酸乳用乳酸菌抗生素耐药性研究

旨在通过纸片扩散法对乳酸菌菌株耐药情况进行研究。对48份酸乳发酵剂中的乳酸菌进行分离鉴定,共分离出63株乳酸菌,其中嗜热链球菌43株、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种20株。结果表明:63株乳酸菌对临床使用率较高的12种抗生素呈现不同程度的耐药性,其中,青霉素(36.51%)、复方新诺明(33.33%)、链霉素(28.57%)、氨苄西林(26.98%)、环丙沙星(20.63%),同时52.38%(33/63)的菌株具有多重耐药性,其中嗜热链球菌对12种抗生素的多重耐药性(30.23%)显著低于德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(100%)。     

酸奶中乳酸菌的药物敏感性分析

目的:分析和鉴定不同产地酸奶中乳酸菌对一些常用抗生素的敏感性,指导合理使用抗菌药物与合理使用乳酸菌发酵制品。方法:利用改良的MRS培养基从各地酸奶中分离获得乳酸菌,然后采用琼脂稀释法,对分离获得的18株保加利亚乳杆菌和28株嗜热链球菌对11种常用抗生素的药物敏感性进行检测和分析。结果:同一菌株对不同的抗生素具有不同的药物敏感性,不同菌株对同一种抗生素也显示出不同的敏感性。结论:乳酸菌对常用抗生素的多重耐药已成为普遍现象,不同来源的菌株表现出了不同的耐药性。     

酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌药物敏感性分析

从酸奶中分离保加利亚乳杆菌,对其遗传多样性和药物敏感性进行分析,并进一步对耐药菌株的抗性基因进行检测。利用改良MRS培养基,从国内不同品牌酸奶中分离获得18株保加利亚乳杆菌。18株分离菌先经RAPD分型后采用琼脂稀释法测定其对11种抗生素的药敏性,并通过PCR对耐药菌株中可能存在的抗性基因进行检测。结果显示,18株受试菌具有明显的遗传多样性和耐药表型多样性。18株菌全部对罗红霉素敏感,而全部对卡那霉素耐药;对氨苄青霉素、青霉素G、金霉素、氯霉素、四环素、林克霉素、链霉素、新霉素及庆大霉素等9种抗生素均表现出不同程度的耐药性。通过检测耐药菌株的抗性基因,从1株菌(B-8)中检出四环素抗性基因tet(M),从2株菌(B-8和B-41)中检出链霉素抗性基因ant(6),从4株菌(B-43、B-47、B-49和B-51)中检出卡那霉素抗性基因aph(3’)-Ⅲa。结果表明,供试18株保加利亚乳杆菌多重耐药现象比较严重。     

泡菜发酵乳酸菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

对吉林地区朝鲜族自制泡菜中的发酵乳酸菌进行分离鉴定,并对菌株耐药情况进行分析,以期为泡菜发酵菌的风险评估奠定基础。采集吉林省多个不同地区的泡菜制品,通过MRS培养基分离,16S rDNA测序,分析其乳酸菌种类及数量,同时采用平板琼脂稀释法进一步检测了分离菌对10 种临床常用抗生素的药物敏感性。结果表明,从15 份不同厂家泡菜中共分离得到34 株乳酸菌,分别为植物乳杆菌12 株,短乳杆菌5 株,鼠李糖乳杆菌3 株,干酪乳杆菌2 株,清酒杆菌2 株,肠膜明串珠菌2 株,嗜热链球菌2 株,食窦魏斯氏乳杆菌1 株,弯曲乳杆菌1 株,棒状乳杆菌1 株,嗜酸乳杆菌1 株,坚强肠球菌1 株,Lactobacillus namurensis 1 株。药敏实验结果表明,所有菌株对氨苄西林和氯霉素敏感,对其他抗生素均有不同程度的耐药性,其中对环丙沙星耐药率最高。     

市售酸奶中乳酸菌耐药性及耐药基因的检测

为探讨酸奶中乳酸菌所携带耐药基因对人类健康的潜在影响,对市售酸奶中的乳酸菌进行分离和鉴定,并通过药物敏感性实验确定菌株的耐药谱,同时利用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增技术调查链霉素、庆大霉素、磺胺类和四环素等耐药基因的分布情况。结果表明：25 份市售酸奶样品中共分离得到56 株乳酸菌,包括26 株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、3 株植物乳杆菌、2 株嗜酸乳杆菌以及25 株嗜热链球菌。药敏结果显示,31 株乳杆菌对链霉素（87.1%）、庆大霉素（80.6%）、环丙沙星（74.2%）和四环素（61.3%）的耐药率较高,对头孢菌素类则较为敏感;而25 株嗜热链球菌同样对链霉素的耐药率最高,达76.0%;其次分别为万古霉素（32.0%）、环丙沙星（32.0%）和四环素（20.0%）。56 株乳酸菌中共检出5 种不同的耐药基因,分别为链霉素耐药基因ant(6)（检出率1.8%）、庆大霉素耐药基因aac(6')-aph(2')（检出率7.1%）、四环素耐药基因tetM（检出率5.4%）以及磺胺类耐药基因sulⅠ（检出率14.3%）和sulⅡ（检出率1.8%）。受试的乳酸菌中共有13 株检出耐药基因,其中有4 株携带两种不同的耐药基因。长期以来被认为安全并广泛应用于发酵食品领域的乳酸菌可能成为潜在的耐药基因贮存库。     

