Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

智能机床发展现状与技术体系框架

智能机床成为机床装备发展的趋势。在介绍国内外智能机床的研究现状的基础上,分析目前智能机床技术研究的三个问题,提出智能机床的狭义和广义定义;给出智能机床的包括人计机的协同性、整体与局部的协调性、智能的恰当性与无止性、自学习及其能力持续提高性、自治与集中的统一性、结构的开放性和可扩展性、制造和加工的绿色性、智能的贯穿性八个智能技术特征;阐述包括以人为中心的人计机动态交互功能、三个基本功能——执行智能功能、准备智能功能、维护智能功能的智能功能特征,以及功能之间的相互关系;建立八个理论与技术的智能机床技术理论框架,包括人计机一体化融合理论与技术、多源信息的感知理论与技术、智能决策理论与技术、智能执行理论与技术、智能维护理论与技术、智能机床综合能力评价理论与技术、智能机床标准化技术、智能机床支撑技术等,形成了智能机床的技术体系框架,同时指出上述内容将随着技术的进步和应用的深入不断充实和丰富。     

Discussion on advanced manufacturing

Advanced manufacturing consists of continuity of manufacturing, its broad sense, and the core of the manufacturing process. The technology of continuous manufacturing is discussed according to both historical and modern perspectives. The relationship between human development and manufacturing technology is also discussed. Manufacturing is a continuously evolving topic. It is not only the foundation and means of imagination, conception, the science, and the technology of material change, but also the expression of national economy, national defense, and the support industries. The broad sense of manufacturing theory, which extends the concept of manufacturing, is an important development in the 20th century. The sense is analyzed in connection with design, material forming theory, synthesis of manufacturing technology, manufacturing modes, life cycle of product, hardware and software, and support environment, etc. At the same time, the core action and the development of the theory and technology of process is also discussed. At the end of this paper, the development directions of mechanical manufacturing science and technology are mentioned.     

理想材料零件的数字化设计制造方法及内涵

提出了理想材料零件的新概念 ,它是指按零件的最佳使用功能要求来设计 ,由呈梯度变化的组织成分和一定规律分布的细结构的材料与均质材料所组合构成的新型材料零件。提出并阐明了理想材料零件的数字化的并行设计制造 (简称数字化设计制造技术 )的方法和理论基础 ;它以材料与零件的一体化、集成化设计制造为主要特点 ,可根据零件功能要求进行零件的外部几何拓扑形状和内部材料组织细结构的并行设计 ,并采用增材制造和去材制造相结合的制造技术 ,按数字化设计的信息 ,一次完成零件内部组织结构和三维形体的制造。指出数字化设计制造将会使人们长期以来设想的按力学、电磁学性能来高效地设计制造新材料零件变为现实 ,在不远的将来定能像设计和建造房屋那样 ,按照所需功能设计制造理想材料零件。     

旋转变截面扭梁的变形应力分析

本文研究了在剪切变形和转动的影响下,在轴向变形、弯曲变形和剪切变形的作用下的旋转变截面扭梁的单元刚度矩阵。假设扭转角、宽度和厚度沿着梁的长度方向都是线性变化的。给出了转速和轮毂半径对于梁的变形和应力的影响：转速增大时能增加轴线方向的变形和应力,但是却减小弯曲变形、剪切变形以及由它们产生的应力；而轮毂半径主要是影响梁的轴线方向的变形和应力,对弯曲变形和剪切变形的影响比较小。     

Effects of polydatin on the proliferation,migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer

To investigate the effects of polydatin on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer, the change of proliferative ability, migration ability, and invasive ability of human ovarian cancer cell OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910 was detected by using polydatin and up-regulating PI3K. The anticancer activity and mechanism of polydatin in ovarian cancer were analyzed. Polydatin could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910, and inhibit the expression of PI3K protein. After the expression level of PI3K protein was up-regulated, the inhibitory effect of polydatin on the proliferative ability, migration ability, and invasive ability of OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910 significantly decreased, suggesting that PI3K was the target of polydatin. Therefore, we concluded that polydatin could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of PI3K protein, which provides an experimental basis for polydatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer.     

