不同强度喷丸处理后铝锂合金表面的残余应力

在不同喷丸强度下对铝锂合金进行了表面喷丸处理,采用X射线衍射法和盲孔法分析了其表面及近表层的残余应力。结果表明:采用不同喷丸强度处理后试样表面90°方向(平行喷嘴移动方向)的残余压应力高于0°方向(垂直喷嘴移动方向)的,90°方向的衍射峰积分宽度大于0°方向的,说明喷丸强化后试样在90°方向产生了更大的微应变;试样近表层残余压应力随层深的增加先增大后减小,最终趋于0;较高强度喷丸处理后试样表面和距表面0.15mm内的残余压应力小于较低喷丸强度处理的,而最大残余压应力、最大残余压应力深度以及残余压应力场深度均大于较低强度喷丸处理后的。     

喷丸齿轮残余应力数值分析与仿真

对比齿轮表层经喷丸处理和未喷丸处理效果,运用X射线应力测定仪进行齿轮表面残余应力测试实验,分析喷丸强化与齿轮表面残余应力之间的关系;基于有限元方法开展齿轮喷丸残余应力场数值模拟分析与仿真,建立基础撞击简化模型,分析揭示喷丸强化处理后齿面表层应力分布规律;讨论弹丸速度和直径大小对表面残余压应力变化的影响,相关结论对于工程实践具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

铸态Al18B4O33W/Al复合材料中基体的实际性能

根据X射线应力测量的基本原理，建立了复合材料基体拉伸应力与应变关系的试验方法，研究了铸态25%（体积分数）Al18B4O33W/6061Al复合材料中基体力学性能。结果表明：复合材料基体屈服强度及加工硬化系数明显高于单一基体材料，从而地复合材料基体实际性能及强化效应有了直接的认识。     

补焊修复12Cr12Mo钢叶片表层复合喷丸后的残余应力

对补焊修复的12Cr12Mo马氏体耐热钢燃气轮机叶片表面进行陶瓷丸+玻璃丸的复合喷丸处理,研究了复合喷丸对叶片表层不同位置处残余应力、显微组织以及硬度的影响。结果表明：复合喷丸后叶片表面各区域均引入较高水平的残余压应力场,其中补焊区残余应力的变化最明显,引入的残余压应力最大,由复合喷丸前的35～224 MPa范围拉应力变为-937～-884 MPa范围压应力;复合喷丸后,叶片表层的X射线衍射半高宽随距表面距离的增加而减小,补焊区表层的X射线衍射半高宽均高于热影响区和基体,说明随距表面距离的增加,组织变形程度减小,且补焊区组织形变最大,组织最细小;叶片表层的硬度随距表面距离的增加而降低,补焊区的表面硬度为621 HV,高于热影响区的482 HV和基体的431 HV。     

TiB_2/Al复合材料喷丸后微区残余应力的有限元模拟

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件建立了颗粒增强TiB2/Al复合材料的喷丸模型,并对喷丸后残余应力分布进行了预测;然后对复合材料进行了喷丸试验,对残余应力进行了检测;将试验结果与模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明:该复合材料喷丸后残余应力分布的试验结果与模拟结果基本相符;喷丸后最表层部分增强体呈拉应力状态,在材料残余压应力场内,由于增强体和基体材料力学性能的差异,增强体的残余应力值普遍大于基体中的。     

不同喷丸强度下镍铝青铜的表面喷丸强化效果

采用0.15,0.20,0.25mm的喷丸强度对铸态镍铝青铜进行了表面喷丸强化处理,对比分析了喷丸前后镍铝青铜表层的残余应力、显微硬度、微观形貌及表面粗糙度,并计算了表层的亚晶尺寸和显微畸变。结果表明:随着喷丸强度的提高,镍铝青铜表面的残余压应力和加工硬化程度都逐渐增大;但喷丸强度过大时,表面粗糙度明显增大并伴随有显微裂纹产生,从而导致表层应力释放,使得残余压应力增大幅度下降,减弱了强化效果。     

