花生蛋白富集组分与多糖接枝对其结构特性的影响

本研究以花生脱脂粉为原料,采用低温冷沉法分离制备了花生蛋白富集组分,花生蛋白富集组分与麦芽糊精以1:1混合,在60℃湿度79%的干热条件下,花生球蛋白富集组分反应1~7 d,伴花生球蛋白富集组分反应8~24 h,运用SDS-PAGE电泳表征了花生蛋白富集组分与多糖接枝反应进行的情况,采用热特性与荧光光谱等手段表征了花生分离蛋白与多糖的接枝反应产物结构特性的变化。SDS-PAGE分析表明花生球/伴球蛋白富集组分已经在干热条件下与麦芽糊精发生交联反应生成大分子的接枝产物,伴花生球蛋白相比花生球蛋白富集组分更易与麦芽糊精发生美拉德反应。花生蛋白富集组分与麦芽糊精的混合或者接枝反应显著地改善了蛋白组分的热稳定性。花生蛋白富集组分随着糖接枝反应程度的加深其空间结构先变得松散,而后又再次变得更加紧凑。     

限制性水解大米蛋白- 不同多糖复合产物的制备及功能性质的研究

以疏水性植物蛋白--大米蛋白(RP)为研究对象,研究大米蛋白有限水解下与不同相对分子质量多糖发生美拉德反应后功能特性的变化。通过对复合产物功能性质的研究,确定以葡聚糖作为与大米蛋白发生美拉德反应的糖基供体,得到溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性均有较大提高的大米蛋白- 葡聚糖复合产物,最佳工艺条件为：pH值为11,反应温度100℃,反应时间20min。     

糖相对分子质量对微波合成花生蛋白-糖接枝产物结构性质的影响

采用微波辐射的方式合成花生蛋白-糖接枝产物,以接枝程度和褐变程度为考察指标,研究糖相对分子质量对接枝反应的影响,通过还原电泳、红外光谱及扫描电镜分析不同相对分子质量糖接枝花生蛋白的结构差异,并对其乳化性质进行测定。结果表明:较低相对分子质量葡聚糖与花生蛋白接枝程度较高,糖接枝改性不会影响花生蛋白的亚基组成,花生蛋白和糖以共价键进行连接,通过接枝,花生蛋白二级结构的α-螺旋含量增加,β-逆折叠含量下降,接枝改性减少了花生蛋白的聚集,且接枝较小相对分子质量葡聚糖的结构更为分散;与花生蛋白相比,接枝产物的乳化性明显增强,且随着接枝葡聚糖相对分子质量的减小,接枝产物的乳化性逐渐提高,相对分子质量为1 000的葡聚糖与花生蛋白形成的接枝产物乳化活性和乳化稳定性最高,分别为(111.07±2.27)m~2/g和(13.70±0.22) min。     

ε-聚赖氨酸与葡聚糖美拉德反应初级阶段产物的乳化性研究

采用美拉德干热反应制备ε-聚赖氨酸-葡聚糖共价复合物并制备乳液,通过浊度、粒径及稳定性分析,研究了反应温度、湿度、时间、反应物混合比和pH对共价复合物乳化性及乳化稳定性的影响。褐变程度及接枝度结果表明,ε-聚赖氨酸和葡聚糖发生了美拉德反应。以乳化性改善为主要指标,ε-聚赖氨酸/葡聚糖质量比1∶15,在pH8.5,相对湿度为65%,60℃条件下,干热反应1～3d产物的乳化性及乳化稳定明显改善,反应1d复合物乳化性较好且褐变程度较小,接枝度约26.4%。以乳化稳定性改善为指标,ε-聚赖氨酸/葡聚糖质量比1∶10,反应1d最佳。     