生物轻质高强结构及其在吸能结构中的仿生应用

在长期进化过程中，自然界中的多种动物、植物形成了独特的轻质、高强结构，以此来抵抗外界的复杂冲击载荷，保护自身完整，满足生存需要。生物轻质高强结构的优越性，启发了科研和工程人员采用结构仿生学的方法来对管状和板状两大类吸能结构进行设计优化和改进。对竹子、茎秆/树干、羽轴、骨骼四类管状生物结构和甲虫鞘翅、贝壳、柚子皮、龟壳四类板状生物结构进行综述，阐述了分层、多孔、螺旋、中空等多种结构与轻质高强特性之间的关系。在此基础上，对比和分析了相应的结构元素在单胞管、多胞管、嵌套管、波纹管等管状吸能结构和蜂窝夹芯板、复合材料板、混合结构板等板状吸能机构中起到的作用。进一步对当前仿生吸能领域存在的结构复杂、质量大、缺乏普适性的机理和过渡“桥梁”等问题做出了分析；最后对仿生吸能技术的形式简单化、结构轻量化、理论通用化、“形神兼备”化发展趋势做出展望。     

Fixed-point and stratified analysis of the fine structure and composition of five gallstones with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) specular reflection spectroscopy

By investigating the identities, amounts, and distributions of the major components of human gallstones, the formation mechanism of calculi may be elucidated. Using FT-IR specular reflection spectroscopy, the compositions of five common types of gallstones, including cholesterol calculus, bile pigment calculus, cholesterol-bilirubin calculus, mixed calculus, and black stones, were positionally, qualitatively, and quantitatively analyzed. Several organic and inorganic substances were found in human gallstones, including cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium stearate. Among them, cholesterol and calcium bilirubinate were the main components. The amounts of these substances varied in different types of gallstone. The distributions of cholesterol and calcium salts (with the exception of calcium bilirubinate) were also closely associated with location. In the various calculi, the amounts of cholesterol and calcium bilirubinate in the cores, the layered structures outside the cores, and the outer shells were higher than those of other substances. The identities of the major components of calculi were similar in different types of gallstones, but their amounts and distributions were significantly different. The analytical method used in this study, which was able to accurately determine the location, quality, and quantity of the major components of gallstones, would be an effective tool to study the formation mechanism of calculi.     

Mice embryology: A microscopic overview

In this work, we studied the embryology of mice of 12, 14, and 18 days of gestation by gross observation, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Grossly, the embryos of 12 days were observed in C‐shaped region of the brain, eye pigmentation of the retina, first, second, and third pharyngeal arches gill pit nasal region on the fourth ventricle brain, cervical curvature, heart, liver, limb bud thoracic, spinal cord, tail, umbilical cord, and place of the mesonephric ridge. Microscopically, the liver, cardiovascular system and spinal cord were observed. In the embryo of 14 days, we observed structures that make up the liver and heart. At 18 days of gestation fetuses, it was noted the presence of eyes, mouth, and nose in the cephalic region, chest and pelvic region with the presence of well‐developed limbs, umbilical cord, and placenta. Scanning electron microscopy in 18 days of gestation fetuses evidenced head, eyes closed eyelids, nose, vibrissae, forelimb, heart, lung, kidney, liver, small bowel, diaphragm, and part of the spine. The results obtained in this work describe the internal and external morphology of mice, provided by an integration of techniques and review of the morphological knowledge of the embryonic development of this species, as this animal is of great importance to scientific studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

机电装备失效研究的内涵及其科学问题探讨

简要介绍了失效研究领域的相关名词、概念和内容。对失效对象、失效现象和失效环境等与失效有关的5大类、16项、共52种失效信息进行了归纳总结,并指出了通过这些信息来建立诊断失效模式、原因和机理的失效诊断系统的途径。针对失效研究领域中,失效诊断方面存在的断口、裂纹诊断技术和方法,综合诊断技术和方法,定量诊断技术和方法,概率诊断、模糊诊断和智能诊断的技术和方法,环境诊断技术和方法,失效抗力(材料性能)指标体系和表征技术,失效动力(载荷或应力)的计算、测试和反推技术和方法,失效模拟的技术和方法,失效预测方面存在的技术和方法,以及失效预防方面存在的技术和方法等10大类科学问题,从理论和实践两方面进行了探讨,并指出了需要进一步研究的方向。最后指出了该领域今后的发展趋势。     

中药多成分药代动力学分析技术研究进展

中药多成分药代动力学是中医药理论和作用机制阐明的重要研究内容。如何全面、准确地描述中药复杂成分在体内的药代动力学过程，诠释中药多成分、多靶标、多途径的特点，需要强有力的分析技术支撑。近年来，多种高通量、快速、自动化的前处理技术显著提升了中药体内外多成分的分离提取效率；色谱、质谱分析技术蓬勃发展，推动了中药体内外多成分的快速鉴别和全面、准确定量；质谱成像等新兴技术不断涌现，为中药多成分药代动力学研究提供了新的分析平台和研究手段。本文综述了近10年来中药多成分药代动力学研究分析技术的进展和应用，并对其前景进行展望。     

