapid in B. longum . Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis generally showed a simple log-linear reduction over time. Temperature, pH and E _h could be manipulated to enhance survival but E _h reduction appears to be the best way to enhance survival without adversely affecting other properties.     

双歧杆菌发酵胡萝卜汁酸乳贮藏稳定性研究

从健康人体中选育出2株发酵活力高、耐氧性和抗逆性强的双歧杆菌优良发酵菌株两歧双歧杆菌Bbm和长双歧杆菌Blm作为试验菌株,制备了双歧杆菌纯种及双歧杆菌与乳酸菌混种发酵胡萝卜汁酸乳,考察了发酵产品在室温(20~30℃)和冷藏(0~4℃)条件下的贮藏稳定性。试验结果表明:0~4℃冷藏21d,活菌含量仍可达1×109cfu/mL以上,pH值降至4.2~4.3,酸甜适宜。因此,确定发酵产品0~4℃下贮藏期为21d。     

Viability and activity of bifidobacteria in yoghurt containing fructooligosaccharide during refrigerated storage

The viability of yoghurt bacteria and two commercial strains of bifidobacteria was assessed in either yoghurt containing chicory fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or without any prebiotic, during 28 days storage at 4 °C. All the products showed a decrease in the viable count of yoghurt bacteria and bifidobacteria during storage. Numbers of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus decreased faster than those for Streptococcus thermophilus. The viability of bifidobacteria in yoghurt was affected by the strain type and the presence of FOS. Bifidobacterium animalis exhibited better stability in the yoghurt than B. longum. The recommended level of 1 million cells was exceeded for B. animalis throughout storage. The highest viable number of bifidobacteria (3.59–2.25 × 10⁷ CFU g^?1) was obtained in the product containing B. animalis and FOS. Viability of B. longum in yoghurt containing FOS remained above 10⁶ CFU g^?1 for up to 21 days, whereas this level was maintained for only 7 days for that organism in yoghurt without any prebiotic.     

Metabolic activities and probiotic potential of bifidobacteria

It has been shown that the gut microbiota regulates fat storage in the body and that disturbances in its composition can lead to the development of certain metabolic disease states. Bifidobacteria are found among the resident microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and their metabolic activities have been shown to beneficially influence the human host. It has been reported that they inhibit intestinal colonisation by pathogenic microorganisms and have anti-carcinogenic, immunostimulatory, and anti-diarrhoeal properties, as well as aiding in the alleviation of lactose intolerance and ability to lower serum cholesterol levels in humans. One particular health promoting property of bifidobacteria is bioactive fatty acid production, which when ingested, may confer health benefits on the host. A bioactive fatty acid produced by bifidobacteria is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), of which cis-9, trans-11 (c9, t11) and trans-10, cis-12 (t10, c12) CLA are the main biologically active CLA isomers. The production of CLA by Bifidobacterium can also have a positive effect on the immune system of the human host leading to numerous health benefits. This is an example of the metabolic activities of an ingested bacterium being beneficial to the host, rather than the direct interaction of the bacterium with the host.     

Stability of bifidobacteria in powdered formula

Two stability tests of bifidobacteria in powdered formula were conducted. In a strain comparison test, three kinds of bifidobacterial powders; Bifidobacterium longum BB536, Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 powders, admixed in follow-up formula were used. In a commercial product evaluation, powdered formulas for toddlers containing bifidobacteria sold in the Indonesian market were analysed. When the inactivation rate constant of each sample, which was used as an index of the loss rate, was determined from the stability tests, B. longum was the most stable strain. The mean inactivation rate constant of commercial products was significantly lower than those obtained in strain comparison, although the same strains ( B. longum BB536 and B. breve M-16V) were used. A possible reason was the lower water activity of commercial products compared to the follow-up formula. Also, higher storage temperature yielded lower stability in all strains or samples, which obeys the Arrhenius theory.     

