Simultaneous determination of pesticides in agricultural products by LC/MS/MS using clean-up with ultrafiltration

A method for simultaneous determination of multiple pesticide residues in agricultural products was developed by using a pretreatment with ultrafiltration, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pretreatment process (extraction of pesticides from agricultural products with methanol, dilution of the extract with water, and ultrafiltration) gave recoveries in the range of 50-150% for 63 of 83 pesticides spiked at 0.25 microg/ g into 6 agricultural products. The detection limits of pesticides by LC/MS/MS were below 0.0005-0.05 micro/g. This method is useful for screening purposes and for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in agricultural products. Pesticide residues in 50 domestic crops were investigated by this method, and residues of 14 pesticides were detected in 30 crops.     

Marine-derived bioactive materials for neuroprotection

A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of 56 residual pesticides from commercial crops. For a validation of the method, the recoveries, linearities, limits of detection (LOD), and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of the 56 pesticides were investigated. The linearities, LOD, and mean recoveries of the pesticides ranged 0.9686–0.9999, 0.00–11.54 μg/kg, and 65–82%, respectively. This method was evaluated by its application to monitor 345 agricultural products collected from 9 provinces in Korea 2011. Fifteen pesticides were detected from 39 samples and 2 or more residual pesticides were found in 7 samples. However, none of the compounds were observed above the corresponding maximum residue level. The results reflect that the detected pesticide residues were in a safe range and that residual pesticides in the agricultural products in Korea were properly controlled.     

Multiresidue analysis of nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing pesticides in agricultural products using dual-column GC-NPD/FPD

We investigated simultaneous analytical methods for pesticide residues in large numbers of agricultural products samples. Extraction of each sample with acetonitrile was followed by a salting-out step using a graduated cylinder. The test solution was cleaned up with gel permeation chromatography (GPC), which separated the pesticide eluate into 2 fractions, and then with a tandem mini-column. Analysis was done with a dual-column GC equipped with a dual NPD and FPD (S mode) detector. Use of the Siltek-deactivated liner, guard column, and Y connector, and Silcosteel-treated NPD jet was effective for preventing the breakdown of sulfur-containing pesticides. Recoveries of 87 nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing pesticides from fortified spinach, tomato, apple, strawberry and brown rice, ranged from 71 to 127% with RSD values of 1-24%, except for recoveries of aldicarb, amitraz, ethiofencarb, imazalil, propamocarb and triflumizole. Detection limits of pesticides were very good (0.3-5 ppb (NPD) and 2-20 ppb (FPD)) for routine analysis of pesticide residues in foods. Surveillance of pesticides in agricultural products was carried out by using the present method. From 22 out of 33 samples, 21 pesticides (43 in total) were detected. The results indicated that the present method can be applied as an efficient and reliable means for monitoring pesticide residues in agricultural products.     

改良QuEChERS技术结合液相色谱-串联质谱联用法同时快速检测辣椒制品中14种非法添加工业染料

采用改良Qu ECh ERS技术作为前处理方法,建立了辣椒制品中14种非法添加工业染料的液相色谱-串联质谱联用快速检测方法。样品采用乙腈-丙酮(7∶3,V/V)提取,经EMR-Lipid净化,以Agilent Poroshell 120 EC C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm)色谱柱分离,采用多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量分析。14种成分在11 min内完成分离,检出限为0.4~7.1μg/kg,不同加标水平的平均回收率为70.5%~102.1%,相对标准偏差为0.3%~9.3%。本方法准确、快速、重复性好,可为辣椒制品中非法添加工业染料的检测提供一种更加快速、简便的技术支持。     

Determination of seventeen pesticide residues in agricultural products by LC/MS

Residues of 17 pesticides in agricultural products were determined by LC/MS with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface in both positive and negative ion modes. Pesticides were extracted with acetonitrile, and the extracts were cleaned-up with a primary and secondary amine (PSA) mini-column eluted with acetone-hexane (1:1). Rice, orange and potato were spiked with the 17 pesticides at 0.1 microgram/g and analyzed by the proposed method. The average recoveries of these pesticides usually ranged from 70 to 98% and the relative standard deviations were usually around 10%. These results suggested that LC/MS with APCI could be used to determine the residue levels of the 17 pesticides in these crops.     

