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1.
Berry shrinkage in ripening grapes cv. Shiraz is systemic within a given grapevine and coincident between grapevines in any given season. In this present study on weight loss in ripening berries, ripening curves of non-solutes per berry (largely water) were similar to curves for berry weight (as a function of time). Both sets of curves were equivalent with respect to timing of maximum weights and subsequent rates of weight loss. However, curves of solutes per berry (largely sugar) increased steeply up to the time of maximum berry weight, then slowed and plateau-ed. We suggest that phloem sap is the sole source for water and solutes that enter grape berries subsequent to veraison, and accumulate until maximum berry weight. We further suggest that phloem flow becomes impeded at maximum berry weight.
As berry ripening proceeds, continuation of berry transpiration leads to berry shrinkage and a concentration of solutes; i.e. any increase in juice Brix depends on shrinkage. One implication is that assimilates enter a berry up to the onset of shrinkage, whereafter accumulation of non-anthocyanin glycosides (including glycosides of flavour compounds) depends upon their synthesis in situ.  相似文献   

2.
  总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Data from two experiments on development of grape berries is re-examined with emphasis on partitioning of berry weight into non-solutes per berry (largely water) and solutes per berry (largely sugar), using weight times juice °Brix. This approach is based on the thought that, since xylem flow is blocked after veraison, time curves of solutes per berry indicate the activity of phloem transport into the berry during ripening growth. Experiment 1: Measurements of Muscat Gordo Blanco berries from inflorescences with a spread of flowering times showed typical double-sigmoid volume/time curves but with divergent rates and amounts of volume increase. Despite this divergence, °Brix curves after veraison were almost coincident because, in each case, the rate of increase in solutes per berry was proportional to that of berry volume. These results indicate that sugar and water increments after veraison are linked and depend on the same source, namely, phloem sap. Experiment 2: An irrigation experiment on cv. Shiraz also showed divergent berry weight curves between treatments and years but with the difference that all berries shrank after a maximum berry weight was attained at 91 days after flowering (at about 20 °Brix). At this point, the curves of solutes per berry slowed then plateaued, indicating that inflow of phloem sap had become impeded. Prior to shrinkage these berries accumulated primary metabolites (mainly phloem sugar) but, during shrinkage, when berries were apparently isolated from vascular transport, non-anthocyanin glycosides accumulated. These results have implications for the study of berry flavour buildup and berry composition, and also for the understanding of sink competition within the vine, fresh and dried yield, and juice °Brix levels.  相似文献   

3.
闫彬  贺银凤 《食品科学》2012,33(7):131-137
对内蒙古锡盟地区酸马奶中分离出的1株乳酸菌和1株酵母菌进行混合培养,初步确定双菌混合发酵的最佳培养条件:双菌发酵计数乳酸菌活菌数的最佳发酵温度为30℃摇床培养12h再转到37℃静置培养,最佳发酵时间为20h,脱脂乳中添加的营养成分最优配方为蛋白胨1g/100mL、蔗糖0.5g/100mL、酵母浸粉0.5g/100mL;双菌发酵计数酵母菌活菌数的最佳发酵温度为37℃静置培养8h再转到30℃摇床培养,最佳发酵时间为32h,脱脂乳中添加的营养成分最优配方为蛋白胨0.5g/100mL、蔗糖0.5g/100mL、酵母浸粉0.5g/100mL;选用乳酸菌与酵母菌质量比1:1作为菌种配比。 同时在最佳生长条件下探讨乳酸菌与酵母菌的相互作用关系以及后发酵对二者共生作用的影响,结果表明,促进乳酸菌生长的活性物质生成的时间为12h以前(即将酵母菌在5号配方中30℃摇床培养),促进酵母菌生长的活性物质生成的时间应为16h以前(即将乳酸菌在1号配方中37℃静置培养),在后发酵过程中,乳酸菌与酵母菌双菌培养的活菌数都极显著高于单菌培养(P<0.01)。  相似文献   

4.
探讨了乳酸菌和酵母菌之间的相互作用。在发酵过程中,酿酒酵母对乳酸菌的生长有抑制作用。乳酸菌能促进酿酒酵母和马克思克鲁维酵母的生长。酿酒酵母和乳酸菌共同接种有利于保持产品冷藏期间活菌数的稳定,菌株之间可能存在共生作用。   相似文献   

5.
    
