黑木耳及其多糖对高脂饮食大鼠的降血脂和肠道菌群调节作用

为探讨黑木耳及其多糖的降血脂作用和与肠道菌群的相关性,以5周龄健康雄性SD大鼠为试验对象,分为正常对照组、高脂对照组、黑木耳干预组和黑木耳多糖干预组,干预饲养6周。期间测量大鼠体重、摄食量、血清生化指标,并于解剖后收集肝脏、盲肠内容物及粪便进行病理学和肠道菌群分析。结果表明,黑木耳及其多糖的干预均能够显著降低高脂饮食大鼠血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白含量,提高高密度脂蛋白含量,促进肝脏脂质代谢,减轻脂肪在高脂饮食大鼠肝脏内堆积,其中黑木耳的干预更为显著。黑木耳及其多糖的干预均显著增加了盲肠内短链脂肪酸的含量,推测可能通过上调副拟杆菌属和拟杆菌属等产短链脂肪酸菌群丰度来产生对机体有益的短链脂肪酸以促进血脂代谢。二者还显著提高了大鼠粪便菌群中紫红球菌科或非消化糖杆菌属丰度,显著下调了促炎菌普雷沃菌属丰度,缓解高脂饮食摄入造成的肝炎及其它炎症和疾病。黑木耳调节了与肥胖有关的瘤胃球菌科的丰度,可能是其对高脂血症预防效果更为显著的原因。本研究从调节肠道菌群方面阐明了黑木耳及黑木耳多糖降血脂作用的机理,为通过饮食干预调节肠道菌群,从而改善血脂代谢提供建议。     

亚麻籽粉摄入对健康成年人肠道菌群结构的影响

肠道是人体内代谢的重要场所,肠道内寄居的大量细菌在代谢过程中起到至关重要的作用。亚麻籽富含人体必需不饱和脂肪酸、膳食纤维、木酚素等多种营养成分,具有预防心脑血管疾病、改善肠功能、调节雌激素等功效。本实验旨在探究亚麻籽对人体肠道菌群的影响。通过招募健康成年志愿者,进行为期21 d的亚麻籽饮食干预（亚麻籽摄入量为0.6 g/（kg·d））,收集亚麻籽摄入前后健康成年人粪便样品,进行16S rRNA高通量测序和高通量气相色谱分析。结果显示,志愿者在摄入亚麻籽后,肠道微生物多样性指标Shannon指数升高,同时肥胖群体中高比例厚壁菌门的占比下调,所有粪便样本中短链脂肪酸含量上升。本研究证明,亚麻籽的摄入可以改变健康成年人肠道菌群结构,增加肠道微生物菌群多样性,同时可以促进肠道内短链脂肪酸的产生,从而维持肠道微环境,抑制肠道疾病的发生;并且其部分菌群结构的改变可能有利于预防肥胖症的风险。     

葡萄蒸馏酒对高尿酸血症模型小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

为了探讨葡萄蒸馏酒与高尿酸血症模型小鼠肠道菌群的关系,将6周龄SPF级雄性小鼠随机分为52%葡萄蒸馏酒低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组、空白对照组、模型组和乙醇组,连续灌胃7 d后测定小鼠粪便中的短链脂肪酸和肠道微生物。利用Illumina MiSeq平台进行高通量测序,检测小鼠粪便16S rDNA基因,分析小鼠肠道菌群的变化,并使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测小鼠粪便中短链脂肪酸的含量变化。研究发现,低、中剂量葡萄蒸馏酒能提高高尿酸血症模型小鼠肠道微生物的多样性,显著增加拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度(P<0.05),改善高尿酸血症模型小鼠的菌群失调及厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比值的升高,并增加了肠道有益菌如丁蓖麻球菌、瘤胃球菌、罗氏菌、厌氧棍状菌、梭菌等的相对丰度;葡萄蒸馏酒中剂量组的乙酸、丙酸和正丁酸含量显著高于模型组和乙醇组(P<0.05)。结论：每日摄入52%葡萄蒸馏酒1 mL/kg m_b或2 mL/kg m_b可以改善高尿酸血症模型小鼠肠道菌群失调...     

