Experimental investigation on electrochemical grinding (ECG) of alumina-aluminum interpenetrating phase composite

The present paper focuses on the evaluation of material removal rate (MRR), surface finish, and cutting forces during electrochemical grinding of Al₂O₃/Al interpenetrating phase composite. The effect of electrolyte concentration, supply voltage, depth of cut, and electrolyte flow rate on machining performances has been studied. The characteristic features of the electrochemical grinding (ECG) process are explored through Taguchi-design-based experimental studies with various process parametric combinations and finally the process has been optimized. The mechanism of material removal and surface characteristics under different grinding conditions have been studied through SEM micrograph. Besides, another set of experimental investigation has been carried out in order to identify the influence of different type of electrolytes and degree of reduction in grinding force in ECG. Finally, a comparative study of conventional and electrochemical grinding of this special class of material has been carried out.     

超音速火焰喷涂WC-17Co涂层的高速磨削机理试验研究

针对超音速火焰喷涂WC-17Co高硬涂层的加工难题,对WC-17Co涂层进行了高速/超高速磨削试验。通过考察不同金刚石砂轮和磨削工艺参数对磨削力、磨削温度和表面残余应力、表面/亚表面微观形貌和表面粗糙度的影响,讨论了最大未变形切屑厚度与比磨削能的内在关系,分析了磨削温度对表面残余应力的作用规律,探讨了法向磨削力对涂层亚表面损伤的作用规律。结果表明：WC-17Co涂层磨削去除是脆性和延性去除并存;提高砂轮线速度将使磨削力先快速减小后缓慢增大,磨削温度持续升高,涂层磨削从脆性去除转为延性去除的趋势也逐渐增强,表面残余应力由压应力逐渐转变为拉应力,而磨削高温引起涂层热塑性变形是表面残余应力状态转变的根本原因。涂层亚表面磨削损伤层平均深度随法向磨削力的增大而变大。提高砂轮线速度、降低工作台速度和减小磨削深度均能增大涂层磨削塑性去除的比例。     

碳化硅陶瓷的超声振动辅助磨削

采用普通磨削方式和超声振动辅助磨削方式对无压烧结SiC材料进行了磨削工艺实验,对不同磨削方式下磨削参数对磨削力比、表面损伤及亚表面损伤的影响进行了对比研究,并分析了超声振动磨削作用机制。实验结果显示,该实验中SiC材料去除主要以脆性去除为主,砂轮磨削力比随着磨削深度和进给速度的增加缓慢增加,随着主轴转速的增加略有减小;普通磨削时SiC工件亚表面损伤深度随着磨削深度、进给速度增加逐渐增加,而超声振动辅助磨削变化较小。与普通磨削相比,在相同的磨削参数下,超声振动辅助磨削的高频冲击使材料破碎断裂情况得到改善,且磨削力比减小近1/3,表面裂纹、SiC晶粒脱落、剥落等表面损伤较少,表面损伤层较浅,亚表面裂纹数量及深度都有较大程度降低,可以获得较为理想的表面质量。     

高速精密磨削9CrWMn冷作模具钢的磨削力和比磨削能

分析了高速精密磨削9CrWMn冷作模具钢的机理,采用DEFORM软件对高速磨削模具钢9CrWMn过程进行了磨削力仿真。使用高精密高速平面磨床对模具钢9CrWMn进行了高速精密磨削试验,并在线测量了多种工况下的磨削力。结果表明:在其他两组工艺参数不变时,随着工件进给速度增加,磨削力特别是法向磨削力会增大近45%;法向磨削力和切向磨削力随着砂轮的线速度上升而下降,法向磨削力下降近33%;磨削深度对磨削力影响较大,大的磨削深度对法向磨削力的影响尤其显著,可使法向磨削力增大近100%。分析了磨削工艺参数对比磨削能的影响规律,结果显示:随着磨削深度和工件进给速度的增大,比磨削能呈比较明显的下降趋势,符合磨削加工中的尺寸效应;随着砂轮线速度的增大,比磨削能呈上升趋势。最后,对高速磨削前后工件表面的微观形貌进行了对比分析,磨削力试验结果和仿真理论分析相一致。     

单晶硅纳米级磨削过程的理论研究

对内部无缺陷的单晶硅纳米级磨削过程进行了分子动力学仿真,从磨削过程中瞬间原子位置、磨削力、原子间势能、损伤层深度等角度研究了纳米级磨削加工过程,解释了微观材料去除、表面形成和亚表面损伤机理。研究表明：磨削过程中,单晶硅亚表面损伤的主要形式是非晶结构形式,无明显的位错产生,硅原子间势能的变化是导致单晶硅亚表面损伤的重要原因;另外,发现磨粒原子与硅原子之间有黏附现象发生,这是由于纳米尺度磨粒的表面效应而产生的。提出了原子量级条件下单晶硅亚表面损伤层的概念,并定义其深度为沿磨削深度方向原子发生不规则排列的原子层的最大厚度。     

