Effect of Sinter Hardening on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Astaloy 85Mo

 Effect of sinter hardening on the microstructure, density, hardness and tensile properties of Astaloy 85Mo+0.7% graphite was investigated. For this purpose, Astaloy 85Mo, a pre-alloyed powder, was mixed with 0.7% UF4 graphite and then pressed in single action die and sintered at 1120 ℃ for 30 min in N2-10%H2 atmosphere. Then samples were cooled from 0.5 to 3 ℃/s sintering temperature in accordance with different cooling rates. The difference in microstructure, hardness, density and tensile properties of the samples associated with different cooling rates from sintering temperature has been investigated. The results show that the microstructure remains bainitic by changing cooling rate, but it becomes finer and then the hardness and tensile strength of the samples will increase by increasing the cooling rate from sintering temperature.     

Design and fabrication of W-Mo-Ti-TiAl-Al system functionally graded material

To obtain a kind of functionally graded material (FGM) with a density gradient, the W-Mo-Ti-TiAl-Al system graded material was designed, and the powder metallurgy method was chosen for its fabrication. The sintering of W, W-Mo, and Mo-Ti alloys at low temperature was studied, and then the approximately wholly dense W-Mo-Ti-TiAl system FGM was achieved by one-step sintering at 1473 K for 1 hour under a pressure of 30 MPa. It was found that through sintering at 1473 K, mainly the mechanical mixtures of W and Mo were formed in W-Mo alloys. In Mo-Ti alloys, the newly designed Fe-Al sintering aids not only have an important effect on the densification of the alloys, but also contribute to the formation of the (Mo, Ti) solid solution. However, the solid-solution reaction that occurred in Mo-Ti alloys was still insufficient. During the sintering of Ti + TiAl, the chemical reaction of Ti + TiAl → AlTi₂ was induced within the sintered body. The W-Mo-Ti-TiAl-Al system FGM was finally fabricated by joining of the TiAl side of the sintered W-Mo-Ti-TiAl system FGM to metal Al with an Al-based brazing filler metal, and its density changed quasi-continuously within the large range from 17.15 to 2.70 g/cm³.     

W-Ni-Cu-Sn系高比重合金的研究

本文研究了烧结温度、保温时间以及添加锡对W-Ni-Cu合金性能的影响。结果表明,不添加锡的93W-Ni-Cu合金与添加1%Sn的85W-Ni-Cu-Sn合金相比,其烧结温度由1320℃降至1140℃,即烧结温度降低约200℃;抗拉强度从686N/mm2提高到980N/mm2;热膨胀系数提高了28%。获得了较好的综合性能。     

Co/Ni比对93W-Co-Ni钨合金烧结温度及力学性能的影响

以Co、Ni作黏结剂,选择不同Co/Ni比,用粉末冶金法制备出HRC硬度在30⁴3之间的93W-Co-Ni钨合金。采用光学金相、扫描电镜对合金组织形貌进行表征,采用准静态拉伸试验对合金的抗拉强度及延伸率进行测试,采用洛氏硬度计对合金硬度进行测定。结果表明:随着Co/Ni比增加,合金的烧结温度逐渐增加,其抗拉强度与延伸率急剧降低,而硬度先增加之后趋于稳定;当Co/Ni≥1.0时,合金抗拉强度很低,延伸率≤1%;当Co/Ni≥4时,其HRC硬度值稳定在4143之间的93W-Co-Ni钨合金。采用光学金相、扫描电镜对合金组织形貌进行表征,采用准静态拉伸试验对合金的抗拉强度及延伸率进行测试,采用洛氏硬度计对合金硬度进行测定。结果表明:随着Co/Ni比增加,合金的烧结温度逐渐增加,其抗拉强度与延伸率急剧降低,而硬度先增加之后趋于稳定;当Co/Ni≥1.0时,合金抗拉强度很低,延伸率≤1%;当Co/Ni≥4时,其HRC硬度值稳定在41⁴3之间,明显高于一般的W-Ni-Fe合金,这主要与Co对W基体的润湿性较差及两者之间易形成脆性化合物Co7W6有关。     