雪莲菌中乳酸菌的益生特性

对分离自雪莲菌的乳酸菌进行益生特性评价。耐酸性和模拟胃肠液耐受性初筛结果表明,20株乳酸菌中有11株乳酸菌在pH 3.0和pH 2.5的培养基中具有耐受性,经过模拟胃肠液培养后有8株乳酸菌的活菌数大于10⁶ CFU/mL;疏水性、自凝聚性、抗氧化能力和抑菌实验结果表明,副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)KF2-5和鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)RG疏水性较高、抑菌性最强,菌株RG的自凝聚能力和抗氧化能力较强;耐药性实验结果显示,菌株KF2-5和RG对红霉素、卡那霉素、氯霉素和四环素敏感,对头孢噻肟和万古霉素具有耐药性;溶血性实验表明,2株菌均无溶血。本研究筛选得到2株具有益生特性的乳酸菌KF2-5和RG,在益生产品开发中具有潜在的应用前景。     

新疆发酵乳中保加利亚乳杆菌的耐药性研究

以分离自新疆酸牛乳中的5株保加利亚乳杆菌为研究对象,采用肉汤稀释法测定保加利亚乳杆菌在15种常见抗生素条件下的耐药表型,并通过聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术对菌株可能出现的耐药基因进行检测。结果表明,IMAU32330、IMAU32265和IMAU32166对环丙沙星耐药,对其他抗生素敏感;而IMAU32071、IMAU32276对所有抗生素均敏感。通过检测受试菌株的耐药基因,从5株菌中均检出erm(B),从部分受试菌株中检出了耐药基因vanX等。实验结果可以为人们安全使用抗生素和乳酸菌提供一定的参考。     

内蒙古传统发酵乳制品中乳酸菌的分离及其耐药性研究

以内蒙古通辽地区自制的奶豆腐和酸性奶油（乌日莫）为材料,采用稀释涂布法从中分离乳酸菌,通过分子生物学技术对其进行菌种鉴定,并对其耐药性进行研究。结果表明,共分离纯化得到80株乳酸菌,经鉴定,归属于13个种,分别为短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）、粪肠球菌（Enterococcus faecalis）、乳酸片球菌（Lactobacillus acidilacticii）、乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）、瑞士乳杆菌（Lactobacillus helveticus）、屎肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）、戊糖片球菌（Pediococcus pentosaceus）、副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）、食二酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus digitalis）、奥塔基乳杆菌（Lactobacillus ottaki）、耐久肠球菌（Enterococcus durans）、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）、开菲尔乳杆菌（Lactobacillus kefir）,表现出高的生物多样性。80株乳酸菌对萘啶酸的耐药率为100%;对链霉素、环丙沙星、万古霉素的耐药率较高,分别为95.00%、80.00%、72.50%;对利福平和四环素的耐药率中等,分别为51.25%,45.00%;对红霉素、氯霉素的耐药率较低,分别为26.25%、23.75%。此外,76株（95%）的乳酸菌还具有多重耐药性。     

广西地区青年人肠道乳酸菌的分离及其发酵酸奶品质的评价

采用传统的可培养方法对广西青年人肠道乳酸菌进行了分离与纯化,通过16S rRNA序列分析对菌株进行了鉴定,并将筛选菌株作为酸奶发酵剂应用。结果表明,分离到的23株乳酸菌中被鉴定为发酵乳杆菌（Lactobacillus fermentum）11株,唾液乳杆菌（Lactobacillus salivarius）6株,格氏乳杆菌（Lactobacillus gasseri）2株,副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）1株,融合魏斯氏菌（Weissella confuse）2株和口乳杆菌（Lactobacillus oris）1株。筛选乳酸菌制作的酸奶之间芳香类物质差异并不显著（P＞0.05）,而酸奶样品间酸味、后味A和丰度差异较大。进一步分析表明,副干酪乳杆菌HBUAS54287、唾液乳杆菌HBUAS54223与HBUAS54248、格氏乳杆菌HBUAS54233、发酵乳杆菌HBUAS54238与HBUAS54318乳酸产生能力较强,可进一步筛选用于酸奶复合发酵剂的开发。     

不同来源乳酸菌的药敏试验

从不同来源的材料中分离并鉴定12株乳酸菌菌株,并进行10种常用抗生素药敏检测。结果表明:耐药率较高药物为阿米卡星(100%)、氟哌酸(83.33%),敏感率最高是氯霉素(100%),中介率最高为氟哌酸(16.67%)。不同来源的乳杆菌药敏性各不相同,其中新疆来源的菌株对阿米卡星和氟哌酸的耐药率为100%。不同菌种的药敏性也有差异:干酪乳杆菌的耐药性较广,为33.33%～91.67%。所有菌种均对氟哌酸和阿米卡星有耐药性,对氯霉素敏感。在不同来源和菌种这两种因素中,来源是影响菌株药敏性的更主要因素。乳酸乳球菌乳亚种LQ-12、瑞士乳杆菌15019、戊糖乳杆菌SC-1、布氏乳杆菌SC-2、干酪乳杆菌S1、发酵乳杆菌A1、发酵乳杆菌B3、发酵乳杆菌B5含有质粒,这几株乳杆菌可能含有可转移抗药性基因。本试验结果为所分离到的乳酸菌应用于生产实践及合理地使用抗生素提供了指导意义。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the