响应面试验优化超声系统中玉米醇溶蛋白-葡聚糖糖基化及其性质分析

采用超声波技术辅助玉米醇溶蛋白与葡聚糖进行美拉德反应,通过单因素及响应面试验研究玉米醇溶蛋白-葡聚糖美拉德反应的工艺,并对糖基化产物的结构及功能性质进行测定。结果表明：当超声时间50.15?min、超声功率300?W、糖质量浓度0.025?g/mL时,玉米醇溶蛋白-葡聚糖复合物的接枝度达到最大,与同条件的水浴加热反应产物相比,接枝度由10.13%提高到18.28%,接枝度提高了44.58%。对反应后玉米醇溶蛋白进行傅里叶红外光谱分析发现,玉米醇溶蛋白与葡聚糖通过共价键结合,证明美拉德反应发生。对反应产物的功能性测定发现,与天然蛋白和水浴加热反应糖基化产物相比,超声系统中的糖基化产物的溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、起泡能力和泡沫稳定性均显著提高,说明超声技术能够提高糖基化反应效率,改善产物的结构及性质,拓宽了玉米醇溶蛋白的加工利用的领域。     

米糠多糖-乳清分离蛋白美拉德反应及其产物表征

目的：通过米糠多糖(rice bran polysaccharide,RBP)与乳清分离蛋白(whey protein isolate,WPI)非酶褐变反应,探究反应时间对美拉德反应的影响,开发一种新型乳化剂制备纳米乳液包埋脂溶性物质。方法：RBP与WPI在干热条件下反应不同的时间,以A_{294 nm}、褐变程度、色泽变化、游离氨基含量等的变化监控美拉德反应进程,对美拉德反应产物的分子质量、粒径、乳化活性、乳化稳定性、微观结构进行表征,并用美拉德反应产物制备大豆油纳米乳液。结果：A_{294 nm}、褐变程度、色泽变化及游离氨基含量的变化,表明混合体系发生了美拉德反应,且随反应时间的延长产物颜色变暗;美拉德反应产物分子质量为17 kDa;反应12 h时的产物粒径分布较为均匀;RBP接枝到WPI分子上显著提高了WPI的乳化活性和乳化稳定性(P<0.05);WPI-RBP(12 h)@纳米乳液比WPI@纳米乳液更稳定、粒径均匀,能抵抗酸性条件下和盐离子存在条件下对乳液的不利影响。结论：WPI与RBP间的美拉德反应有效改善了WPI的特性,可作为一种新型...     

大豆球蛋白与葡聚糖的干热反应特性

研究了大豆球蛋白（glycinin）-葡聚糖共价复合物的乳化活性变化。得出在60℃、79％RH条件下，7S球蛋白与葡聚糖干热反应4d所得产物的乳化活性改善最明显；11S球蛋白与葡聚糖千热反应1d产物乳化活性最好。另外，7S-葡聚糖共价复合物在酸性和强碱性以及高温条件下乳化活性相当稳定；而11S与葡聚糖千热1d所得共价复合物在酸性及高温条件下乳化活性明显降低，碱性条件下乳化活性稳定。大豆球蛋白（giycinin）与葡聚糖的共价复合物在高盐条件下均能保持良好的乳化活性．     

大豆分离蛋白-多糖美拉德反应共聚物的制备及性能研究

以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)和海藻酸钠、壳聚糖、葡聚糖利用干法美拉德反应制备大豆分离蛋白-多糖共聚物,通过比较反应产物的接枝度、乳化活性和乳化稳定性,选取大豆分离蛋白-海藻酸钠共聚物,并对其制备条件进行研究。在单因素实验的基础上,以接枝度、乳化活性和乳化稳定性为评价指标,通过正交实验,确定大豆分离蛋白-海藻酸钠共聚物最佳制备条件为:糖蛋白比9:10,反应温度为68℃,反应时间24 h;最终得到共聚物的接枝度为27.2%,乳化活性提高了121%,乳化稳定性提高了255%。     

燕麦蛋白质糖基化改性研究

为改善燕麦分离蛋白的功能性质,拓宽其在食品工业中的应用,采用糖基化反应对燕麦分离蛋白进行改性。研究糖的种类（木糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、葡聚糖2万和葡聚糖4万）和糖基化反应进程对燕麦分离蛋白功能性质的影响。在90 ℃、pH9反应条件下,测定糖基化反应的接枝度、褐变程度、SDS-PAGE及糖基化产物的溶解性和乳化性。结果表明：木糖与燕麦分离蛋白反应的接枝度和褐变程度最大,pH下降最快,表明低分子量的木糖与燕麦蛋白反应速度最快,其次是葡萄糖、乳糖、葡聚糖两万和葡聚糖四万。SDS-PAGE电泳证实燕麦分离蛋白与不同糖发生共价结合。研究糖基化产物功能性质发现,葡萄糖与燕麦分离蛋白的糖基化产物溶解度大幅提高。多糖特别是葡聚糖4万与燕麦分离蛋白生成的糖基化产物具有较高的乳化活性和乳化稳定性。     