The image of wine as a harmonious blend of nature, art and science invites tension between tradition and innovation, and no tension in the business of making wine is greater than that brought into play by the potential afforded by 21st century grape and wine biotechnology. The challenge is to realise the potential of technological innovation without stripping the ancient art of grapegrowing and winemaking of its charm, mysticism and romanticism. Equally challenging is the multitude of complex and interconnected agronomic, business, regulatory and social obstacles currently blocking commercial availability of transgenic grapes, wine yeast and malolactic bacterial starter strains. While the need to assess rigorously the potential negative impacts of new technologies is self‐evident, over the long term, failure to overcome these hurdles will disadvantage the international wine sector and consumers alike. This contention is illustrated with reference to recent examples of genetically improved grapevine, yeast and bacterial prototypes showing potential for enhanced, cost‐effective production of wine with minimised resource inputs, improved quality and low environmental impact.  相似文献   

6.
7.
王小标  武运  王璐  苗森  邹弯  李振华  李维维 《食品科学》2015,36(11):125-129
研究新疆酸马乳中乳酸乳球菌WLB5、干酪乳杆菌MLS5与马克思克鲁维酵母菌WWMJ1间的相互作用。结果表明:在酸马乳发酵过程中,马克思克鲁维酵母菌WWMJ1可以促进干酪乳杆菌MLS5的生长,干酪乳杆菌MLS5对马克思克鲁维酵母菌WWMJ1的生长有抑制作用,乳酸乳球菌WLB5能促进马克思克鲁维酵母菌WWMJ1的生长。乳酸乳球菌WLB5和干酪乳杆菌MLS5混合发酵有助于提高酸马乳中乳酸菌总活菌数。本研究可为酵母菌在发酵乳制品中的应用及开发新型乳制品提供一定参考。  相似文献   

8.
果实粒径对‘美乐’和‘蛇龙珠’葡萄果实品质的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
果实粒径普遍被认为是影响果实品质的一项重要指标。本实验以宁夏玉泉营地区的‘美乐’和‘蛇龙珠’葡萄为实验材料,将‘美乐’果粒分为大于14 mm(大果粒)、12~14 mm(中等果粒)、小于12 mm(小果粒)3 个粒径等级;将‘蛇龙珠’果粒分为大于15 mm(大果粒)、14~15 mm(中等果粒)、小于14 mm(小果粒)3 个粒径等级,连续两年测定不同粒径葡萄的可溶性固形物质量分数、可滴定酸质量浓度、花色苷单体含量以及单体酚含量。结果表明:连续两年两个葡萄品种均表现为中等果粒所占比例较高;2014年‘美乐’和‘蛇龙珠’葡萄果实的可溶性固形物质量分数随粒径的增大而降低,而2015年均表现为中等果粒较高;连续两年葡萄的种/果质量比和单果粒种子数均随粒径的减小而降低;2014、2015年酚类物质含量在‘美乐’中表现为小果粒和中等果粒较高,‘蛇龙珠’则为大果粒和中等果粒较高;‘美乐’中等果粒葡萄的花色苷单体总量最高,‘蛇龙珠’果实的花色苷单体含量受年份影响较大;单体酚总量以及黄酮醇类物质总量在‘美乐’葡萄中表现为在中等果粒中较高,‘蛇龙珠’葡萄则表现为在大果粒中较高。结论:中等果粒的‘美乐’葡萄和大果粒的‘蛇龙珠’葡萄酚类物质含量较高。  相似文献   

9.
以赤霞珠葡萄果实为试材,采用免疫组织化学方法,对果实发育过程中花色素还原酶(ANR)的分布及其动态变化进行原位分析.结果表明,在果皮、果肉和种子中均可观察到ANR的存在;种子中的ANR主要定位于内珠被(in),果皮和果肉中的ANR则主要分布在维管束(VB)、果皮(BS)细胞壁和果肉(BP)细胞壁中,而且这种特异性分布并不随果实发育进程而发生改变.  相似文献   

