胶球藻C-169户外诱导培养积累脂肪酸和色素的研究

本研究分别采用Basal、BBM以及无氮磷添加的培养基,在户外开放跑道池中培养胶球藻C-169,系统比较了比生长速率、生物量浓度、脂肪酸和色素含量的差异。研究表明,胶球藻C-169在户外开放跑道池中,水温13~20℃下,生长良好。在第二阶段氮磷限制Basal、BBM培养基中的8 d,细胞处于生长的对数期,Basal培养基中平均比生长速率是BBM培养基的1.92倍,生物量干重浓度最高为0.22 g/L。第一阶段细胞在BBM、Basal两种培养基中亚麻酸含量可分别高达总脂肪酸含量的36.6%、53.9%;第二阶段在氮磷限制的BBM培养基中,亚麻酸占总脂肪酸的比例下降了32.4%,油酸的比例增大了38.5%;氮磷限制BBM培养基中细胞内总脂肪酸含量由起始的3.99%增大到18.18%。上述两种藻液以1:1混合培养5 d,平均比生长速率下降到0.0094 d-1,总脂肪酸含量增大到20.2%。藻细胞中色素含量随着脂肪酸含量的增加而降低,呈明显的负相关。     

基于高通量培养的胶球藻C-169生物量和油脂积累能力的快速评价

本研究利用CO_2培养箱内48孔板振荡光照培养专利设计的微藻高通量培养体系,结合细胞组学技术,系统评价了氮源和盐度梯度下胶球藻C-169细胞的生长速率、生物量浓度和油脂积累能力。结果表明,该培养体系的均一性和稳定性良好,可实现微藻的高通量及多处理培养。富氮培养基可显著提高胶球藻C-169的细胞生长速率和生物量浓度,缺氮培养基显著驱动了细胞积累中性脂。在含1/4氮的培养基中藻细胞的生物量浓度是4倍氮培养基中的25%,而中性脂含量(平均荧光强度表示)则高达后者的16倍以上。在0~15‰盐度范围内胶球藻C-169的生长状况良好且无显著差异(p0.05),15‰以上盐度藻细胞生长受到明显抑制。10‰盐度下中性脂含量(以平均荧光强度表示)显著高于所有其他组(p0.05),说明该盐度有利于驱动细胞积累中性脂。     

3种不同培养基对斜生栅藻生长和油脂积累的影响

以斜生栅藻FACHB-12为原料,采用BG11、F/2和SE 3种培养基对其培养。通过对生物量、生长速率、油脂含量、油脂组分以及脂肪酸组成的测定,比较不同培养基对斜生栅藻生长和油脂积累的影响。结果表明:BG11培养基更有利于斜生栅藻的生长,而F/2培养基更适合油脂以及中性脂的积累;斜生栅藻在BG11培养基中比生长速率为0.095,培养15 d生物量为0.36 g/L,叶绿素a含量达到1.23 mg/L;而在F/2培养基中油脂含量可达细胞干重的24.75%,其中中性脂占总脂的36.64%,产率达0.98 mg/(L·d);并且在F/2培养基中斜生栅藻脂肪酸组成以C16∶0和C18∶1为主,含量分别占总脂肪酸的25.84%和54.47%,更适合作为制备生物柴油的原料。     

氮、磷浓度对小球藻生长及油脂积累的影响

含油微藻是非常有前景的生产生物柴油的材料,其生物量和油脂含量是决定其经济可行性的重要指标。培养基组成对含油微藻的生长与油脂积累具有重要影响。实验以采自青岛海域的一株海水小球藻为研究对象,在摇瓶中考察培养基氮源、磷源浓度对小球藻生长及其油脂积累的影响。结果表明:在一定范围内,增加氮源浓度能提高小球藻生长速率,但磷源对小球藻生长影响不明显;随着氮、磷源浓度的降低,小球藻总脂和中性脂含量均逐渐增大,氮源起的作用更加显著,在0.220mmol/L的低氮胁迫下获得了最高的细胞总脂含量,总脂占细胞干重的33.5%±0.3%。氮源浓度为0.441mmol/L时,小球藻的油脂产率最高,为(10.58±0.29)mg·L-1·d-1。培养基中低磷浓度有利于小球藻的油脂积累,但差别不明显。     

不同氮/碳源组合条件下斜生栅藻的生长、光合及油脂产率

以斜生栅藻为研究材料,选取NaNO3、NaNO2、NH4Cl、尿素（CO(NH2)2）作为氮源,Na2CO3、C6H12O和CH3COONa作为碳源,进行两两组合培养,研究不同氮源、碳源组合条件对斜生栅藻生长、最大光量子产率（Fv/Fm）、油脂产率及脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明：CO(NH2)2作为氮源时,斜生栅藻生物量、叶绿素a含量及Fv/Fm均达到最高,而NH4Cl不利于斜生栅藻的生长。在NaNO3、NaNO2和NH4Cl为氮源时,3种碳源对斜生栅藻生长的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,而在CO(NH2)2环境中,Na2CO3的添加使得斜生栅藻生物量显著高于其他两组（P<0.05）,说明CO(NH2)2和Na2CO3组合更有利于斜生栅藻的生长。12组处理中,N1（CO(NH2)2+Na2CO3）和Y2（NaNO2+C6H12O）油脂产率最高,分别占细胞干重的23.14%和21.54%,同时藻油中油酸相对含量分别为57.92%和57.81%。因此,无论是生物量的积累还是油脂产率,CO(NH2)2作为氮源且Na2CO3作为碳源具有一定的应用前景。     