W质量分数对Mo-W合金组织结构与力学性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备含不同质量分数W(20%~80%)的Mo-W合金, 研究W含量对Mo-W合金组织结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明: 烧结过程中Mo与W相互扩散形成单相固溶体。W质量分数的增加能显著降低Mo-W合金的晶粒尺寸, 经1990℃烧结的Mo-80W合金晶粒尺寸比Mo-20W合金下降了46.5%。随W质量分数的增加, Mo-W合金的维氏硬度呈“双驼峰”形变化趋势, 在W质量分数为40%与60%处出现峰值。Mo-W合金的相对密度和抗拉强度随W质量分数的增加而下降, 抗拉强度最大值出现在烧结温度为1990℃的Mo-20W合金, 达到514.83 MPa; 随烧结温度的升高, 低W含量的Mo-W合金(W质量分数20%~40%)抗拉强度呈先上升后下降趋势, 而高W含量的Mo-W合金(W质量分数60%~80%)抗拉强度逐渐升高。Mo-W合金断裂方式为沿晶断裂与穿晶断裂相结合的混合模式。     

烧结温度对30Cr粉末冶金低合金钢组织与性能的影响

采用气雾化制粉-热压烧结工艺制备30Cr粉末冶金低合金钢,研究烧结温度对其显微组织及力学性能的影响。采用扫描电镜、洛氏硬度计、力学试验机等对不同烧结温度下获得的样品进行分析。结果表明:在1100~1200℃的烧结温度下,随着烧结温度的升高,30Cr粉末冶金低合金钢烧结样品的孔隙数量不断减少,孔隙尺寸也不断变小;样品组织为粒状贝氏体,由板条状M/A岛和多边形铁素体组成,随着烧结温度的升高,M/A岛逐渐增多并不断长大;随着烧结温度的升高,烧结试样的密度、硬度、拉伸强度和屈服强度均不断提高,这与烧结试样孔隙率减少和硬质M/A岛不断增多有关。当烧结温度继续升高到1225℃,样品出现过烧现象,样品内出现孔洞等缺陷,其力学性能下降。在烧结温度为1200℃时样品得到最优性能,其拉伸强度和延伸率分别可达1288 MPa和12.52%。     

烧结温度对Fe-Cu-Mo-C合金组织和性能的影响

采用机械球磨混粉和真空烧结相结合的方法制备了Fe-Cu-Mo-C合金,研究了不同烧结温度对粉末冶金Fe-Cu-Mo-C合金材料的显微组织、密度、抗拉强度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:随着烧结温度由1 000℃升高到1 100℃,Fe-Cu-Mo-C合金烧结体组织孔隙数量减少、孔隙尺寸明显降低;当烧结温度提高到1 150℃时,烧结体组织中孔隙尺寸增大。随着烧结温度升高,烧结体的密度、硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率先增大后减小,磨损量先降低后升高。最佳烧结温度为1 100℃,此时烧结体的密度为6.90 g/cm3,抗拉强度为319 MPa,洛氏硬度为34.7 HRC,磨损量为0.087 g。     

Sintering,microstructure, and mechanical properties of PM manganese–molybdenum steels

Abstract

The effects of 0·5 wt-%Mo addition on the processing, microstructure, and strength of PM Fe–3·5Mn–0·7C steel are described. Water atomised and sponge irons, Astaloy 1·5Mo, milled ferromanganese, and graphite were the starting powders. During sintering in 75H₂ /25N₂ or pure hydrogen the dewpoint was controlled and monitored; in particular the effects of improving it from -35 to -60°C were investigated. Faster heating rates (≥20 K min^-1), sufficient gas flowrates, milling the ferro alloy under nitrogen, a low dewpoint (<-60°C), and a getter powder can all contribute to the reduction or prevention of oxidation of the manganese, in particular formation of oxide networks in the sintered steels. For 600 MPa compaction pressure densities up to 7·1 g cm^-3 were obtained; these were not significantly affected by sintering at temperatures up to 1180°C. The sintered microstructures were sensitively dependent on the cooling rate. Irrespective of the presence of Mo, slow furnace cooling at ～4 K min^-1 resulted in mainly pearlitic structures with some ferrite and coarse bainite, whereas fast cooling at ～40 K min^-1 produced martensite and some retained austenite, very fine pearlite, bainite, and some ferrite. Young's modulus, determined by tensile and ultrasonic tests, was in the range 110–155 GPa. Sintering with -60°C dewpoint resulted in tensile and transverse rupture strengths of420 and 860 MPa for the Mn steel, rising to 530 and1130 MPa as a result of the Mo addition. This contrasts with strength decreases observed when processing included use of high oxygen containing ferromanganese and sintering with -35°C dewpoint.     