糖的种类对海参蛋白美拉德反应产物性质影响研究

以海参蛋白为研究对象，分别选择葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖、麦芽糖、葡聚糖为糖源，探究糖的种类对海参蛋白美拉德产物性质的影响，并对海参蛋白与糖在不同反应时间和pH条件下所得产物性质进行分析。通过接枝度、溶解性和乳化性的测定，得出接枝度大小依次为葡萄糖、乳糖、麦芽糖、果糖和葡聚糖糖化产物，溶解性整体基本随pH和反应时间的增大呈上升趋势，乳化性随反应时间的延长明显提高。基于傅里叶变换红外光谱和差示热量扫描法对不同种类糖和海参蛋白的美拉德反应产物的进行结构表征，结果表明，海参蛋白在糖化反应后3348 cm-1附近的峰向低波数发生了移动，移动的大小为葡萄糖<果糖<乳糖<麦芽糖<葡聚糖，说明糖化过程中发生了氢键缔合，同时海参蛋白美拉德产物的变性峰温度有所提高，稳定性增强。本研究为海参的高值化利用提供基础数据支撑。     

Improvement of functional properties of peanut protein isolate by conjugation with dextran through Maillard reaction

Reaction mixtures containing peanut protein isolate (PPI) and dextran (1:1 weight ratio) were dry-heated at 60 °C and 79% relative humidity for 7 days. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that PPI had become complexed with dextran to form conjugates of higher molecular weight. Arachin, accounting for 50% of peanut proteins, was hard to glycosylate with dextran, which might limit the extent of glycosylation of PPI. The thermal stability of PPI was remarkably improved by mixture/conjugation with dextran. Proteins in mixtures/conjugates might have a more compacted tertiary conformation than PPI. The protein solubility of conjugates at pH 4.5-6.0 was remarkably increased compared with the PPI/mixture. Mixture with dextran could significantly improve the emulsifying and foaming properties of PPI (p < 0.05). Conjugation with dextran could further enhance emulsifying and foaming properties of PPI.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis and their effects on conformational and functional properties of peanut protein isolate

The effects of limited enzymatic hydrolysis by Alcalase on the conformational and functional properties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) protein isolate (PPI) were investigated. Acid subunits of arachin were most susceptible to Alcalase hydrolysis, followed by conarachin and the basic subunits of arachin. Enzymatic hydrolysis increased the thermal stability of arachin and led to a sharp increase in the number of disulphide bonds with a decrease of the sulphydryl group in PPI hydrolysates in comparison with PPI. The analysis of intrinsic fluorescence spectra indicated a more moveable tertiary conformation of PPI hydrolysates than PPI. The limited emzymatic hydrolysis improved the functional properties of PPI, such as protein solubility and gel-forming ability, but impaired the emulsifying activity index.     

花生球蛋白和伴花生球蛋白在酸性条件下亚基结构的变化规律

本文通过Zeta电位、内源荧光光谱、粒度、SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳及溶解性,探讨花生球蛋白和伴花生球蛋白在酸性条件下亚基结构的变化规律。电泳分析表明,花生球蛋白40.5、37.5、35.5和27 ku亚基在常温p H 2.0~3.0的条件下被酸解,产生32.86±0.10ku的新亚基,同时22和15 ku这两条亚基增多;当p H2.0时,花生球蛋白的亚基酸解受静电屏蔽抑制。当p H为1.0~3.0,伴花生球蛋白Ⅱ61 ku亚基被酸解产生36.95±0.50、25.14±1.86、18.98±0.78和17.37±1.17 ku这四个条带。进一步研究表明,花生球蛋白和伴花生球蛋白在酸性条件下结构伸展,粒径增大,在p H 2.0-3.0时的Zeta电位及溶解度较高。在p H 2.0~3.0内,花生球蛋白荧光扫描最大发射波长相对中性条件下发生红移,红移幅度大于伴球蛋白,说明伴球蛋白展开程度较球蛋白小。伴花生球蛋白的酸解及结构变化程度都小于球蛋白,说明伴花生球蛋白亚基对酸的敏感性低于球蛋白。     

