爆炸消除焊接残余应力研究

用条状炸药对碳钢、低合金钢、调质钢和奥氏体不锈钢进行爆炸消除焊接残余应力试验。已经在压力容器、石油化工反应塔、氧化铝厂脱硅槽、水电站压力钢管等大中型焊接结构上使用。     

压力容器焊接应力的消除

压力容器制造中，焊接和热处理是制造工艺中的关键工序。在焊接过程中，存在着三种附加的内应力，这些内应力如不消除，对压力容器的安全运行是十分不利的。本文分析了焊接应力产生的机理，指出了消除焊接应力的重要性，重点分析介绍了焊后热处理的各种方法及特点，并对机械消除应力处理作了简略的介绍。     

爆炸消除脱硅槽底板焊接残余应力的实践

爆炸处理消除焊接残余应力技术,具有方法灵活,操作简便,费用较低,不受工件尺寸限制,消除残余应力效果好的特点。爆炸法消除脱硅槽底板的焊接残余应力工程实践证明,它完全适用于制铝行业大中型碱槽的消除焊接残余应力处理。     

爆炸消除焊接残余应力在贵州铝厂的应用

介绍了用硝铵炸药对氧化铝厂碱槽进行爆炸,消除焊接残余应力的实践,论述了爆炸消除焊接残余应力的工艺和施工方法.测试结果表明,爆炸法消除焊接残余应力效果明显.     

反应堆压力容器接管安全端焊接残余应力模拟及其焊接参数优化研究

目的 针对反应堆压力容器接管安全端焊接残余应力较大易导致应力腐蚀开裂的问题,探究焊接工艺参数对焊接残余应力的影响,并寻找最佳工艺参数。方法 利用有限元参数化建模方法建立反应堆压力容器接管安全端的三维热-力耦合模型,模拟其焊接过程,研究焊接残余应力的变化情况。采用正交试验设计法分析了焊接电流、焊接速度及层间冷却时间对焊后最大等效应力的影响,建立了焊后最大等效应力与焊接电流、焊接速度及层间冷却时间的二次回归模型,基于该模型利用遗传算法寻优焊接参数。结果 焊接残余应力峰值靠近熔合区位置,残余应力较高,超过了材料的屈服应力;各参数按对焊后等效残余应力峰值的影响由大到小的顺序依次为焊接速度、焊接电流、层间冷却时间。正交试验所得最佳工艺参数如下：焊接电流为610 A,焊接速度为20 mm/s,层间冷却时间为400 s,经遗传算法进一步优化后所得的最佳参数如下：焊接电流为610 A,焊接速度为23 mm/s,层间冷却时间为427 s。通过仿真验证遗传算法优化结果,得到焊接残余应力的峰值为373 MPa,比未优化前减小了44 MPa。结论 优化后的工艺参数有效降低了焊接残余应力,提高了反应堆压力容器接...     

机械应力消除法对焊接残余应力的影响

焊后残留在结构中的焊接应力是影响整个结构寿命的关键,因此,控制和消除焊接应力成了焊接领域的热点议题。本文介绍了机械应力消除法对焊接残余应力的影响,通过两者之间的联系,总结提出有效控制残余应力的指导方法,以详实机械原理消除法与焊接残余应力的联动影响,进一步为焊接领域提供新的总结性方法论     

焊接应力应变问题的再探讨

焊缝处有压缩塑性应变是以往对焊接应力应变的认识，然而此观点无法对熔合线处有液化裂纹出现以及裂纹不够长的情况进行解释，而本文通过高温应变分布图把焊接应力应变问题很好地解释出来。在对焊接残余应力进行消除时并不一定要把固有的应变源给去除掉，有时候在保留固有应变源的前提下仍然可以把残余应力给消除掉。实际上把残余弹性应变向塑性应变进行转变的过程就是把残余应力消除的过程。     

用爆炸法消除CF钢焊接残余应力可行性研究

对38mm厚CF烟焊接接头进行爆炸消除残余应力可行性试验,为使用调质钢建造的大型焊接结构消除焊接残余应力提供可行的工程方法。CF钢焊后存在很高的拉伸残余应力,爆炸处理可有效地消除残余应力;经爆炸处理后,CF钢除硬度有一定的提高外,其余常规力学性能不变。     

热时效对消除钢结构焊接残余应力的工艺评估

针对钢结构拼焊过程中产生的焊接变形和残余应力,采用热时效工艺对焊接构件进行了消应力处理,然后采用盲孔法对焊接构件焊后和热时效后的残余应力分布及变化进行了测定,定量地评估了热时效消除钢结构焊接残余应力的工艺效果。结果表明：通过热时效处理,可使钢结构的焊接残余应力大大降低,消除应力效果良好。     