Nickel monoaluminide coating on ultralow-carbon steel by reactive sintering

By sintering a mixture of nickel and aluminum powders on the surface of an ultralow-carbon steel block of 15 mm in thickness, nickel monoaluminide (NiAl) is reaction-synthesized and simultaneously joined to the steel block. When the thickness of the compact powder mixture is above 5 mm, an exothermic, self-propagating high-temperature reaction of Ni+Al → NiAl is induced by heating to approximately 900 K, and the temperature of the compact rises very quickly and exceeds the melting point of NiAl (1911 K). Accordingly, an in situ NiAl coating on the steel is completed in a very short time. When the compact thickness is below 5 mm, on the other hand, the synthesis reaction is incomplete because of heat loss due to absorption by the steel block, and intermediate products such as Ni₃Al and NiAl₃ remain in the compact. However, the in situ coating is completed by further heating to 1473 K followed by holding for 0.54 ks. Across the interface between the steel and the coating, the concentrations of the elements gradually change and, accordingly, the Vickers hardness continuously changes from approximately 80 in the steel to 350 in the NiAl. The joint strength evaluated from a tensile test is above 150 MPa.     

Thermodynamic and experimental study of role of sintering atmospheres and graphite additions on oxide reduction in Astaloy CrM powder compacts

Abstract

Several atmospheres based on N₂–H₂ gaseous mixtures, with occasional additions of CH₄ were used to study the sintering behaviour of Astaloy CrM at temperatures of 1100 and 1240°C. Theoretical thermodynamic calculations and sintering experiments, with and without admixed graphite additions, were carried out devoting particular attention to the oxide reduction reactions. The role of carbon in the reduction of oxides is discussed with reference to Boudouard's reaction, proposing the indirect carbothermal reduction as the controlling mechanism. The microstructural characterisation of the material included inspection of the powder particles as well as sintered specimens. It was established that the Astaloy CrM particles contain two distinct types of oxides. One associated with the particle surface and another, mainly constituted by Cr, forming a dispersion of internal oxides. These internal oxides were microstructurally characterised, both directly and by carbon extraction replicas. A selection of powder mixtures containing 0 and 0.4%C additions were used for obtaining tensile specimens in order to assess neck development, by the strength and elongation obtained under various atmospheres and temperature combinations.     

Surface hardening of nickel alloys by means of plasma nitriding

Surface hardening of Ni alloys by plasma nitriding was investigated by using tentative Ni binary alloys contained nitride forming elements such as Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Al, or Si at the nitriding temperature from 673 to 1073 K. Surface hardness was different depending on the types of alloying elements, their contents, and their nitriding temperatures. Higher hardness than HV500 was obtained in Ti, V, Nb, and Cr containing alloys at 823 to 873 K, but other alloys showed lower surface hardness than HV400. The elements Ti, V, Nb, and Cr were the effective alloying elements for the surface hardening of nitrided Ni alloys. From transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the nitrided layer was composed of fine precipitate particles in the matrix of the nitrided layer. At the lower nitriding temperature, these particles were metastable fine particles or Ginier-Preston (GP) zone having coherency with the matrix, and these fine particles induced large microstrain in the matrix. However, at the higher nitriding temperature, equilibrium nitride particles were precipitated and coherency with the matrix was decreased. Therefore, the hardening of Ni alloys by plasma nitriding was due to the microstrain induced in the nitrided layer by the precipitation of metastable particles or GP.     

Diffusional impregnation of sintered iron-titanium materials with carbon

Conclusions It has been established that the intensity of carburization of Fe-Ti alloys is greater in a process combined with sintering than in a separate operation following sintering. The dependence of the thickness of the diffusion layer on specimen density, method and duration of carburization, and temperature has been determined for Fe-Ti materials containing 5, 10, and 15% Ti. The character of hardness distribution over the thickness of the diffusion layer indicates full carburization of surface zones. Raising the titanium concentration in iron leads to an increase in the hardness of the diffusion layer.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 4 (232), pp. 87–91, April, 1982.     

Structure and hot hardness of RuAl-based alloys produced by reactive sintering using hot isostatic pressing

The structure and hot hardness (at temperatures up to 1100°C) of RuAl-based powder alloys with 1–3 at % Ni, Mo, Re, or Ru are studied. The alloys are produced by the reactive sintering of cold-compacted bars and subsequent threefold isostatic pressing with intermediate annealing at 1500°C performed after the first hot isostatic pressing. The samples have a residual pore content of 1–2.5 vol % and are characterized by a micrononuniform distribution of base and alloying elements. The alloys with refractory metals, such as Re, Mo, or Ru, are found to have the maximum hardness at all temperatures under study. At low temperatures, the effect is more substantial; the hardness of the Re-containing alloys exceeds that of the other alloys by a factor of 1.3–3.6. The increase in the hardness related to solid-solution alloying becomes more substantial owing to the microinhomogeneity of the sintered powder alloys and weakens because of microporosity. Recommendations that allow the uniformity of the distribution of the base and alloying elements to be increased are given.     