QuEChERS法-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中7种农药及其代谢物的残留量

样品经乙腈提取,C_(18)吸附剂和石墨化碳黑分散固相萃取净化,液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱在动态多反应监测模式下检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法进行定量,建立了蔬菜中7种农药及其代谢物的多残留分析方法。在10、20μg/kg 7种农药及其添加物添加水平下,农药及其代谢物的平均回收率为71.9%~117.8%,相对标准偏差为0.8%~9.6%,定量限为0.2~10μg/kg。该方法简便、快速、灵敏,适用于蔬菜中多种农药及其代谢物的同时检测。     

稳定同位素内标GC-QqQ-MS/MS法测定葡萄中33 种农药残留及其污染特征分析

在解析目标物的碎片离子碎裂机理与二级质谱裂解行为的基础上，建立气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱-多反应监测方法，结合稳定同位素内标定量，同时分析葡萄果实中的33 种农药残留。葡萄样品前处理的方法采用乙腈均质提取后，依次经C18固相萃取小柱和串联固相萃取小柱（氨基柱＋活性炭柱）净化去除杂质。结果表明，在0.001 6～0.320 0 mg/L质量浓度范围内该方法线性关系良好，相关系数不低于0.994 7；仪器检出限和方法定量限分别在0.064～40.000 μg/L和0.000 02～0.013 33 mg/kg之间；高、中、低3 种不同基质加标水平下，目标农药的平均回收率均在70.1%～120.6%范围内，回收率结果之间的相对标准偏差不高于17.9%。该方法具有灵敏度高、准确可靠的优点，适用于葡萄等果蔬食品中痕量/超痕量农药残留的同时快速筛查。此外，对样品中农药的污染水平、分布规律以及不同采样区域的污染与分布特征进行偏最小二乘判别分析证实，与防治灰霉病和霜霉病密切相关的扑海因、腈嘧菊酯和烯酰吗啉等为葡萄样品中的主要农药污染物。     

Multiresidue method for the determination of 77 pesticides in wine using QuEChERS sample preparation and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry

A method based on a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) sample preparation method and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection by selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) was developed for simultaneous determination of 77 pesticide residues in wine. An extraction of 10 ml of sample with acetonitrile followed by liquid–liquid partition formed by the addition of 4 g MgSO₄ and 3 g NaCl was applied in the sample preparation. The clean-up was carried out by applying dispersive solid-phase with 150 mg MgSO₄ as well as 50 mg primary secondary amine (PSA). One quantitation ion and at least two identification ions were selected in the analytical method for each pesticide compound by GC/MS. The recovery data were obtained by spiking blank samples at two concentration levels (0.05 and 0.2 mg l^?1). The recoveries of all pesticides were in the range 70–110%, with intra-day precision of less than 15%, and the inter-day precision of less than 22% and 15% for 0.05 and 0.2 mg l^?1 fortification levels, respectively. Linearity was between 0.02 and 2 mg l^?1 with determination coefficients (R ²) greater than 0.98 for all compounds. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for the 77 pesticides ranged from 0.003 to 0.05 mg l^?1. This method was applied for routine analysis in market products.     

Effects of processing and cooking on the levels of pesticide residues in soybean samples

The effects of processing and cooking on the levels of pesticide residues in soybean samples were investigated for 14 pesticides in pre-harvest samples. On soaking, the transfer ratios (%, total pesticide residue amount in product/that in soybean) of soaked soybean were greater than 60% for most of the pesticides investigated. The transfer ratio of soymilk ranged from 37% to 92%, and that of tofu ranged from 7% to 63%. The processing factor (Pf, the concentration (mg/kg) of pesticide in product/that in soybean) of tofu ranged from 0.026 to 0.28. These values varied among pesticides. There was a high correlation between the log P(ow) and the transfer ratio of tofu. The test described here should be useful to obtain the transfer ratios of pesticide residues in processing and/or cooking steps.     

An experimental proficiency test for ability to screen 104 residual pesticides in agricultural products

An experimental proficiency test program for ability to screen 104 residual pesticides in agricultural products has been conducted. Eight Japanese laboratories joined the program. Items tested in the present study were limit of detection, internal proficiency test (self spike) and external proficiency test (blind spike). All 104 pesticides were well detected and recovered from agricultural foods in the internal proficiency test. However, the results of the external proficiency test did not completely agree with those of the internal proficiency tests. After 5 rounds of the blind spike test, the ratio of the number of correctly detected pesticides to that of actually contained ones (49 total) ranged from 65% to 100% among laboratories. The numbers of mistakenly detected pesticides by a laboratory were 0 to 15. Thus, there was a great difference among the laboratories in the ability to screen multiresidual pesticides.     