Investigation of the factors influencing the survival of Bifidobacterium longum in model acidic solutions and fruit juices

The survival of Bifidobacterium longum NCIMB 8809 was studied during refrigerated storage for 6 weeks in model solutions, based on which a mathematical model was constructed describing cell survival as a function of pH, citric acid, protein and dietary fibre. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was developed studying the influence of four factors at three levels, i.e., pH (3.2–4), citric acid (2–15 g/l), protein (0–10 g/l), and dietary fibre (0–8 g/l). In total, 31 experimental runs were carried out. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the regression model demonstrated that the model fitted well the data. From the regression coefficients it was deduced that all four factors had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) negative effect on the log decrease [log₁₀N_{0 week}−log₁₀N_{6 week}], with the pH and citric acid being the most influential ones. Cell survival during storage was also investigated in various types of juices, including orange, grapefruit, blackcurrant, pineapple, pomegranate and strawberry. The highest cell survival (less than 0.4 log decrease) after 6 weeks of storage was observed in orange and pineapple, both of which had a pH of about 3.8. Although the pH of grapefruit and blackcurrant was similar (pH ∼3.2), the log decrease of the former was ∼0.5 log, whereas of the latter was ∼0.7 log. One reason for this could be the fact that grapefruit contained a high amount of citric acid (15.3 g/l). The log decrease in pomegranate and strawberry juices was extremely high (∼8 logs). The mathematical model was able to predict adequately the cell survival in orange, grapefruit, blackcurrant, and pineapple juices. However, the model failed to predict the cell survival in pomegranate and strawberry, most likely due to the very high levels of phenolic compounds in these two juices.     

Effects of conventional and nonconventional drying on the stability of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis INL1

Freeze, spray, vacuum, microwave vacuum‐ and microwave freeze‐drying were applied to Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis INL1. Freeze and microwave freeze‐drying showed the highest survival after drying. When a storage test (25 °C; oxygen) was performed, these cultures were the most sensitive ones at a_w = 0.23, but the addition of lactose improved their stability after 8 weeks. Flow cytometry was useful to assess viability after drying but not during storage. Our results show that dehydration technologies other than freeze‐drying might be suitable alternatives that deserve further investigation for the preservation of sensitive probiotic bacteria. Microwave drying rendered cultures of comparable characteristics to their conventional counterparts, requiring significantly shorter drying times.     

蒺藜提取液对长双歧杆菌及青春双歧杆菌生长的影响

以MRS培养基为对照,OD600及pH值为响应,研究了蒺藜提取液浓度对2株双歧杆菌——长双歧杆菌及青春双歧杆菌生长的影响.结果表明;蒺藜提取液能促进长双歧杆菌和青春双歧杆菌的生长,但最适浓度因菌而已,长双歧杆菌和青春双歧杆菌在MRS培养基中的最佳蒺藜提取液的加量分别为2.0％和1.5％,37℃培养18h后,培养液的OD600分别达到1.388和1.564.     

海藻糖和透明质酸对长双歧杆菌的保护作用

根据长双歧杆菌存活率、产酸力、形态、生长曲线和β-D-半乳糖苷酶泄漏率,研究了海藻糖、乳糖、蔗糖、透明质酸、海藻糖和透明质酸组合物以及脱脂乳粉对长双歧杆菌的保护作用。在长双歧杆菌冷冻干燥和高温贮存过程中,各种保护剂均显示了不同程度的保护作用,其中海藻糖和透明质酸组合物的作用最佳。     

水分活度对全脂羊奶粉贮藏期间脂肪稳定性的影响

采用加速氧化的方法研究水分活度对全脂羊奶粉贮藏期间脂肪稳定性的影响。通过测定全脂羊奶粉的酸值、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、颜色等指标评价全脂羊奶粉贮藏期间的氧化状况。结果表明,水分活度为0.32的全脂羊奶粉贮藏期间酸值、TBA值显著高于水分活度为0.11和0.23的全脂羊奶粉(p<0.05),且水分活度为0.32的全脂羊奶粉过氧化值变化速率较快(p<0.05),且褐变严重。因此,降低全脂羊奶粉的水分活度可以提高其贮藏稳定性。      

Influence of sucrose,high fructose corn syrup and honey from different floral sources on growth and acid production by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria

Sage, alfalfa and sourwood honey, which vary in their oligosaccharide contents, were compared with sucrose, high fructose corn syrup and inulin in their ability to support growth, activity and viability of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria typically used in yoghurt manufacturing. Growth and the end products of fermentation (lactic and acetic acids) were determined. Growth and acid production by organisms studied in the presence of different sweeteners were dependent on the specific organism investigated; however, it was not influenced by sweetener type, oligosaccharide content or the floral source of the honeys. All the sweeteners studied supported the growth, activity and viability of the organisms studied.     

Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of probiotic strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in combination with yoghurt or cheese starters

A series of culture media were evaluated for selective enumeration of 10 commercial probiotic cultures. The media M17 and MRS 5.2 were most suitable to enumerate the yoghurt starters Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, respectively. For the enumeration of probiotic Lb. acidophilus cultures, the MRS-clindamycin medium was found to be most optimal. Selective recovery results of the tested Bifidobacterium sp. were not uniform but indicated strain-to-strain variations depending on whether NPLN or MRS-LP were used. For the enumeration of probiotic cultures of Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. paracasei, LC medium (for yoghurt products) and MRS-AC medium (for cheese products) are recommended. In conclusion, our data indicate that the choice of culture medium and methodology for selective enumeration of commercial probiotic strains in combination with starters depends strongly on the product matrix, the target group and the taxonomic diversity of the bacterial background flora in the product.     

Effects of light,temperature and water activity on the kinetics of lipoxidation in almond-based products

Lipoxidation in almond-derived products was investigated using the chemiluminescence (CL) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) methods to detect the first and later reaction products, respectively. The effects of light during storage at 5 °C, 22 °C and 40 °C were studied, as well as the effects of combined heat/water activity treatments in the 60–120 °C and 0.38–0.72 range. During storage, light was found to enhance the CL and TBARS values, and specific responses were observed in almond paste and the final Calisson product. During the heating of almond paste, as the initial water activity (a_w) increased, the CL rate constants increased during heating to 60 °C and 80 °C, but interestingly, these values decreased during further heating to 120 °C, whereas the maximum TBARS rate constants occurred at a_w 0.57 at all the heating temperatures tested. The activation energies, based on the CL and TBARS values, decreased specifically when the a_w increased from 0.38 to 0.72, giving overall values ranging from110 kJ mol⁻¹ to 60 kJ mol⁻¹. Likewise, in the same water activity range, the temperature-dependent rate constant enhancing factor (Q₁₀) decreased from 3.3 to 1.6.     

贮藏温度对鲜切香菜营养成分和抗氧化活性的 影响

目的分析不同温度贮藏对鲜切香菜营养成分和抗氧化活性的影响。方法将香菜进行切割处理后装入保鲜盒,在4℃、10℃和20℃下贮藏,测定鲜切香菜抗坏血酸、叶绿素、可溶性糖、总酚、总黄酮含量和DPPH自由基清除率的变化。结果切割伤害会促进香菜抗坏血酸、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量迅速下降,与10℃和20℃相比,4℃低温贮藏的香菜抗坏血酸等营养成分的消耗速率最低。此外,切割还会诱导香菜多酚和类黄酮类物质的合成、积累及DPPH自由基清除率的上升,从而增强其抗氧化活性。与4℃和10℃相比,20℃条件下香菜的多酚类和类黄酮类物质积累最多,抗氧化活性最强。结论低温贮藏有利于维持鲜切香菜的营养成分,而高温贮藏会诱导鲜切香菜抗氧化活性的提高。     

双歧杆菌微胶囊的制备和稳定性研究

本研究以明胶、黄原胶、果胶等为复合胶体,先用胶类物质包裹菌体形成耐酸的保护层,再用海藻酸钠和壳聚糖交联形成耐酸性能更好的双层微胶囊。使用正交设计优化工艺条件,试验制得的微胶囊在人工胃液中处理3h后存活率75%,活菌数为4.1×1010(cfu/g)。在直接把湿润的微胶囊加入酸奶中,15天后最高活菌数2.3×1010cfu/g,存活率56%。为双歧杆菌微胶囊产品的开发和利用提供一种新的方法。     