压力容器焊后热处理的研究

热处理作为一种传统并行之有效的改善和恢复金属性能的方法在压力容器设计、制造等环节中一直属于相对薄弱的环节。而焊后整体热处理是目前压力容器行业中唯一被各方面都能接受的消除焊接残余应力的方法。本文针对这一技术进行了简要的阐述。     

不同焊接参数下CT70连续钢管高频电阻焊残余应力分布的数值模拟

目的研究CT70连续油管高频电阻焊接后的残余应力值和分布规律,以及焊接速度和挤压量等焊接参数对残余应力的影响。方法通过有限元计算的方法施加移动面热源和移动挤压辊,来模拟高频电阻焊的加热和加压过程,并用小孔法测量了高频电阻焊后连续钢管的残余应力值。结果对比计算的和实际的焊缝尺寸,均是内壁处为0.2 mm,壁厚中间部位为0.1 mm,内壁凸起高度为1.0 mm,宽度为2.1 mm,验证了有限元模型的准确性。计算得到的高频电阻焊后在焊缝处的轴向残余应力较大,在400～500MPa之间;环向残余应力较小,在-100～200MPa之间,与小孔法测量的残余应力一致。结论焊缝附近的残余应力主要由不均匀加热引起,远离焊缝处的残余应力主要由挤压引起。热源与挤压辊间距离和焊接速度增加会导致焊缝附近的残余应力增加;挤压量增加和焊接功率增加会导致焊缝附近的残余应力降低。     

Residual stress reduction in the penetration nozzle weld joint by overlay welding

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the penetration nozzle weld joint endangers the structural reliability of pressure vessels in nuclear and chemical industries. How to decrease the residual stress is very critical to ensure the structure integrity. In this paper, a new method, which uses overlay welding on the inner surface of nozzle, is proposed to decrease the residual stresses in the penetration joint. Finite element simulation is used to study the change of weld residual stresses before and after overlay welding. It reveals that this method can mainly decrease the residual stress in the weld root. Before overlay welding, large tensile residual stresses are generated in the weld root. After overlay weld, the tensile hoop stress in weld root has been decreased about 45%, and the radial stress has been decreased to compressive stress, which is helpful to decrease the susceptibility to SCC. With the increase of overlay welding length, the residual stress in weld root has been greatly decreased, and thus the long overlay welding is proposed in the actual welding. It also finds that this method is more suitable for thin nozzle rather than thick nozzle.     

Residual stress driven cracking in superalloy weldments

Superalloy weldments are normally given post weld heat treatments to homogenize the weld metal microstructure, relieve residual stress, and precipitate strengthening phases. The relationship between microstructure and post weld heat treatment is easily studied; it is less straightforward to study the effects of post weld heat treatment on residual stress relaxation. Using a self-restrained testing procedure, a relatively simple approach was used to investigate the effects of microstructure and post-weld heat treatment on cracking during residual stress relaxation. Candidate superalloys for Advanced Ultra Supercritical steam plants were studied. It was found that cracking due to residual stress relaxation is primarily dependent on grain size, and in cases of intermediate grain size, intragranular precipitation is a controlling factor. These results are in agreement with traditional stress relaxation cracking theories.     

Effects of microstructure and residual stress on fatigue crack growth of stainless steel narrow gap welds

The effects of weld microstructure and residual stress distribution on the fatigue crack growth rate of stainless steel narrow gap welds were investigated. Stainless steel pipes were joined by the automated narrow gap welding process typical to nuclear piping systems. The weld fusion zone showed cellular–dendritic structures with ferrite islands in an austenitic matrix. Residual stress analysis showed large tensile stress in the inner-weld region and compressive stress in the middle of the weld. Tensile properties and the fatigue crack growth rate were measured along and across the weld thickness direction. Tensile tests showed higher strength in the weld fusion zone and the heat affected zone compared to the base metal. Within the weld fusion zone, strength was greater in the inner weld than outer weld region. Fatigue crack growth rates were several times greater in the inner weld than the outer weld region. The spatial variation of the mechanical properties is discussed in view of weld microstructure, especially dendrite orientation, and in view of the residual stress variation within the weld fusion zone. It is thought that the higher crack growth rate in the inner-weld region could be related to the large tensile residual stress despite the tortuous fatigue crack growth path.     