Review: Correlative microscopy of Purkinje cells

The Purkinje cell and their synaptic contacts have been described using (1) light microsocopy, (2) transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and freeze etching technique, (3) conventional and field emission scanning electron microscopy and cryofracture methods, (4) confocal laser scanning microscopy using intravital stain FM64, and (5) immunocytochemical techniques for Synapsin-I, PSD9-5, GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors, N-cadherin, and CamKII alpha. The outer surface and inner content of plasma membrane, cell organelles, cytoskeleton, nucleus, dendritic and axonal processes have been exposed and analyzed in a three-dimensional view. The intramembrane morphology, in bi- and three-dimensional views, and immunocytochemical labeling of synaptic contacts with parallel and climbing fibers, basket and stellate cell axons have been characterized. Freeze etching technique, field emission scanning microscopy and cryofracture methods, and GluR1 immunohistochemistry showed the morphology and localization of postsynaptic receptors. Purkinje cell shows N-cadherin and CamKII alpha immunoreactivity. The correlative microscopy approach provides a deeper understanding of structure and function of the Purkinje cell, a new three-dimensional outer and inner vision, a more detailed study of afferent and intrinsic synaptic junctions, and of intracortical circuits.     

Review on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens: Methodologies and applications

In recent years, microbial metabolomics, a new field that has attracted wide attention, provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts. Many microorganisms are found in the human intestine, oral cavity, vagina, etc. Probiotics could maintain the good health of the host, while pathogens and an imbalance of bacterial flora lead to a series of diseases of the body and mind. Metabolomics is a science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites in an organism or biological system, which could provide key information to understand the related metabolic pathways and associated changes. This approach analyzes the final products of cellular regulatory processes, the level of which can be regarded as the ultimate response of the biological system to genetic or environmental changes. Microbial metabolomics has been widely used in different research fields, such as microbial phenotypic classification, mutant screening, metabolic pathways, microbial metabolic engineering, fermentation engineering monitoring and optimization, microbial environmental pollution, and so on. However, there are only a few reviews on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens. This review summarizes the main methodologies, including sample preparation, identification of metabolites, data processing, and analysis. Recent applications in microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens are also described. This paper first summarized the research progress and application of microbial metabolomics from two aspects: probiotics and pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics and pathogenic bacteria do not exist independently most of the time; hence, these were reviewed in the research field of coexistence of probiotics and pathogenic bacteria, which was subdivided into important microbial research fields closely related to human health, including the human gut, oral cavity, food, and nutrition-related microorganisms. Then, the main problems and trends associated with microbial metabolomics are discussed.     

可展开固体反射面机构设计及运动学分析

针对传统固体反射面机构主反射面型面精度和收拢率较低的问题,设计了一种可展开固体反射面机构。首先,提出4种固体反射面机构可展单元构型并对其机构自由度进行分析,对比分析构型方案优缺点确定构型方案4作为可展单元基础构型,并对其结构和展开原理进行详细设计。通过D-H坐标变换建立该机构可展单元的运动学模型,根据几何约束条件建立机构位置矢量方程,利用向量封闭投影法解出各回转角间的关系,结合MATLAB软件编程对机构的位置、速度和加速度进行分析。应用ADAMS软件建立机构仿真模型,验证了机构运动学分析的正确性。最后根据机构中回转角的限制条件和结构尺寸关系,分析回转角和结构尺寸对可展开固体反射面机构收拢率的影响,确定2.2m可展开固体反射面机构的回转角和旋转角分别为78°和30°,中心圆盘半径、铰支座一孔纵向尺寸、切换连杆横向尺寸、纵向尺寸分别为245,8,40,18mm,收拢率为0.326,从而为可展开固体反射面机构的设计提供参考。     