喷丸工艺对17CrNi2Mo钢喷丸层残余应力分布及残余奥氏体含量的影响

采用不同的喷丸工艺对渗碳淬火17CrNi2Mo钢进行表面强化处理,研究了喷丸工艺对喷丸层残余应力分布及残余奥氏体含量的影响。结果表明:喷丸能在17CrNi2Mo钢表层产生残余压应力,且残余压应力随层深增加而先增加后减小;增大喷丸强度,喷丸层的表面残余压应力、最大残余压应力及其影响层深均增大;增加喷丸次数可增大表面残余压应力和最大残余压应力;喷丸能降低喷丸层的残余奥氏体含量,喷丸强度或喷丸次数越大,残余奥氏体含量越低;残余奥氏体含量随层深增大而增加。     

DD3镍基单晶高温合金喷丸层残余应力的X射线衍射分析

对DD3镍基单晶高温合金表面进行喷丸处理,利用X射线衍射方法研究了喷丸层中残余应力沿层深的分布。结果表明:喷丸层中存在的残余压应力在层深为10μm处达到最大值,且随着层深的增加而降低;喷丸表层单晶组分中的残余压应力与多晶组分中的基本接近,次表层中两者存在较大差别,随着材料层深的增加二者的差别更加明显,单晶组分中的残余压应力水平更高,分布深度更大。     

喷丸处理对SAF2507铁素体-奥氏体双相不锈钢显微组织和残余应力的影响

对SAF2507铁素体-奥氏体双相不锈钢进行表面喷丸处理,采用X射线应力分析和衍射线形分析方法研究了喷丸对试验钢表面粗糙度、显微组织、残余应力的影响。结果表明:喷丸后铁素体相内位错较少,奥氏体相内出现大量位错缺陷,试验钢表面粗糙度增大,表层晶粒细化,显微畸变和位错密度增大;喷丸在试验钢的近表层引入了较高的残余压应力,奥氏体相和铁素体相中的最大压应力均出现在次表层,其值分别为915MPa和763MPa。     

300M超高强度钢喷丸强化工艺中的打磨问题

文中指出300M钢喷丸强化工艺中打磨对喷丸效果(残余应力及疲劳性能)的影响问题;通过X射线应力测定,研究喷丸及打磨后试样的残余应力分布及变化的特点;通过三点弯曲疲劳试验,研究喷丸后打磨对试样疲劳性能的影响;在此基础上,分析喷丸标准中规定喷丸后打磨去除量不可以超过阿尔门(Almen)强度值的1/10的原因.     

IMPROVING FATIGUE STRENGTH OF METALS USING ABRASIVE WATERJET PEENING

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) peening has been proposed as a viable method of surface treatment for metal orthopedic devices. In this study the influence of AWJ peening on the compressive residual stress, surface texture and fatigue strength of a stainless steel (AISI 304) and titanium (Ti6Al4V) alloy were studied. A design of experiments (DOE) and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify the primary parameters contributing to the surface texture and magnitude of surface residual stress. The influence of AWJ peening on the fatigue strength of the metals was evaluated under fully reversed cyclic loading. It was found that AWJ peening results in compressive residual stress and is primarily influenced by the abrasive size and treatment pressure. The residual stress of the AISI 304 ranged from 165 to over 460 MPa. Using the optimum treatment parameters for maximizing the residual stress, the endurance strength of Ti6Al4V was increased by 25% to 845 MPa. According to results of this study AWJ peening is a viable method of surface treatment for applications that require an increase in surface roughness and maintenance or increase in fatigue strength, qualities that most often are not available from a single process.     