6 种多糖体外酵解特性的比较

为研究6种结构不同的多糖阿拉伯胶（gum arabic,GA）、山楂果胶（hawthorn pectin,HP）、阿拉伯木聚糖（arabinoxylan,AX）、瓜尔豆胶（guar gum,GG）、铁皮石斛多糖（Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides,DOP）和燕麦β-葡聚糖（oat β-glucan,OG）在相同初始肠道菌群下酵解特性的差异。以猪结肠消化物作为接种物,在厌氧条件下酵解0、12、24、48 h,测定短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs）和肠道菌群的变化。SCFAs变化结果表明,6种多糖产生的SCFAs均以乙酸、丙酸和丁酸为主;其中,阿拉伯胶产生丙酸的能力较强,铁皮石斛多糖和燕麦β-葡聚糖产生的乙酸和丁酸含量较高,且总SCFAs含量较高,山楂果胶产生的总SCFAs的含量较低。肠道菌群结果分析表明,厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门为酵解过程中的优势菌门。在属水平上,6种多糖对不同属的菌群促进作用不同,阿拉伯胶可以促进布劳特氏菌属的增殖,其余5种多糖均能促进益生菌属乳杆菌属的增殖,且燕麦β-葡聚糖中乳杆菌属的丰...     

肉桂精油微胶囊对小鼠抗氧化活性与肠道菌群的影响

本研究旨在探究微胶囊化的肉桂精油对小鼠机体抗氧化能力与肠道菌群的影响。将6 周龄雄性C57 BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、肉桂精油组、肉桂精油微胶囊组（肉桂精油剂量100 mg/（kg mb·d））,连续灌胃4 周后测定小鼠肝、十二指肠、结肠组织抗氧化水平。运用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术检测小鼠粪便16S rDNA基因,探究肠道菌群变化情况,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测小鼠粪便中短链脂肪酸含量。结果表明：相较肉桂精油组,肉桂精油微胶囊的摄入能够使小鼠肝组织中总抗氧化能力显著上升,十二指肠中MDA含量显著下降（P＜0.05）。在门水平上,肉桂精油微胶囊组的小鼠粪便中拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）丰度的增加和厚壁菌门（Fimicutes）丰度的降低比肉桂精油组更为明显;而在属水平上,微胶囊组较肉桂精油组显著增加了拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、Family_XIII_AD3011_group、unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae、布劳特氏菌属（Blautia）、瘤胃梭菌属（Ruminiclostridium）等有益菌的丰度,显著抑制了norank_f__Muribaculacea、Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014、戈登氏杆菌属（Gordonibacter）等条件致病菌的生长（P＜0.05）;微胶囊组小鼠粪便丙酸、丁酸和总短链脂肪酸含量显著增加（P＜0.05）。肉桂精油微胶囊可能通过缓释作用持续释放活性成分,从而抑制条件致病菌群、促进有益菌群增殖与短链脂肪酸产生,具有更明显的调节肠道菌群结构与氧化还原状态平衡的作用。     

不同单糖组成的低聚糖对人肠道菌群的调节作用

目的:通过高通量测序技术研究不同单糖组成的低聚糖对人肠道菌群的调节作用。方法:以人结肠内菌群为研究对象,采用人体胃、肠道模拟系统,比较研究了分别由葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖构成的聚葡萄糖、聚半乳糖和聚甘露糖对人肠道菌群的调节以及被微生物代谢产生短链脂肪酸的情况。结果:3种聚糖分别被肠道微生物代谢产生短链脂肪酸,其中聚半乳糖代谢产生的短链脂肪酸含量最高,聚葡萄糖次之,聚甘露糖产生短链脂肪酸的量最少。由半乳糖构成的聚半乳糖更有利于代谢产生的乙酸和丙酸,抑制有害菌布劳特氏菌属和多雷亚菌属。由葡萄糖构成聚葡萄糖更有利代谢产丁酸和戊酸,抑制柯林斯菌属生长,促进双歧杆菌属、副拟杆菌属和链球菌属增殖。由甘露糖构成的聚甘露糖更有利于抑制瘤胃球菌属的生长。结论:3种聚糖均可调节肠道菌群,被肠道微生物发酵产生短链脂肪酸,促进有益菌增殖,抑制有害菌生长。     

凝固型苦荞酸奶对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

通过动物实验,利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应方法、气相色谱-质谱、Illumina高通量测序技术,对小鼠肠道菌群数量和种类,以及主要代谢产物——短链脂肪酸（乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸）的含量进行分析,探究凝固型苦荞酸奶对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。结果表明：与对照组相比,凝固型苦荞酸奶使肠道中3 种有益菌（乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、柔嫩梭菌）的数量分别增加了523.81、911.01、12.18 倍,3 种有害菌（肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌）的数量分别减少了99.89%、97.31%、99.02%。同时,凝固型苦荞酸奶组小鼠粪便中的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸的含量分别增加了36.87%、75.59%、56.26%、92.36%,且效果优于普通酸奶组。高通量测序结果表明,凝固型苦荞酸奶较普通酸奶可以显著增加小鼠肠道菌群多样性,在门水平上显著降低厚壁菌门和疣微菌门的丰度,显著提高拟杆菌门的丰度（P＜0.05）;且在属水平上显著提高norank_f__Bacteroidales_S24-7_group、Faecalibaculum菌属的相对丰度,显著降低Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014、unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae、Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006菌属的相对丰度（P＜0.05）,提高肠道菌群优势菌属的地位。综上所述,凝固型苦荞酸奶相较于普通酸奶,可以更好地促进小鼠肠道内有益菌的增殖并抑制有害菌的增殖,促进短链脂肪酸的生成,增加肠道菌群多样性,优化菌群结构。     