磺酰脲类除草剂分子印迹聚合物制备及其应用

采用沉淀聚合法,以甲磺隆和氯磺隆为双模板分子,4-乙烯基吡啶为功能单体,二乙烯基苯为交联剂,乙腈为致孔剂,合成对29种磺酰脲类农药具有高选择性的分子印迹聚合物.通过扫描电镜、平衡吸附实验等对制备的印迹聚合物进行表征和测定.结果表明:分子印迹聚合物对29种磺酰脲类农药具有特异性吸附作用,其最大表观结合量为13.21 mg...     

Applicability of GC, GC/MS and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to screening for 140 pesticides in agricultural products

The applicability of GC, GC/MS and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to screening for 140 pesticides in agricultural products was examined. Validation of multi-residue screening methods for the determination of 88 pesticides in 12 crops (asparagus, cauliflower, burdock, carrot, broccoli, spinach, matsutake mushroom, orange, soybean, sesame, millet and tea) was done by GC and GC/MS. Of the 88 pesticides, 63 were obtained with recoveries in the range from 50 to 150% at the 0.1 microg/g level in the 12 crops. Applicability of the official methods in Japan to 74 pesticides, including 22 pesticides with low recovery (< 50%) by GC or GC/MS analysis, was also examined by LC/MS/MS. LC/MS/MS acquisition parameters were established for 67 pesticides in positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. Of 67 pesticides validated in 7 crops using LC/MS/MS at the 0.1 microg/g level, 44 showed recoveries in the range from 50 to 150%. The occurrence of matrix interference in LC/MS/MS can lead to false-positive detection of MCPA in spinach, cabbage and orange and false-negative detection of four pesticides in orange, spinach, apple and unpolished rice. Good linearity was observed in the studied ranges by GC, GC/MS (r > 0.990) and LC/MS/MS (r > 0.995). Of the total of 140 pesticides validated by GC, GC/MS and LC/MS/MS, 107 were newly recognized as suitable subjects for screening.     

大米中氨基甲酸酯类农药的多残留检测

介绍一种大米中11种氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂及其代谢产物的多残留快速测定方法。乙腈提取样品中农药。氨基固相萃取柱净化，甲醇和二氟甲烷（v／v，1／99）洗脱。液相色谱柱后衍生荧光检测器检测。对大米样品进行添加回收率实验，分别添加0．1mg／kg、0．5mg／kg、2mg／kg，回收率在71．9％-98．2％之间，变异系数为2．78％～10矧名。     

气相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱法测定粮谷中169种农药的残留量

建立了粮谷中169种农药多残留的气相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)的检测方法。样品经改进的QuEChERS净化处理,气相色谱分离,串联四级杆质谱多反应监测方式检测。结果表明,169种农药在粮谷中的检出限为0.3～13.0μg/kg,定量限为1.0～40.0μg/kg,线性范围在0.005 mg/L～2.0 mg/L之间,线性相关系数大于0.99,平均回收率在65.3%～143.6%之间,97%的农药相对标准偏差小于20%,该方法具有前处理简单、净化效果好、灵敏度高的特点,适用于粮谷中多组分农药残留的快速确认和定量检测。     

Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in agricultural products by GC/MS coupled with database software

We evaluated a multiresidue method for determination of pesticides in agricultural products by SCAN mode GC/MS coupled with three kinds of database for 253 pesticides: relative retention time, mass spectra and calibration curve (SCAN method). Twenty-six pesticides, a total of 131 pesticides were detected in samples by the SCAN method. The detection results agreed closely with those of the SIM mode GC/MS method using calibration standards (SIM method). The ratios of the SCAN method to the SIM method ranged from 0.3 to 3.1 with SD values of 0.63. It was judged that the SCAN method could be applied to the screening analysis of pesticide residues in agricultural products, provided that the sample preparation method makes it possible to effectively remove sample matrixes with minimal loss of analytes.     