Numerical simulation of weld tab length influence on welding residual stress and distortion of aero-engine disk

In order to control the welding residual stress and distortion to the greatest extent, based on the MSC. MARC software platform and adopting the impending critical value methods gradually, the welding residual stress and distortion are calculated through varying the weld tab length values. The results show that different weld tab lengths only have a slight effect on welding residual stress but a significant effect on welding distortion. According to the calculation results with different weld tab lengths, the critical length value for the 100 mm-length TC4 alloy weld for electron beam welding of an integral disk should be 50 mm or so.     

U肋加劲板焊接残余应力数值模拟分析

通过数值模拟和实验方法对U 肋加劲板焊接残余应力进行了估算和分析,建立了三维热弹塑性有限元模型,采用生死单元法模拟焊缝填充和焊接热输入过程,实现了整个焊接过程中的动态应力和变形变化,得到了U肋加劲板的焊接温度场和应力场,分析了U 肋加劲板的焊接残余应力分布,并与残余应力测试试验结果比较.结果显示:U 肋加劲板近焊缝区残余拉应力达到材料屈服强度,母板远离焊缝区残余压应力平均值约为材料屈服强度的0.2 倍,其分布趋势与实验测试得到的残余应力分布比较接近,证明了所采用的焊接数值模拟方法的正确性.     

高强度船体钢环形拘束焊接接头残余应力的分布

本文采用数值模拟的方法,对船体结构的某一环形拘束焊缝进行焊接残余应力的模拟计算.同时采用压痕式应力测试仪,对实际船体结构进行测试,并与模拟结果相对比验证.结果表明,模拟结果与实测结果测得的焊接残余应力分布规律基本一致,环形拘束焊缝纵向残余应力大于横向残余应力,最大焊接残余应力位于靠近热影响区的直线段焊缝近表面处.     

On the Residual Stress Field in the Aluminium Alloy FSW Joints

Abstract:  In this study, we evaluated the residual stress field which arose because of a new welding process named 'friction stir welding'. We analysed aluminium alloy butt-welded joints. Both similar and dissimilar joints were considered in 2024-T3 and 6082-T6 aluminium alloys of 0.8 and 3 mm thick. For each joint, the longitudinal and transversal residual stress distributions were obtained in a direction perpendicular to the weld cord. In the thicker dissimilar joints, the longitudinal residual stress distribution present is very similar to the distribution present in traditional welded joints. It presents, in fact, a tensile region near the weld cord, which is balanced by compressive regions away from weld line. On the contrary, other joints present a low compressive stress at the weld toe and a tensile stress state elsewhere. Moreover, the effect of the shoulder geometry on the residual stress field was evaluated on 1.5-mm-thick joints.     

铝合金T型接头激光+GMAW复合焊残余应力数值分析

目的 研究激光+GMAW复合焊中不同激光功率参数对铝合金T型接头残余应力的影响,从而提高焊接性能。方法 分别考虑了热弹塑性理论、传热学以及T型接头几何特性,建立了铝合金T型接头激光+电弧复合焊残余应力的数值分析模型。采用双椭球体热源模型表征电弧热输入与熔滴晗,采用锥体热源模型对激光深熔焊进行描述。基于所建立的T型接头模型,使用ANSYS有限元软件对12 mm厚铝合金激光+ GMAW焊T型接头残余应力进行模拟计算,并研究其分布特征;使用X射线衍射法对T型接头处的残余应力进行测量从而对所建模型的准确性进行验证。同时,对比了不同激光功率下铝合金T型接头对残余应力的影响规律。结果 当激光功率分别为2、3、4、5 kW时,铝合金T型接头路径L3上的纵向残余应力最大值分别为270、263、258、251 MPa,米塞斯-等效应力最大值分别为265、261、257、250 MPa。结论 后焊的焊缝A对焊缝B有明显的热处理作用,使应力明显降低;在T型接头焊缝及近缝区,横向残余应力和厚度方向残余应力峰值均比纵向残余应力峰值小,且随着激光功率的增大,焊缝及近缝区拉应力峰值不断减小。     

Residual stress in a thick section high strength T-butt weld

Residual stresses in a structure are generated as a result of the various fabrication and welding processes used to make the component. Being able to quantify these residual stresses is a key step in determining the continuing integrity of a structure in service. In this work, the residual stresses around a high strength, quenched and tempered steel T-butt web to curved plate weld have been measured using neutron strain scanning. The results show that the residual stresses near the weld were dominated by the welding residual stresses, while the stresses further from the weld were dominated by the bending residual stresses. The results suggest that the combination of welding-induced residual stress and significant pre-welding residual stress, as in the case of a thick bent section of plate can significantly alter the residual stress profile from that in a flat plate.