Sintering of aluminum with additions of nickel

The sintering of aluminum with substantial additions of nickel was investigated. It was determined that within the temperature range (700–750°C) and concentration range (10–17.5 at. % Ni) it was possible by the sintering of pressed powder compacts to obtain alloys with densities approaching the theoretical. The hardness and tensile strength of the alloys increased and the ductility decreased with increasing nickel concentration and increasing temperature. The curves of yield, tensile strength, and ductility vs nickel concentration exhibited maxima.     

硼含量对Ni-Cr-Mo合金热腐蚀性能的影响

采用真空液相烧结法制备了4种掺加不同B含量的Ni-Cr-Mo合金,研究了B对其组织与性能的影响。研究结果表明,B与Mo、Cr、Ni等合金元素在烧结时可以形成共晶液相,通过原位化学反应,生成Mo2NiB2、(Mo,Cr)2NiB2陶瓷相。热腐蚀性试验表明,形成的硼化物相具有较好的耐腐蚀性,能够有效提高Ni-Cr-Mo合金的耐热腐蚀性能。     

等离子渗Mo对TC4合金耐磨及拉伸性能的影响

研究了TC4合金表面经等离子渗Mo处理后的耐磨性能和拉伸性能。通过SEM、EDS、SMM等研究渗Mo改性层的组织成分及断口形貌,并分析其磨损机理和拉伸性能。结果表明:TC4合金表面经等离子渗Mo处理后,其耐磨性能随表面硬度的提高而明显改善,且抗拉强度与原始基体相比仅略有下降,即达到了使合金的耐磨性能提高而基体力学性能不受损害的预期目的。     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and tribological behaviour of PM Fe-Cu-Zn alloys containing solid lubricants

Abstract

Fe-Cu-Zn alloys containing solid lubricants of graphite and talc produced via cold pressing and sintering technology are investigated. The influence of composition and sintering temperature on open porosity, density, strength and hardness of these alloys is studied. The microstructure is correlated with the mechanical properties of the sintered materials. The tensile tests showed that the peak strength was observed for samples sintered at ≤1000°C. Above this temperature the bending and tensile strength values decrease. Microstructural analysis of sintered materials revealed three phases in the structure: α-Fe, α-brass and talc. Results indicate that the microstructure of sintered samples is sensitive to process variables such as brass and talc contents and sintering temperature.     

Neural network prediction of mechanical properties of porous NiTi shape memory alloy

Abstract

A multilayer back propagation learning algorithm was used as an artificial neural network tool to predict the mechanical properties of porous NiTi shape memory alloys fabricated by press/sintering of the mixed powders. Effects of green porosity, sintering time and the ratio of the average Ti to Ni particle sizes on properties of the product were investigated. Hardness and tensile strength of the compacts were determined by hardness Rockwell B method and shear punch test. Three-fourths of 36 pairs of experimental data were used for training the network within the toolbox of the MATLAB software. Porosity, sintering time and particle size ratios were defined as the input variables of the model. Ultimate strength and hardness were the outputs of the model. Results indicated that seven neurons in the hidden layer yielded the minimum normal error. The modelling outcomes confirmed the feasibility of the model and its good correlation with the experimental information.     

粉末冶金Fe-Ni-Mo低合金钢的烧结硬化性能

以Fe-1.75％Ni-0.5％Mo雾化低合金钢粉为基础粉末,加入2％Cu和0.6％C,在600MPa压力下模压成形,在1120℃烧结30 min,制备Fe-Ni-Mo低合金钢材料,测试和分析该合金钢的硬度和抗拉强度以及显微组织；并利用热模拟实验机研究冷却速率(0.5、1.0、2.5、5和10℃/s)对该合金组织和性能...     

热等静压烧结温度对Mo–Na合金性能影响

采用热等静压烧结法制备Mo–Na合金，研究了热等静压烧结温度对Mo–Na合金显微组织、硬度、密度及Na质量分数的影响，分析了Mo–Na合金热等静压烧结的致密化过程。结果表明:采用热等静压烧结法制备的Mo–Na合金显微组织细小均匀，平均晶粒尺寸在10 μm以下。随着热等静压烧结温度的升高，相对密度及硬度随之升高，在1100 ℃时达到最大，分别为99.58%和HRA 54.50，热等静压过程中液相的形成对Mo–Na合金的致密化起到了重要作用。热等静压过程很好地避免了低熔点Na金属高温烧结过程中的挥发，在1100 ℃烧结后Na质量分数基本无变化。