分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联高分辨质谱法测定新疆苹果中7 种农药残留

为快速得到新疆苹果中痕量农药信息,考察新疆苹果种植过程中常用的7?种农药,并针对这7?种常见农药建立了分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联高分辨质谱的分析方法,旨在快速筛查出可能的农药并同时定量。结果表明：7?种农药线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99。方法检出限为0.003～0.1?mg/kg,定量限为0.02～0.5?mg/kg,平均回收率为95%～119%之间,相对标准偏差小于10%（n＝3）。该方法能够排除假阳性结果,快速高效地完成出口前新疆苹果中多农药残留的分析。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯和戊唑醇农药残留

目的 建立QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯和戊唑醇农药残留的分析方法。方法 辣椒样品经乙腈提取, N-丙基乙二胺(primary secondary amine, PSA)+石墨化炭黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB)分散吸附剂净化, 采用甲醇(A)和0.1%甲酸水溶液(B)作为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 质谱应用电喷雾正离子源(electrospray ionization, ESI+), 采用多离子监测 (multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式对吡唑醚菌酯和戊唑醇的定量离子和定性离子进行监测, 外标法定量。结果 通过优化仪器方法中的流动相体系、质谱调谐参数及前处理过程中的提取溶剂和净化剂, 利用UPLC-MS/MS在6 min内完成吡唑醚菌酯和戊唑醇的分离分析。2种农药在0.001~ 0.100 mg/L范围内呈现出良好的线性关系(r>0.999), 检出限为0.001 mg/kg, 方法定量限为0.0025 mg/kg。当添加水平为0.0025、0.0050、0.0100、0.1000 mg/kg时, 吡唑醚菌酯在辣椒中的平均回收率为72.9%~96.1%, 相对标准偏差为3.5%~8.0% (n=5); 戊唑醇在辣椒中的平均回收率为78.4%~88.5%, 相对标准偏差为2.5%~11.8% (n=5)。 结论 本研究建立的方法检测速度快、灵敏度高、准确度和精密度符合农药残留分析的要求, 适用于辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯和戊唑醇农药残留的同时检测。     

农产品中50余种农药LC/MS-MS质谱数据库的建立及应用

为评价和维护农产品的质量安全,采用离子阱质谱建立50 余种农药的液相色谱- 质谱数据库,通过谱库检索技术可以实现农产品中未知农药组分的快速筛选及定性。在对未知组分进行谱库检索后,通过LC-DAD-MS/MS 方法比较未知组分与标准样品的保留时间、二级质谱的萃取离子流色谱图(EIC)以及紫外光谱图,得到确认结果。采用本实验所建立的未知组分定性方法对实际样品中的未知污染物进行快速筛选,确认了实际样品中所残留的农药污染物。     

UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005-accredited method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples by LC-MS/MS

A rapid, simple and sensitive multi-residue method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification and confirmation of 69 pesticides in fruit and vegetables using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted following the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method known as QuEChERS. Mass spectrometric conditions were individually optimised for each analyte in order to achieve maximum sensitivity in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Using the developed chromatographic conditions, 69 pesticides can be separated in less than 17 min. Two selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assays were used for each pesticide to obtain simultaneous quantification and identification in one run. With this method in SRM mode, more than 150 pesticides can be analysed and quantified, but their confirmation is not possible in all cases according to the European regulations on pesticide residues. Nine common representative matrices (zucchini, melon, cucumber, watermelon, tomato, garlic, eggplant, lettuce and pepper) were selected to investigate the effect of different matrices on recovery and precision. Mean recoveries ranged from 70% to 120%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 20% for all the pesticides. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of more than 2000 vegetable samples from the extensive greenhouse cultivation in the province of Almería, Spain, during one year. The methodology combines the advantages of both QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS producing a very rapid, sensitive, accurate and reliable procedure that can be applied in routine analytical laboratories. The method was validated and accredited according to UNE-EN-ISO/IEC 17025:2005 international standard (accreditation number 278/LE1027).     

Multiresidue method for analysis of pesticides in pepper and tomato by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorus detection

An analytical multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of various classes of pesticides in vegetables (pepper and tomato) was developed. Vegetable samples are extracted with acetone and the pesticides are partitioned into ethyl acetate/cyclohexane. Final determination was made by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorus detection. Confirmation analysis of pesticides was carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The identification of compounds was based on retention time and on comparison of the primary and secondary ions. Recovery studies were performed at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.02 mg kg⁻¹ fortification levels of each compound and the recoveries obtained ranged from 70.1% to 128.5% with relative standard deviations lower than 7%. The method showed good linearity over the range assayed 50–1500 μg l⁻¹ and the detection and quantification limits for the pesticides studied varied from 0.1 to 4.4 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.4 to 14.5 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. The proposed method was used to determine pesticides levels in peppers and tomatoes grown in experimental greenhouses.