不同人体肠道菌群利用厚黑拟层孔菌胞外多糖产酸特性的研究

利用真菌培养基及冻干技术提取液体发酵条件下厚黑拟层孔菌的胞外多糖,利用人体(成人及儿童)粪便提取物作为发酵底物,在模拟人体肠道(厌氧及37℃)环境条件下进行系统发酵,对发酵后体系的短链脂肪酸(甲酸、乙酸、丙酸及丁酸)进行检测。研究结果表明:以成人及儿童粪便提取液作为发酵底物模拟人体肠道环境下,短链脂肪酸的含量随发酵时间的延长而增加,同时也随着胞外多糖浓度的增加而有显著增加。儿童粪便发酵体系中产生的短链脂肪酸要高于成人粪便发酵条件下产生的短链脂肪酸。     

膳食纤维与短链脂肪酸对肠道微生物以及宿主健康的影响

膳食纤维是一类能被肠道微生物利用的物质,微生物代谢产生的短链脂肪酸影响宿主健康.已有的研究证实,膳食纤维是一种多糖,它既不能被胃肠道消化吸收,也不能产生能量,饮食中添加膳食纤维能够显著改变肠道微生物的多样性,使产短链脂肪酸的菌群丰度提升.不同类别的短链脂肪酸发挥的作用迥异,对宿主的物质能量代谢、免疫系统及相关疾病的发生...     

不同摄入量小米对小鼠肠道菌群和短链脂肪酸的影响

摄入一定量杂粮可降低一些慢性代谢疾病的发病率,但目前杂粮摄入量没有统一的标准,尚不清楚杂粮摄入过多是否会对健康产生不良影响。以小米添加量为20%、40%、60%、80%的饲料喂养3周龄C57BL/6J小鼠,持续12周,采用自动血生化分析仪、16S rRNA高通量基因测序、气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了不同摄入量小米对小鼠血脂水平、肠道菌群和粪便短链脂肪酸的影响。结果发现,80%摄入量的小米显著增加了小鼠血清的总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平,同时增加了肠道丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸和戊酸的含量。肠道菌群分析结果表明,所有小米干预组的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、Muribaculaceae的丰度上升,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、双歧杆菌属 (Bifidobacterium)的丰度下降。摄入不同添加量小米的小鼠肠道菌群组成具有较大差异,其中20%小米摄入量组的小鼠菌群中显著富集了另枝菌属(Alistipes)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、肠杆菌属(Enterorhabdus),而80%摄入量小米显著降低了小鼠菌群中的粪杆菌属(Faecalibaculum)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)和罗氏菌属(Roseburia)的丰度。研究结果表明,20%摄入量的小米就能有效调节小鼠肠道菌群,而过高摄入量(80%)的小米使小鼠血脂水平升高,降低了肠道菌群的多样性和均匀度以及有益菌的丰度,所以要理性看待杂粮的营养价值,避免过量摄入。     

Dietary fat and gut microbiota: mechanisms involved in obesity control

ABSTRACT

Obesity is a serious global health problem that is directly related to various morbidities manifestation. Intestinal dysbiosis has been implicated on obesity pathogenesis. Diet composition can alter gut microbiota, regardless of energy intake. Dietary fatty acids quality may affect gut microbiota composition, which in turn may affect host metabolic health. The mechanisms by which the different type of FFA modulate gut microbiota is yet poor elucidate and there is a lack of studies regard to this. Fatty acids may act in cell membrane, interfere with energy production, inhibit enzymatic activities, impair nutrient absorption and generate toxic compounds to cells, leading to growth inhibition or even bacterial death. The beneficial effect of the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on microbiota, unlike n-6 PUFA and saturated fatty acids has been suggested. n-3 PUFA consumption promotes desirable changes on obese intestinal microbiota making it similar to that of normal weight individuals. More studies are needed to better understand the effect of CLA on microbiota and host health. Long term human controlled clinical trials must be conducted to allow us to understand the complex interaction between dietary fat, intestinal microbiota and obesity.     

The Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites,Novel Targets for Treating and Preventing Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide, along with obesity and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD involves a series of liver abnormalities from simple hepatic steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, which can ultimately lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer. The gut–liver axis plays an important role in the development of NAFLD, which depends mainly on regulation of the gut microbiota and its bacterial products. These intestinal bacterial species and their metabolites, including bile acids, tryptophan catabolites, and branched‐chain amino acids, regulate adipose tissue and intestinal homeostasis and contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this review, the current evidence regarding the key role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD is highlighted, and the advances in the progression and applied prospects of gut microbiota‐targeted dietary and exercise therapies is also discussed.     

不同肠道菌群利用低聚异麦芽糖体外发酵产短链脂肪酸的初步研究

用人体粪便作为肠道细菌来源,分离不同肠道菌群利用低聚异麦芽糖作为碳源进行体外发酵培养,在不同时间取其发酵液,利用气相色谱法测定发酵液内短链脂肪酸(SCFA)的种类和数量的变化。结果显示,肠道内主要是双歧杆菌、拟杆菌、肠杆菌、乳酸菌和肠球菌菌群,它们都能利用低聚异麦芽糖发酵产生SCFA,但产量和种类各不相同。发酵12 h后,低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)对乙酸的贡献值最大,而丁酸和异丁酸的产量都很少甚至检测不到。     

Dietary deprivation of fermented foods causes a fall in innate immune response. Lactic acid bacteria can counteract the immunological effect of this deprivation

Extrinsic factors such as maternal microbiota, bacterial load of the environment, diet and medication modulate the intestinal microbiota. Maturation and function of the immune system is influenced by established gut microbiota. In this work we describe the immunological effects of the dietary deprivation of fermented foods of healthy volunteers. Significant decreases in faecal lactobacillus and total aerobes counts and concentration of short chain fatty acids were observed following deprivation of fermented food of the normal diet. Moreover, a decrease in phagocytic activity in leukocytes was observed after two weeks of restricted diet. Therefore, the dietary deprivation of fermented foods could induce a decrease in innate immune response that might affect the capacity to respond against infections. The ingestion of a probiotic product containing the strains Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT5711 or a standard yogurt containing a conventional starter Lactobacillus delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus counteracted the fall in the immune response, although the probiotic product was more effective than the standard yogurt.     

几类不同食物对肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展

肠道菌群是机体的重要组成部分,肠道菌群能在一定程度上影响宿主的营养代谢和健康。肠道菌群的组成与功能受宿主生理状态、遗传、饮食习惯、年龄和环境等多重因素的影响。其中,膳食是影响肠道菌群结构和功能最为重要且较为迅速的因素。作为日常生活中常见的食物资源,杂粮、杂豆和果蔬等食物含有的膳食纤维和多酚等物质已经被证明具有调节肠道菌群的作用。肠道菌群能够发酵膳食纤维,代谢后释放维生素以及短链脂肪酸等代谢产物,并选择性地促进一些肠道有益菌的增殖,进而在一定程度上促进宿主健康。此外,大部分酚类物质也在肠道中被肠道菌群代谢分解后进一步提高酚类物质的生物利用率,从而改善宿主生理状态。本文围绕日常生活中常见的食物资源如杂粮杂豆以及水果蔬菜等对肠道菌群的调节作用进行综述,展望以肠道菌群为靶点的代谢性疾病预防与治疗或膳食干预的前景。     

The study on the impact of glycated pea proteins on human intestinal bacteria

The traditionally perceived function of nutrition includes supplying the consumer with the appropriate quantity and quality of substrates. As nutritional substrates, proteins are prone to spontaneously occurring non-enzymatic glycosylation (glycation) which can alter their molecular structure, making them highly bioactive. Glycated food proteins are able to modify the bacterial intestinal ecosystem, which is of great importance for the optimal usage of nutrients and maintenance of both intestinal homeostasis and balanced health status of the consumer. This study aimed to determine the impact of glycated pea proteins on the intestinal bacteria from a healthy human. The analyses were conducted with the use of experimental batch-type simulator models imitating human intestinal conditions. The glycated pea proteins affected the growth of gut commensal bacteria, particularly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, whose levels increased significantly. There was a corresponding shift in the bacterial metabolites with increased levels of the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs); acetate, propionate lactate and butyrate. Intestinal bacteria were able to utilize these pea proteins thus indicating that the energy encrypted in glycated pea proteins, partially inaccessible for gastric enzymes, may be salvaged by gut microbiota. Such changes in microbial composition may beneficially impact the intestinal environment and exert a health-promoting effect in humans.     