Comparative studies on the physicochemical properties of peanut protein isolate–polysaccharide conjugates prepared by ultrasonic treatment or classical heating

Peanut protein isolate (PPI) was glycated with dextran or gum Arabic through ultrasonic treatment or classical heating. The physicochemical properties of PPI–polysaccharide conjugates prepared by ultrasonic treatment were compared to those prepared by classical heating. Compared with classical heating, ultrasound could accelerate the graft reaction between PPI and polysaccharides. PPI could glycate more dextran than gum Arabic under both ultrasonic treatment and classical heating. Despite the higher degree of graft, ultrasonic treatment was able to prepare PPI–polysaccharide conjugates with higher color lightness as well as lower yellow tones than classical heating. During glycation, high molecular weight component was formed, and conarachin mainly participated in glycation reaction instead of arachin. Solubility and emulsifying properties of the conjugates prepared through ultrasonic treatment were both improved as compared to conjugates obtained by classical heating and PPI. The solubility of PPI–dextran was improved for pH range 3 to 9, while that of PPI–gum Arabic was improved for pH > 7. Meanwhile, the emulsifying properties of PPI–gum Arabic were better than those of PPI–dextran conjugates. Decrease of lysine and arginine contents suggested these two amino acids attended the glycation between PPI and polysaccharides. Structural feature analyses suggested that conjugates obtained by ultrasonic treatment had less α-helix and more β-structures, higher surface hydrophobicity and less compact tertiary structure as compared to conjugates obtained by classical heating and PPI.     

Studies on the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on functional and physico-chemical properties of arachin

Arachin, the major protein fraction isolated from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was enzymatically modified to get desired degree of hydrolysis (DH) using papain, alcalase and fungal protease. The measured DH of arachin obtained with different proteases under optimum conditions suggested that the effectiveness followed the order fungal protease>papain>alcalase. The solubility in pH range 4-4.5 was 14-16% with a low DH compared to 55-60% with high DH. Emulsification capacity of arachin improved with low DH; papain was more effective compared to alcalase and fungal protease. The foam capacity of alcalase modified arachin with low DH was remarkably high compared to papain and alcalase modified arachin. Limited proteolysis did not bring about significant improvement in foam stability. However, extensive hydrolysis of arachin resulted in remarkable reduction in emulsification, foaming capacity and stability. The gel electrophoretic analysis of modified arachin suggested that the low molecular weight subunits were resistant to enzymatic attack initially and disappeared after 1 h hydrolysis.     

Effect of pH,temperature and sodium bisulfite or cysteine on the level of Maillard-based conjugation of lysozyme with dextran,galactomannan and mannan

The antimicrobial activity of lysozyme against Gram positive bacteria is well known. Application of this enzyme as a natural antimicrobial or preservative agent in food and pharmaceutical industry is under consideration in many laboratories. The antimicrobial effect of lysozyme can be extended towards Gram negative bacteria by chemical modification including conjugation with carbohydrates. The purpose of this investigation was to find the optimum experimental conditions for glycation of lysozyme with polysaccharides dextran, galactomannan and mannan and to evaluate some functional properties of the modified enzyme. Lysozyme was allowed to react with dextran under Maillard reaction condition at different pH and temperatures and in the presence of 50 mmol/L sodium bisulfite or cysteine and the extent of glycation was determined by ion exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE. The optimum condition for glycation was pH 8.5 and 60 °C with a protein to derxtran molar ratio of 1:5. Same results were obtained for galactomannan but mannan did not react. Under these condition three moles dextran was attached to one mole lysozyme. Sodium bisulfite inhibited glycation at pH 8.5 and temperatures above 40 °C while cysteine prevented glycation at all pH and temperatures. Dextran-conjugated lysozyme exhibited improved heat stability, pH and heat solubility and better emulsifying property as compared with the unmodified lysozyme. These results suggest that it is possible to improve the properties of this enzyme in order to make it more suitable for application in foods and pharmaceuticals.     