40Cr钢磨削强化的试验与数值仿真

利用磨削过程中产生大量的磨削热使40Cr钢表层的温度升高,超过奥氏体化的温度,然后快速冷却,使40Cr钢表层发生马氏体相变,达到强化40Cr钢表层的目的。在磨床上对40Cr钢进行磨削试验,观测并分析工件横断面相变层的组织变化、厚度值和硬度变化,以及加工后工件表面的粗糙度。借助有限元分析方法,对工件的温度场进行仿真,得出工件各处的温度变化历程,由马氏体相变条件来获得表层马氏体相变层的厚度值。试验结果表明,40Cr钢的表层发生了马氏体相变,表层的硬度值得到极大提高,表面粗糙度也满足常规磨削的要求。由有限元仿真得出的相变层厚度值和试验结果相吻合。因此利用磨削强化技术替代40Cr钢高频淬火强化工艺是可行的,并且这项技术可以对其他合金钢进行强化。借助有限元方法对工件表层的温度场进行仿真,可以预测相变是否发生和相变层的厚度,优化磨削参数,减少试验研究的次数和成本。     

小切深磨削条件下工件表面硬化机理

以位错运动造成塑性变形的理论为基础,深入分析了小切深条件下磨削力机械作用硬化机理和材料热相变硬化机理。通过不同磨削参数的小切深磨削硬化试验,分析磨削硬化过程中不同磨削参数条件对工件表面强化层形成的影响及其金相组织转变的情况,深入研究磨削强化层组织的形成机理。试验结果表明,小切深条件下磨削加工试件表面的硬化主要以位错运动而产生的强化层为主,提高磨削深度和降低工件进给速度会增大工件表面显微残余应力,增强试件表层硬化层的形成效果。     

GCr15轴承钢比磨削力建模

比磨削力不受砂轮宽度或工件宽度的影响,在磨削力研究中具有普适性.为精确预测磨削力,采用中心组合试验设计,以非线性模型线性化后的线性编码为原则,结合工艺手册中磨削参数的常用取值范围(磨削深度ap=10～30μm,磨削速度vs=20～30 m/s,进给速度vw=6～15 m/min),对磨削参数进行非线性编码,通过最小二乘...     

Grindability of high-temperature alloy with ceramic alumina wheels

The grindability of high-temperature alloy by using ceramic alumina wheels is studied on the basis of extensive analysis of the grinding force, grinding temperature, surface roughness and topography of ground surfaces, residual stress, hardness distribution of surface layer, and morphology of the surface layer from a metallographic point of view. The grinding burn mechanism of high-temperature alloy is unveiled and the feasible grinding parameters to avoid burning are analyzed. Some conclusions are obtained as follows. Increasing the grinding depth or the wheel velocity makes grinding temperature and residual tensile stress of the surface rise, which deteriorates the surface topography. Appropriate liner velocity of the wheel is 18–22 m/s and the depth of grinding should not exceed 0.02 mm in grinding GH2132 alloy with ceramic alumina wheels to assure the surface quality. When a_p increases enough to cause grinding burn, the strengthening effect of particles ?′ in ? base decrease and the micro-hardness of the surface is obviously lower than that of the base material, which deteriorates the mechanical properties and heat resistance of GH2132 alloy. Results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for technical optimization in the grinding of high-temperature alloy with high efficiency and high quality.     

工件旋转法磨削硅片的磨粒切削深度模型

半导体器件制造中,工件旋转法磨削是大尺寸硅片正面平坦化加工和背面薄化加工最广泛应用的加工方法。磨粒切削深度是反映磨削条件综合作用的磨削参量,其大小直接影响磨削工件的表面/亚表面质量,研究工件旋转法磨削的磨粒切削深度模型对于实现硅片高效率高质量磨削加工具有重要的指导意义。通过分析工件旋转法磨削过程中砂轮、磨粒和硅片之间的相对运动,建立磨粒切削深度模型,得到磨粒切削深度与砂轮直径和齿宽、加工参数以及工件表面作用位置间的数学关系。根据推导的磨粒切削深度公式,进一步研究工件旋转法磨削硅片时产生的亚表面损伤沿工件半径方向的变化趋势以及加工条件对磨削硅片亚表面损伤的影响规律,并进行试验验证。结果表明,工件旋转法磨削硅片的亚表面损伤深度沿硅片半径方向从边缘到中心逐渐减小,随着砂轮磨粒粒径、砂轮进给速度、工件转速的增大和砂轮转速的减小,加工硅片的亚表面损伤也随之变大,试验结果与模型分析结果一致。     