长双歧杆菌细胞壁完整肽聚糖分离鉴定的研究

长双歧杆菌NQ-1501菌株,经三级扩大培养,离心集菌,用三氯乙酸处理以除去细胞壁上的磷壁酸及菌体内的核酸,经甲醇、丙酮脱脂,再经胰蛋白酶及中性蛋白酶进行复合酶解去除菌体内部的蛋白质,离心清洗、冻干即可制得肽聚糖。经过溶菌酶溶解试验,紫外可见光谱扫描分析证明所得产物为肽聚糖,化学组分分析显示其主要由多肽与氨基己糖组成,透射电镜观察显示所提取的肽聚糖仍保持着原有的细菌细胞形态。证明所提取的肽聚糖为完整肽聚糖。     

Sensory Acceptability and Stability of Probiotic Microorganisms and Vitamin C in Fermented Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) Ice Cream

ABSTRACT:  Six fermented acerola ice creams were produced, containing different starter cultures ( Bifidobacterium longum , Bi.lactis , and traditional yogurt starter culture— Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus ) and final pH (5 and 4.5). The ice creams were evaluated for probiotic culture viability, vitamin C stability, and sensory acceptance. Mix fermentations were stopped when pH 5.0 and 5.5 were attained. However, after the addition of acerola pulp the determined pH were 4.5 and 5, respectively. Mixes were frozen and stored for 15 wk at −18 °C. The viable counts for probiotic cultures remained above the recommended minimum limit of 10⁶ cfu/g during 15 wk storage even in products with pH 4.5. Vitamin C concentration remained around 140 mg/100 g of product. The attributes of aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptance obtained scores in the range of 5.15 to 7.22. The fermented acerola ice cream was a suitable food for the delivery of vitamin C and Bifidobacterium strains with excellent viability and acceptable sensory characteristics.     

长双歧杆菌DD98对2型糖尿病及肥胖小鼠的改善作用

研究长双歧杆菌DD98对高脂诱导的2型糖尿病及肥胖小鼠症状的缓解作用。糖尿病实验:采用C57BL/6N小鼠,将其随机分为正常对照组给予普通饲料;模型对照组,长双歧杆菌DD98干预组,空白培养基干预组给予高脂饲料,每组6只。4周后,链脲佐菌素(STZ)注射建模,给予受试物3周,实验结束后进行口服糖耐量实验和指标检测。与糖尿病模型组和空白培养基干预组相比,DD98干预组小鼠空腹血糖值(18.66±1.84 mmol/L)显著降低,并且DD98干预组小鼠葡萄糖耐量、血清和肝脏脂质水平(TG、TC、LDL-C)均得到显著改善。肥胖实验:采用C57BL/6N小鼠,将其随机分为正常对照组给予普通饲料;模型对照组,长双歧杆菌DD98干预组,空白培养基干预组给予高脂饲料,每组6只。同时给予受试物5周,进行指标检测。与高脂饲养组和空白培养基干预组小鼠相比,DD98干预组小鼠空腹体重值(20.89±2.51 g)、脏器指数、血清和肝脏脂质(TG、TC、LDL-C)水平均显著降低,肝脏脂质堆积情况得到明显改善。因此,长双歧杆菌DD98可以有效缓解2型糖尿病和肥胖症状,进一步改善由2型糖尿病和肥胖引起的血脂紊乱以及肥胖引起的轻度肝损伤。     

Physical and sensory characteristics and probiotic survival in ice cream sweetened with various polyols

The effect of polyols (xylitol, erythritol, maltitol and isomalt) on physical and sensory properties of probiotic ice cream, as well as the survival of Bifidobacterium BB‐12 during freezing over 28 days of frozen storage, was investigated. The control sample of ice cream, sweetened with sugar, showed a lower pH and higher overrun than those sweetened with polyols. The viable bifidobacteria counts remained above 8 log cfu/g in all samples. The amount of erythritol added was not enough to obtain a similar sweetness as in control, but too high to get an ice cream with good textural properties.