Dietary compounds and traditional Chinese medicine ameliorate type 2 diabetes by modulating gut microbiota

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications are major public health concerns which strongly influence the quality of humans’ life. Modification of gut microbiota has been widely used for the management of diabetes. In this review, the relationship between diabetes and gut microbiota, as well as the effects of different dietary components and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on gut microflora are summarized. Dietary compounds and TCM possessing bioactive components (fiber and phytochemicals) first change the composition of gut microbiota (inhibiting pathogens and promoting the beneficial bacteria growth) and then influence the production of their metabolites, which would further modify the intestinal environment through inhibiting the production of detrimental compounds (such as lipopolysaccharide, hydrogen sulfide, indol, etc.). Importantly, metabolites (short chain fatty acids and other bioactive components) fermented/degraded by gut microbiota can target multiple pathways in intestine, liver, pancreas, etc., resulting in the improvement of gut health, glycemic control, lipids profile, insulin resistance and inflammation. Furthermore, understanding the interaction between different dietary components and gut microbiota, as well as underlying mechanisms would help design different diet formula for the management of diabetes. Further researches could focus on the combination of different dietary components for preventing and treating diabetes, based on the principle of “multiple components against multiple targets” from the perspective of gut microbiota.     

多不饱和脂肪酸对大鼠肠道菌群及脂肪代谢相关基因的影响

目的：研究多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fat acids,PUFA）饮食对大鼠肠道菌群及相关脂肪因子的影响,探讨其作用机理。方法：将30 只5 周龄健康大鼠分为正常对照组、n-6 PUFA组和n-3 PUFA组,自由摄食饮水8 周,每周记录大鼠体质量,实验结束时取大鼠盲肠粪便和肝脏,用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium,Bif）、乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus,Lac）、肠道细菌Akkermansia muciniphila（Akk）和脂肪因子脂肪酸合成酶（fatty acid synthetase,FAS）、禁食诱导脂肪因子（fasting-induced adipose factor,FIAF）的水平;并将大鼠盲肠石蜡包埋、切片、苏木精-伊红染色测量其黏膜厚度。结果：n-3 PUFA组与正常对照组相比,肥胖程度和FAS水平明显降低（P＜0.05）,Bif、Lac、Akk和FIAF水平明显升高（P＜0.05）,肠道黏膜厚度明显增加;n-6 PUFA组大鼠的各项指标和正常对照组相比均无统计学差异。结论：n-3 PUFA饮食与n-6 PUFA饮食相比,可改变肠道菌群,抑制肥胖的发生和发展。     

Metabolic fate of orally administered enzymatically synthesized glycogen in rats

We developed a new process for enzymatically synthesized glycogen (ESG), which is equivalent in physicochemical properties to natural-source glycogen (NSG) except its resistant property to degradation by α-amylase in vitro. In this study the metabolic fates of orally administered ESG in rats were investigated by a single oral administration test and a 2 week ingestion test. The glycemic index of ESG was 79. After the 2 week ingestion of ESG, the cecal content and production of short chain fatty acids were significantly increased, the pH value of cecal content was lowered, and the counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in feces were significantly increased. Additionally, plasma levels of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol were significantly reduced by ESG. In contrast, NSG did not affect these parameters at all. The results collectively suggest that around 20% of orally administered ESG was transferred to the cecum in the form of polymer and assimilated into short chain fatty acids by microbiota and the polymer affected lipid metabolism.     

Dietary Supplementation with the Probiotic SF68 Reinforces Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in Obese Mice by Improving Butyrate Bioavailability

Scope

Modifications in intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are main factors altering intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and eliciting the onset of a meta-inflammation observed in obesity. The present study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Enterococcus faecium (SF68) administration in counteracting the impairment of gut barrier and enteric inflammation in a model of diet-induced obesity, characterizing the molecular mechanisms underlying such beneficial effects.

Methods and Results

Male C57BL/6J mice, fed with standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD), are treated with SF68 (10⁸ CFU day⁻¹). After 8 weeks, plasma interleukin (IL)-1β and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) are measured, analysis of fecal microbiota composition and butyrate content as well as intestinal malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, mucins, tight junction protein, and butyrate transporter expression are investigated. After 8 weeks, SF68 administration counteracts the body weight gain in HFD mice, reducing plasma IL-1β and LBP. In parallel, SF68 treatment acts against the intestinal inflammation in HFD-fed animals and improves the intestinal barrier integrity and functionality in obese mice via the increase in tight junction protein and intestinal butyrate transporter (sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 ) expression.

Conclusions

Supplementation with SF68 reduces intestinal inflammation and reinforces the enteric epithelial barrier in obese mice, improving the transport and utilization of butyrate.