10.
原生质体融合葡萄酒酵母用于葡萄酒降酸   总被引:12,自引:4,他引:8  
利用发酵力强的葡萄酒酵母与降酸能力强,发酵性能好的杰酒裂母融合,进行生物基因交换和重组,获得融合子,再进行筛得降酸能力,发酵性能好的葡萄酵母,该酵母具有:(1)安全性能好,稳定性强,(2)单菌株发酵,易管理,操作简单稳定;(3)生产产品口味好,口感稳定,用原生质体融合技术的培养选育出的优良菌株降酸率可达30.4%,比葡萄酒酵母的降酸性提高20%。(孙悟)  相似文献   

11.
酵母菌和乳酸菌是各种酿酒生产中两类非常重要的发酵微生物,其相互作用对酒的产量和质量有很大影响。本试验主要研究了高产酯酿酒酵母MY-15和酿酒过程中三种常见乳酸菌(Lactobacillus casei lca、Pediococcus pentosaceus L1和Bacillus coagulans NJ)在生长和代谢方面相互间的影响。结果表明,乳酸菌对高产酯酿酒酵母MY-15的生长和产乙酸乙酯有明显的抑制作用,对产酒的影响不大;但乳酸菌的代谢产物乳酸对酿酒酵母的生长和代谢有明显的抑制作用。高产酯酿酒酵母MY-15对干酪乳杆菌lca的生长抑制作用明显,但少量的酵母菌对戊糖片球菌L1和凝结芽孢杆菌NJ的生长有促进作用;随着酵母菌接种量的增加,乳酸菌代谢乳酸呈先增后减的趋势;酵母菌代谢产物乙醇对乳酸菌的生长和代谢,在乙醇含量少于7.5%(V/V)时,抑制作用不明显;当酒精含量达17.5%(V/V)时,乳酸菌的生长被完全抑制。  相似文献   

12.
通过调查巨峰葡萄根域限制下果实生长发育规律,探讨了根域限制对巨峰葡萄果实生长的影响。结果表明,根域限制下巨峰果实的第二次快速生长量显著高于对照,果实的体积和干物质积累以及种子数目也高于对照,这说明根域限制促进了葡萄果实的发育,增加了光合产物向果实端的运输。  相似文献   

13.
巨峰葡萄浆果中的主要有机酸为酒石酸、苹果酸。苹果酸含量随浆果生长呈低-高-低的变化趋势,酒石酸前期含量较高,随浆果生长不断降低。苹果酸、酒石酸在浆果生长前期存在明显的由果梗端向果顶端的递降梯度,果实发育后期这两种酸的纵向梯度不明显。  相似文献   

14.
对新疆传统发酵乳酪乳清中的优势菌株:马乳酒样乳杆菌、乳酸乳球菌、瑞士乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、东方伊莎酵母菌在驼乳中的生长特性进行了研究。探讨了4株乳酸菌与东方伊莎酵母菌之间的相互作用。结果表明,在发酵过程中东方伊莎酵母菌显著促进马乳酒样乳杆菌和乳酸乳球菌的生长(p<0.05),对瑞士乳杆菌的生长促进作用不明显(p>0.05)。同时,4株乳酸菌抑制东方伊莎酵母菌的生长(p<0.05)。此外,乳酸菌与东方伊莎酵母菌共同接种发酵有利于保持发酵乳冷藏期间活菌数的稳定及缓解乳酸菌的过度产酸。综上所述:乳酸菌与酵母菌之间可能存在相互作用的关系。   相似文献   

15.
限根栽培对宁夏赤霞珠葡萄生长发育和果实品质的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本研究选用9年生赤霞珠葡萄为试材,采用部分限根和滴灌栽培技术,研究限根栽培对宁夏酿酒葡萄生长发育和果实品质的影响。结果表明,采用限根栽培措施可提高30~50cm处土层土壤含水量,从葡萄盛花后到成熟期,比对照可实现节水55.6%;限根栽培可促进葡萄根系向深层土壤延伸,提高根域土壤的根系密度;并有效提高葡萄果实中的糖分积累和果皮中花青素含量,提高葡萄果实品质。  相似文献   