IMPROVING FATIGUE STRENGTH OF METALS USING ABRASIVE WATERJET PEENING

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) peening has been proposed as a viable method of surface treatment for metal orthopedic devices. In this study the influence of AWJ peening on the compressive residual stress, surface texture and fatigue strength of a stainless steel (AISI 304) and titanium (Ti6Al4V) alloy were studied. A design of experiments (DOE) and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify the primary parameters contributing to the surface texture and magnitude of surface residual stress. The influence of AWJ peening on the fatigue strength of the metals was evaluated under fully reversed cyclic loading. It was found that AWJ peening results in compressive residual stress and is primarily influenced by the abrasive size and treatment pressure. The residual stress of the AISI 304 ranged from 165 to over 460 MPa. Using the optimum treatment parameters for maximizing the residual stress, the endurance strength of Ti6Al4V was increased by 25% to 845 MPa. According to results of this study AWJ peening is a viable method of surface treatment for applications that require an increase in surface roughness and maintenance or increase in fatigue strength, qualities that most often are not available from a single process.     

喷丸强化残余应力对疲劳性能和变形控制影响研究进展

作为机械表面强化技术之一,喷丸强化使工件表层发生形变硬化,引入较高的残余压应力,减少了疲劳应力作用下微裂纹的萌生并抑制其扩展,从而显著提高零件的抗疲劳断裂和抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。基于喷丸残余应力解析计算模型,从余弦函数模型、接触应力模型和球腔膨胀模型三个方面介绍喷丸强化残余应力的产生,进而对喷丸残余应力的仿真预测及影响规律进行论述。为了提高试件疲劳强度而引入的残余压应力会带来影响形位精度的变形,基于此阐述了喷丸残余应力对疲劳性能的影响及其在疲劳过程中的演化,同时论述了喷丸残余应力变形预测及控制的研究现状,最后对喷丸残余应力未来的研究内容与发展方向进行展望。     

喷丸强化对轿车用新型齿轮钢表面应力状态影响的研究

应用单变量及正交试验,并配经X射线应力仪等系统地研究的喷丸工艺参数（丸粒速度、密度及喷丸时间）对工件表面残余应力及其分布的影响规律,试验结果表明：随着三种喷丸工艺参数值的提高,工件表面残余应力增大,尤其是在工件次表层峰值应力增大更明显,且内移,但当丸粒速度接近设备所产生的最大值时,则工件表层应力值几乎不再增加,并讨论了有关机理。     

Effect of shot peening coverage on fatigue limit in round bar of annealed medium carbon steel

Shot peening is an effective and economical technique for improving the fatigue strength of metallic components by inducing compressive residual stress and hardening the layer near the surface. The effect is generally evaluated by main two parameters: coverage and peening intensity. However, the valuable coverage for improving the fatigue strength depends on the shape of the target material. In this study, the effect of coverage on fatigue limit in round bar of annealed medium carbon steel was experimentally studied. The fatigue limits for shot peened round bar specimens with 140–2300% coverage increased 14–25% by comparing those for non-peened round bar specimens. The valuable range of coverage was 280–60% in the used material and shot peening condition for improving the fatigue limit in short time. The result indicates that the valuable coverage of the round bar material is higher than full coverage to improve the fatigue limit of the material due to the effect of incident angle on round bar, even though the degree depends on the materials and shot peening conditions.     

Kinematic modeling and deformation mechanics in shot peening of functional ceramics

The applications of functional ceramics are significantly limited by the brittleness and low reliability. Recent studies have shown that compressive residual stress can be created in ceramics by shot peening, which improves the contact strength and fatigue of ceramic components. However, the formation mechanism of residuals stress in shot peening is yet to understand. In this study, a pressure-dependent plasticity model has been incorporated into a finite element simulation model of shot peening to understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation. Since shot velocity is the key process parameter to dominate the impact energy which determines the deformation state of the peened surface and the resultant residual stress, a new kinematic model of shots has also been developed by incorporating air drag and travel distance inside and outside the peening nozzle. The results have shown that the shot velocity model can be used to predict shot velocity. The experiment-based model may help understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation.     