Wear mechanism of disc-brake block material for new type of drilling rig

To improve friction and wear performance and service life of the disc-brake pair material of a drilling rig, a new type of asbestos-free frictional material with better performance for disc-brake blocks is developed, and its wear mechanism is investigated by friction and wear experiments. Topography and elementary components of the brake block’s wear surface are analyzed by employing SEM and EDAX patterns, revealing its tribological behaviour and wear mechanism. When the frictional temperature is lower, the surface film of the brake block is thinner, dense, smooth with plasticity, and divided into the mixture area, Fe-abundant area, carbon-abundant area and spalling area. The mixture area consists of various constituents of frictional pairs without ploughing and rolling trace. The Fe-abundant area mainly consists of iron and other constituents. The carbon-abundant area is the zone where graphite and organic fibre are comparatively gathered, while the spalling area is the zone where the surface film is spalled and its surface is rough and uneven, with a loose and denuded state. During the period of high frictional temperature, the frictional surface is also divided into the mixture area, Fe-abundant area and spalling area. In this case, the mixture area consists of abrasive dust from friction pairs, and the surface film is distributed with crumby hard granules, exiguous oxide, carbide granules and sheared slender fibre. The Fe-abundant area is mostly an oxide layer of iron with a flaky distribution. Fracture and spalling traces as well as an overlapping structure of multilayer surface films can be easily found on the surface film. The components of the spalling area are basically the same as that of the matrix. At the beginning of wear, the hard peaks from the friction surface of the disc-brake plough on the surface of the brake block. With increasing frictional temperature, the friction surface begins to soften and expand, and oxidized wear occurs at the same time. During the high-temperature wear period, severely influenced by friction heat, obvious softening and plastic flow can be found on the friction surface of the brake block, its anti-shearing ability is weakened, and adhesive wear is intensified. Thermal decomposition of cohesive material in the brake block is simultaneously strengthened, so that constituents shed due to loss of adhesion. Organic fibre is in a flowing state and obviously generates drawing, shearing, carbonization and oxidization. In addition, thermal cracking, thermal oxidization, carbonization and cyclization of organic substances on the surface of brake block can make the friction surface produce pores or cracks, thus fatigue wear occurs.     

便携式数字化超声检测仪

为了提高超声检测的效率及可靠性，借助超声检测技术、计算机技术、电子技术、信号处理等技术，研制了一种性价比高的数字超声波检测仪器。检测仪以嵌入式计算机为核心，利用FPGA强大的逻辑处理、USB接口数据通信功能。实现了超声检测的信号发射接收、采集处理、存储显示、传输输出。实验结果表明：超声检测仪数据传输速率快、精度高、性能稳定可靠、便于携带，具备热插拔性，其总增益为120dB，最小调节步长为ldB，探测灵敏度余量〉60dB，动态范围为29-31dB，为进一步实现超声检测图像化、智能化、自动化奠定了良好的基础。     

基于COM组件的协同设计系统客户端实现技术研究

通过分析当前COM组件对象技术和Agent技术的一般特点,并结合两者的优点,提出了一种基于组件和代理的协同设计系统开发方法及实现实例,实现协同设计系统客户端子系统各功能模块的封装和集成,完成包括任务管理界面、任务定义与分解、任务分配、子任务监控、工作记录、任务进度、任务信息描述、协同工具等相关功能模块,克服了常规协同设计系统的强耦合缺点,缩短了产品协同设计的开发周期,提高了系统的可扩展性和易维护性.     

热喷涂宽温域耐磨自润滑涂层研究现状与展望

在航空、航天、冶金、电力、石化、矿采等领域,零件高温摩擦磨损特性是影响装备寿命的重要因素,在关重零部件表面设计制备宽温域耐磨自润滑涂层是装备零件强化改性和再制造修复的重要手段。首先阐述了宽温域耐磨自润滑涂层设计中过渡层、基础相、增强相的材料选择依据;其次针对单一固体润滑剂适用温度范围窄的问题,梳理了从低温润滑剂发生氧化反应原位生成高温润滑剂,低温润滑剂与高温润滑剂长时协同作用,添加抑制剂减缓润滑相的损耗退化等三种宽温域耐磨自润滑涂层材料设计方法;而后总结了宽温域耐磨自润滑涂层的制备工艺,分析了不同喷涂工艺的技术特点和涂层制备实例,介绍了宽温域耐磨自润滑涂层在军事装备和工业设备上的典型应用;最后在此基础上对宽温域耐磨自润滑涂层的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

超大型斗轮取料机的结构有限元分析

在I-DEAS软件环境下，分别建立某超大型斗轮取料机上部钢结构和下部钢结构的有限元模型，对其应力、变形和固有模态等进行分析。总结了堆取料机结构有限元分析的主要思路和过程，在工况选取、载荷计算、有限元模型建立和结果后处理等方面提出了分析要点和注意事项。     

纳米压入法MEMS材料力学能测量与评定标准化的初步设想

根据纳米压入法测量与评定MEMS材料力学性能的原理,对诸如测量仪器、压头、评定模型、测试条件等影响力学性能测量精确度、测量结果的可比性的主要原因因素进行了分析。在此基础上,提出对MEMS材料力学性能测量与评定进行标准化的初步设想。