磨削力对HIPSN陶瓷磨削亚表面裂纹的影响

采用金刚石砂轮是磨削热等静压氮化硅(HIPSN)陶瓷最常用的加工方法,但是被磨零件亚表面常常伴随裂纹、崩碎等加工损伤,因此研究裂纹扩展一直是工程陶瓷的热点问题。对磨削加工后的HIPSN陶瓷亚表面裂纹进行探究,分析其在磨削加工过程中产生裂纹的原因以及去除机理,研究结果表明在磨削过程中对裂纹进行适当的控制,可以提高陶瓷零件的可靠性。设置单因素实验,对不同磨削参数下HIPSN陶瓷的磨削力进行测量,通过扫描电镜(SEM)对亚表面裂纹和表面形貌进行观察,分析磨削力对亚表面裂纹的影响。实验结果表明:磨削力随着砂轮线速度的增大而减小,随着工件进给速度和磨削深度的增大而增大;当磨削力变大时,陶瓷亚表面裂纹扩展程度增加,表面形貌变差。在粗磨加工HIPSN陶瓷时,可以通过减小工件进给速度和磨削深度,提高砂轮线速度的方法来降低裂纹的扩展程度,能够有效降低后续工艺的加工时间和难度,提高表面质量。     

氮化硅陶瓷磨削温度与表面变质层的仿真与实验

为了揭示氮化硅陶瓷磨削温度分布规律以及其对表面成形的影响,首先,建立氮化硅陶瓷纳米级切削的分子动力学模型;其次,研究切削过程中切削参数对切削温度的影响,以及加工过程中切削表面变质层的形成过程;最后,对 K 型热电偶测温和表面能谱分析的仿真与实验结果进行对比分析.结果表明:随着金刚石磨粒切削深度和切削速度的增加,原子晶格发生变形和非晶相变过程中时释放的能量增多,从而使切削温度升高;切削高温会引起氮化硅陶瓷发生非晶相变现象,非晶态原子重新与已加工表面断裂的原子键结合形成表面变质层;分子动力学仿真模型可以用来预测氮化硅陶瓷材料实际磨削加工中磨削温度变化情况,对生产加工具有参考价值.     

Grindability of high-temperature alloy with ceramic alumina wheels

The grindability of high-temperature alloy by using ceramic alumina wheels is studied on the basis of extensive analysis of the grinding force, grinding temperature, surface roughness and topography of ground surfaces, residual stress, hardness distribution of surface layer, and morphology of the surface layer from a metallographic point of view. The grinding burn mechanism of high-temperature alloy is unveiled and the feasible grinding parameters to avoid burning are analyzed. Some conclusions are obtained as follows. Increasing the grinding depth or the wheel velocity makes grinding temperature and residual tensile stress of the surface rise, which deteriorates the surface topography. Appropriate liner velocity of the wheel is 18–22 m/s and the depth of grinding should not exceed 0.02 mm in grinding GH2132 alloy with ceramic alumina wheels to assure the surface quality. When a _p increases enough to cause grinding burn, the strengthening effect of particles γ′ in γ base decrease and the micro-hardness of the surface is obviously lower than that of the base material, which deteriorates the mechanical properties and heat resistance of GH2132 alloy. Results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for technical optimization in the grinding of high-temperature alloy with high efficiency and high quality.     

基于分子动力学的单晶硅压痕过程计算机仿真研究

对单晶Si的压痕过程进行了分子动力学模拟.采用Morse势函数描述原子间的相互作用,以牛顿方程建立力学运动方程,使用改进后的Verlet算法解原子运动轨迹,通过对MD仿真结果的分析研究,将压痕过程分为三个特征阶段,即初期弹性变形阶段、中期塑性变形阶段及非晶层形成阶段.并从原子角度分析了压痕过程中原子间势能、磨削力的变化、应力状态、磨削温度等特征,解释了微观材料的去除和表面形成机理.     