Numerical Calculation and Experimental Research on Residual Stresses in Precipitation-hardening Layer of NAK80 Steel for Shot Peening

Shot peening can improve fatigue strength of materials by creating compressive residual stress field in their surface layers,and offers a protection against crack initiation and propagation,corrosion,etc.And fatigue fracture and stress corrosion cracking of NAK80 steel parts are improved effectively.Currently there lacks in-depth research in which the beneficial effect of the residual stress may be offset by the surface damage associated with shot peening,especially in terms of the research on the effective control of shot peening intensity.In order to obtain the surface residual stress field of NAK80 steel after shot peening,the samples are shot peened by pneumatic shot peening machine with different rules.The residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel is measured before and after a shot peening treatment by X-ray diffraction method.In order to obtain true residual stress field,integral compensation method is used to correct results.By setting up analytical model of the residual stress in the process of shot peening,the surface residual stress is calculated after shot peening,and mentioning the reason of errors occurred between calculated and experimental residual stresses,which is mainly caused by the measurement error of the shoot arc height.At the same time,micro hardness,microstructure and roughness in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel before and after shot peening were measured and surveyed in order to obtain the relation between shot peening strength and surface quality in the precipitation-hardening layer.The results show that the surface quality of NAK80 steel is significantly improved by shot peening process.The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is too high,it is disadvantageous to improve sample’s surface integrity,and leading to reduce the fatigue life.When arc high value of optimal shot peening is 0.40 mm,the surface quality is the best,and the depth of residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches to about 450 μm.Numerical calculation is very useful to define the process parameters when a specific residual stress profile is intended,either to quantify the benefits on a specific property like fatigue life or to help on modeling a forming process like shot peen forming.In particular,the proposed parameter optimization in the progress of shot peening and effective control of the surface texture provide new rules for the quantitative evaluations of shot peening surface modification of NAK80 steel.     

Surface durability of powder-forged roller treated by shot peening

To investigate the influence of shot peening on the surface durability of powder-forged rollers, the case-hardened powder-forged rollers with a forging density of 7.5 g/cm³ treated by the single shot peening and the double shot peening were fatigue-tested under a sliding-rolling contact condition. The surface roughness, the surface hardness and the surface compressive residual stress of the rollers were increased by the shot peening. In addition, the pores near the roller surface were deformed by the shot peening. The failure mode of all the test rollers was spalling due to subsurface cracking. The fatigue lives of all the test rollers were improved by the shot peening, and that of the test roller S08, which was shot-peened with the hardest steel shots in this experimental range, was especially improved. The surface durability of the test roller S08 was also most improved by the shot peening. Cracks became difficult to occur and propagate under the roller surface since the pores near the roller surface were deformed by the stronger shot peening. In this study, double shot peening, which generally restrains the increase in surface roughness, was not particularly effective for the improvement in the surface durability of the powder-forged rollers, because the influence of tangential force on fatigue was not always great in a case of subsurface cracking.     

激光冲击强化与喷丸提高不锈钢疲劳性能对比研究

对不锈钢材料1Cr11Ni2W2MoV进行了激光冲击强化和喷丸强化后表面粗糙度和残余应力测试分析,与喷丸相比,激光冲击强化对试件表面形貌和表面粗糙度的影响更小,产生的残余压应力更大。对光滑试件和2种强化后试件的振动疲劳对比试验表明,激光冲击强化能显著提高不锈钢材料振动疲劳寿命,是喷丸的2倍以上。     

Numerical simulation of Almen strip response due to random impacts with strain-rate effects

Almen intensity is used in the shot peening industry as a standard measure of the residual stress during shot peening and it is employed to ensure the quality of the peening of identical parts. However, relating the intensity to the residual stresses in the strip needs to be established with confidence by realistic simulations. An improved FEM-based approach that simulates the actual process of Almen strip peening is presented in this paper. This approach has some unique features such as employing randomly located shots impacting on a slice of Almen strip and the inclusion of strain-rate dependent target material properties and the lateral deflection of the strip for improved accuracy. The intensity, the corresponding residual stresses and roughness match well with available experimental results. Further, it is shown in this study that the Almen intensity can be correlated well with the residual compressive stresses of the target material using a parameter that depends on the relative dynamic yield strength of the target material.