户外环境条件下三角褐指藻生长和积累脂肪酸的条件优化

微藻的脂肪酸含量与其应用价值有直接关系,而环境因素对微藻脂肪酸含量有着显著影响。本文以细胞密度、干重浓度、脂肪酸含量等为评价指标,研究了户外跑道池系统中不同盐度(20‰、25‰和30‰)、p H值(7.5、8.0和8.5)、氮源种类(尿素和碳酸氢铵)等环境因素下三角褐指藻户外生长、脂肪酸积累的规律。结果表明,随着培养基盐度的升高,三角褐指藻的增长速率变缓,在20‰盐度条件下获得最大生物量177.78 mg/L;在30‰盐度条件下获得最大脂肪酸含量123.99 mg/g;p H值8.0条件下,三角褐指藻生物量浓度及脂肪酸含量均达到最大值(166.39 mg/L和145.92 mg/g),而在p H值7.5条件下,三角褐指藻的生长受到抑制。尿素作为氮源较碳酸氢铵更有利于三角褐指藻的生长,最终生物量为150.83 mg/L,但以碳酸氢铵为氮源条件下,更利于脂肪酸的积累,脂肪酸含量达到169.72 mg/g。因此,户外跑道池中的最适培养条件为盐度20‰、p H值8.0、尿素为氮源。     

培养基、光照强度和初始氮浓度对克里藻生长及生物活性代谢产物积累的影响

为利用克里藻JNU41高效生产油脂、亚油酸和叶黄素等重要代谢产物,对其进行培养条件的优化及代谢产物积累的评估。采用改良的BG-11(mBG-11)和BBM(mBBM)培养基,设置3组光照强度[单侧100μmol/(m²·s)、单侧300μmol/(m²·s)和双侧300μmol/(m²·s)]和6种初始氮浓度(3、6、9、12、15、18 mmol/L)对克里藻JNU41进行培养,并测定其生长曲线、生化组成、总脂产率、脂肪酸组成及叶黄素含量。结果表明：克里藻JNU41在mBBM培养基、双侧光照强度300μmol/(m²·s)、初始氮浓度6 mmol/L条件下,生物量和总脂产率最高,分别为8.38 g/L和281.71mg/(L·d);在mBG-11培养基、双侧光照强度300μmol/(m²·s)、初始氮浓度3 mmol/L条件下,总脂和总脂肪酸含量最高,分别为55.12%和47.10%。克里藻JNU41主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,其中亚油酸含量最高,亚油酸最高...     

不同碳源培养胶球藻C-169净化糖蜜酵母废水

本项目系统研究了三种碳源(CO_2、醋酸和甘油)添加到预处理后的糖蜜酵母废水,在藻菌共生条件下培养胶球藻C-169的生长情况及强化废水净化效果。结果表明,与通入空气相比,补充2%CO_2,能显著提高细胞的平均比生长速率、生物质产率,分别是通入空气的6.49、10.4倍,显著提高了对脱色废水的总氮、总磷和氨氮去除率(p0.05),但降低了废水COD(化学需氧量)去除率。研究发现胶球藻C-169能够利用甘油作为其生长的碳源,在0～20 g/L甘油浓度时,随着甘油浓度的提高,细胞生长速率增大,总氮、总磷去除率提高,并在20g/L时获得最高生物量干重达到8.80g/L,平均比生长速率是不添加甘油的2.07倍,生物量产率达0.70 g/(L·d)。甘油浓度在15 g/L以上时,总氮、总磷去除率分别高达85%、95%以上,极显著地提高了废水COD(p0.01)。添加1～4g/L醋酸,均会抑制胶球藻C-169的生长,降低废水净化效果。因此在使用C-169净化COD较高的废水时,可添加甘油作为其生长的碳源。     

利用甲醇厂CO_2尾气培养小球藻

利用甲醇厂所排放的高浓度CO2尾气培养小球藻,研究不同的通气方式、培养方式对小球藻生长的影响。实验结果表明,当通气速率为300 mL/min、CO2浓度为10%并以10 min/h的间歇通气方式培养时能够提高小球藻的生物量,生物量和产率分别为0.681 g/L和0.082 g/(L.d)。对氮源和磷源采用补料的方式进行培养时对小球藻生长具有促进作用,最高生物量和产率分别达到0.789 g/L和0.088 g/(L.d)。当培养基的更新率为20%时能够获得较高的生物量。利用醋酸进行兼性培养时,一次性添加50～125μL/L醋酸都可促进小球藻生长,每日添加10～25μL/L的醋酸时,可明显促进小球藻生长,最高生物量和产率分别为0.933 g/L和0.111 g/(L.d),分别是空气对照的1.3倍和1.4倍。说明利用甲醇厂高浓度CO2尾气培养小球藻提高生物量是可行的。     

不同培养基对耶氏解脂酵母合成共轭亚油酸的影响

为了提高共轭亚油酸(CLA)在耶氏解脂酵母重组菌株中的产量,选择YEA、YPD、YP2D4、YNBDO2和YNBDL25种培养基,对其进行摇瓶发酵,分析其生长状态,并利用气相色谱法测定菌体中的总脂含量及脂肪酸组成.结果表明:培养基中充足的碳源和氮源是提高菌体生物量及重组蛋白表达量的前提;在培养基中添加脂肪酸显著提高了菌体中的总脂含量和t10,c12-CLA产量;在5种培养基中,YNBDL2是最适合t10,c12-CLA合成的培养基,其培养基中t10,c12-CLA产量为185.8 mg/L,是YPD培养基中t10,c12-CLA产量的13倍.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the