16.
Recent advances in the understanding of the physiology of berry growth and in modelling allow simulation of fruit growth and sugar accumulation from the perspective of water and carbon balance. This review summarises present knowledge on the modelling and molecular physiology of carbon and water fluxes related to grape berry growth and quality. It focuses principally on the effects of environmental factors and cultural practices on fruit quality through their consequences on water and carbon fluxes during fruit growth. Together with ecophysiological and molecular approaches, process-based models show promising ability to aid in integrating physiological results, generating novel hypotheses and consequently providing a full picture of the control of berry growth and quality development. In the future, nitrogen and sulfur fluxes, necessary for the synthesis of secondary metabolites important for quality, should also be integrated. Modelling at the organ level should extend to metabolic content and metabolite fluxes (metabolomic and fluxomic studies). Genotypes naturally or artificially affected on a key gene or function will also be helpful to validate modelling hypotheses.  相似文献   

17.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Liang Z  Sang M  Fan P  Wu B  Wang L  Yang S  Li S 《Journal of food science》2011,76(3):C490-C497
Abstract: Berry skin color OIV index, anthocyanin composition, and content of 78 grape cultivars were surveyed using a CIELAB system and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with photodiode array detection. There were high correlations between L*, b*, and color, while a* was not a representative parameter. L* and b* values declined as berry skin color OIV became darker, and a* increased as berry skin color OIV became darker in pink and red grape cultivars only. The composition and content of anthocyanins varied widely among the cultivars. Total anthocyanins and types of anthocyanins were significantly correlated with color OIV parameters. Through multiple linear regression analysis, cyanidin derivatives had a positive effect on values of L* and b*. Delphinidin derivatives had positive effects on the value of a*. The CIELAB system gave good results for differentiation of grape berry skin color OIV.  相似文献   

18.
19.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
BACKGROUND: Berry shrivel (BS), a berry development disorder, appears soon after veraison. It occurs worldwide and affects the quality of grape berries and wine. However, it had not been reported in China until recently. This study aimed to investigate the changes in berry composition and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Xiangning Valley, Shanxi Province, China, during BS. RESULTS: Shrinkage contributed to an increase in the concentration of basic grape ingredients such as sugar and acid. An appropriate degree of shrinkage was apparently helpful in improving the phenolic content and increasing the antioxidant activity, but the berries that continued to shrivel showed a low antioxidant activity. Further, the results indicated distinct differences between the berries harvested from the southern side of the canopy and those harvested from the northern side, presumably due to variations in sunlight exposure. CONCLUSION: Moderate BS was beneficial since it increased berry quality and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Shanxi vineyards. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
为研究酸马奶的优势菌群的互作以及菌群与特征风味的关系,对传统酸马奶中分离得到的4株乳酸菌和2株酵母菌进行单菌和混菌发酵,测定14组发酵组酸度,pH值,乳酸菌、酵母菌菌量变化,采用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析不同发酵组的挥发性风味物质的差异,并利用Lotka-Volterra模型和偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)分析酸马奶中乳酸菌和酵母菌的相互作用系数以及优势菌群与特征风味物质形成的关联性。乳酸菌中干酪乳杆菌产酸速率最快,在发酵后期pH值达到3.89;酵母菌中,马克斯克鲁维酵母在发酵后期pH值降至4.16,混菌发酵组的产酸优于单菌发酵组。乳酸菌和单孢酿酒酵母混菌发酵促进单孢酿酒酵母的生长,其中植物乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌分别与单孢酿酒酵母混合发酵72 h后,酵母菌菌落数达到1.91×106 CFU/mL和1.66×106 CFU/mL;并能够促进辛酸、正癸酸等酸类风味物质的产生。而乳酸菌和马克斯克鲁维酵母混菌发酵形成竞争抑制,两者共发酵体系下对酯类物质辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯的产生有抑制作用,马克斯克鲁维酵母对产酸速率较快的干酪乳杆菌和副干酪乳杆菌的抑制作用强于瑞士乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌。  相似文献   

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