羟自由基氧化对花生球蛋白结构和功能性质的影响

为深入研究自由基氧化对花生球蛋白的影响,建立由铁/过氧化氢/抗坏血酸组成的羟自由基氧化体系,通过控制过氧化氢浓度对花生球蛋白进行不同程度的氧化处理,考察羟自由基氧化对花生球蛋白结构和性质的影响。研究表明,随着过氧化氢浓度的增大,花生球蛋白的羰基含量、浊度、起泡稳定性呈上升的趋势;游离巯基、总巯基、溶解度和表面疏水性呈现明显下降的趋势;乳化性、乳化稳定性和起泡性呈先上升后下降的趋势;紫外扫描图谱表明,氧化导致花生球蛋白的紫外吸收峰强度明显减弱,最大波长发生轻微蓝移;差示扫描量热法结果显示,羟自由基修饰后的花生球蛋白的放热峰依次为74、72、70、75、70、72、73℃,与对照组(72℃)相比无明显变化;圆二色谱分析表明,随着过氧化氢浓度的增加,花生球蛋白的二级结构发生改变,其α-螺旋结构明显减少,无规则卷曲结构明显增加。结果表明,羟自由基氧化对花生球蛋白的性质和结构有较大影响,可通过适度氧化对花生球蛋白结构和功能性质进行调控,获得具较好乳化性和起泡性的花生球蛋白。     

花生湿热处理对其分离蛋白的结构和功能特性的影响

本文通过还原/非还原电泳、热差示扫描、表面疏水性及等电点测定等手段,表征了花生湿热处理对其分离蛋白结构和功能特性的影响.结果表明:在105℃随着湿热处理时间延长其分离蛋白中伴球蛋白所占比例逐渐减少,球蛋白在加热75min后产生热聚集,此外通过美拉德反应生成的糖蛋白含量逐渐增加,分离蛋白等电点向酸性偏移,表面疏水性先逐渐...     

Synergistic effects of pH,temperature and glycosylation on the functional properties of rice protein

This study investigated the effects of pH treatment, heat treatment, pH-synergistic heat treatment and glycosylation on the functional properties of rice protein (RP). The results showed that all treatment methods could improve the functional properties of RP. Heat treatment improved functional properties by generating aggregates after RP unfolds, and pH treatment improved those by causing RP to hydrolyse and aggregate. Compared to RP, the solubility, emulsification activity (EA), emulsification stability (ES), foaming activity (FA), surface hydrophobicity and in vitro digestibility of pH-synergistic heat treatment of RP (S-RP) were increased by 11.47, 3.12, 3.45, 2.27, 3.36 and 2.12 times, respectively. Glycosylation mainly improved the functional properties of RP by introducing hydrophilic groups. Compared to those of S-RP, solubility, EA, ES, FA, surface hydrophobicity and in vitro digestibility of RP–dextran conjugates (RPDCs) were increased by 2.03, 1.25, 1.97, 1.05, 1.64 and 1.48 times, respectively. Therefore, compared to glycosylated chemical modification, heat treatment and pH treatment had a weak improvement in the functional properties of RP. The comparison of pH-treated RP (pH-RP) and RP–dextran mixtures (RPDMs) showed that in the absence of heat treatment, carbonyl ammonia condensation almost did not occur.     

Properties of whey protein isolate–dextran conjugate prepared using pulsed electric field

Effect of pulsed electric field treatment on whey protein isolate-dextran conjugation in aqueous solution via Maillard reaction was investigated. Significant changes in browning intensity, free amino group content and SDS-PAGE profile showed that whey protein isolate-dextran conjugate was successfully formed using pulsed electric field treatment. Moreover, higher pulsed electric field intensity enhanced the extent of glycosylation. Meanwhile, the secondary structure of whey protein isolate had a considerable loss due to the covalent attachment of dextran. The functional properties, such as solubility, emulsifying activity and emulsion stability were also evaluated. Compared with initial whey protein isolate, the solubility and emulsifying properties were significantly improved. At the same time, glycosylation also inhibited heat-induced aggregation after treated at 80 °C for 20 min. All data showed that pulsed electric field treatment could be applied as a means to prepare WPI-dextran conjugate with better functional properties.