Experiment research on grind-hardening of AISI5140 steel based on thermal compensation

The grind-hardening process utilizes the heat generated to induce martensitic phase transformation. However, the maximum achievable harden layer depth is limited due to high grinding forces, and the tensile residual stress appears on the ground surface in the grind-hardening process. This paper proposes a new grind-hardening technology using thermal compensation. The workpiece of AISI5140 steel is preheated by electric resistance heating, and ground under the condition of the workpiece temperature 25°C, 120°C, 180°C and 240°C. The grinding force, harden layer depth and surface quality including residual stress on ground surface, surface roughness and micro-hardness are investigated. The experimental results show that a deep harden layer with a fine grain martensite can be obtained with the thermal compensation. The ground workpiece surface produces a certain compressive residual stress, and the residual compressive stress value increases with preheating temperature. As the preheating temperature increases, grinding force slightly decreases, while there is slightly increment of surface roughness. Compared with the conventional grind-hardening process, both the harden layer depth and residual stress distribution are significantly improved.

     

A comparative study of residual stress and affected layer in Aermet100 steel grinding with alumina and cBN wheels

Residual stresses induced by finish machining processes have significant effect on fatigue strength of ultra-high strength steel in large structures. In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to explore the residual stress and affected layer in grinding Aermet100 by using a resin bond white alumina (WA) wheel and cubic boron nitride (cBN) wheel, respectively. The grinding force and temperature were measured, and then the affected layer of residual stress, microhardness, and microstructure by a WA and a cBN wheel was obtained. The comparisons of surface residual stress studies and thermal–mechanical coupling mechanism on the affected layer were discussed in light of the current understanding of this subject. Experimental results show that grinding with cBN wheel can provide compressive residual stress and a smaller affected layer owing to its better thermal conductivity; the coupling effect of wheel speed and grinding depth plays a more significant role on surface residual stress; when grinding with parameters v _w?=?18 m/min, v _s?=?14 m/s, and a _p?=?0.01 mm, compressive residual stress and hardening effect appeared on ground surface, and the depth of residual stress layer is 40~50 μm; the depth of hardened layer is 30~40 μm and the depth of plastic deformation layer is 5~10 μm.     

Overcoat Free Magnetic Media for Lower Magnetic Spacing and Improved Tribological Properties for Higher Areal Densities

Surface modification with shallow embedding (≤1 nm) of carbon in the top layer of magnetic media is evaluated for its tribological and anti-oxidation properties. Cobalt is used as the magnetic material and carbon embedding is achieved by using the filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique at different ion energies, specifically of 20, 90, and 350 eV, in order to study the effect of ion energy on the embedding profiles. Simulations using the transport of ions in Matter software and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to characterize the embedded layer and their surface chemical composition. XPS and transmission electron microscopy depth profiling results confirm the presence of a shallow mixed layer of carbon and cobalt for all three types of ion energies tested. However, embedding carried out at the ion energy of 90 eV produced a more uniform overcoat free mixed layer (≤1 nm) with improved anti-oxidation properties. Ball-on-disk wear tests and atomic force microscopy based scratch tests are conducted on the bare cobalt and modified cobalt surfaces. It is observed that the wear life and scratch resistance of the cobalt surface improved considerably after surface modification at the ion energy of 90 eV.     

Study on high-speed grinding mechanisms for quality and process efficiency

This paper focuses on the mechanism of high-speed grinding to achieve quality and efficiency for ceramics. The criterion of the brittle–ductile removal transition of ceramics is calculated and analyzed. The effects of the wheel velocity on the specific grinding forces, energy, and specific material removal rates were investigated. The influence of the wheel velocity on the surface integrity was studied in the terms of surface roughness by a 3D optical profilometer, scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The ductile removal mechanism of brittle material was validated experimentally. High quality and efficiency of grinding for SiC can been attained with high-speed grinding due to the understanding of the characteristics and mechanism for ductile grinding of brittle materials with high-speed grinding. Furthermore, based on the high-performance grinding mechanism, reasonable definitions on high-speed grinding are proposed.     

45钢高效深磨磨削力的实验研究

采用CBN砂轮,在砂轮线速度为90～210m/s的磨削条件下,对45钢进行了高效深磨实验.分析了不同工况对磨削力的影响.实验表明,在高效深磨过程中,提高砂轮线速度使磨削力减小,工件表面粗糙度值下降;增加磨削深度使磨削力上升、比磨削能下降、提高磨削效率,也能保证工件表面质量.     

自切深进给电泳磨削技术

利用超细磨粒的电泳效应实现一种磨削技术称之为电泳磨削,通过超细磨粒电泳吸附层的研究,提出了自切深进给电泳磨削新工艺,即在机床无切深进给的条件下利用吸附在磨具上的磨粒层本身厚度的增加来实现微量进给。理论分析和试验研究表明,在普通磨床上应用不仅可以有效地降低工件表面粗糙度,同时还可以实现μm级的磨削深度。