Effect of applied potential on hydrogen embrittlement of weld simulated HSLA–80 steel in sea water

Abstract

Hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of an HSLA–80 steel in the weld simulated, grain coarsened heat affected zone condition, in synthetic sea water under cathodic charging in the applied potential range of -600 to -1400 mV(SCE) has been studied using a slow strain rate technique. Loss of ductility, as reflected in the percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area values, was substantial at and beyond -800 mV(SCE). The material in the weld simulated condition showed more susceptibility than the as received material, which is considered to be a result of increased strength and a bainitic–martensitic microstructure. Fracture showed both microvoid coalescence and quasi-cleavage features and was indicative of hydrogen induced void nucleation. Both hardening and softening effects on hydrogen charging were experienced.     

Cathodic protection requirements for high strength steel in sea water assessed by potentiostatic weight loss measurements

Abstract

A potentiostatic weight loss technique has been used to compare the corrosion rates of Weldox 700 high strength low alloy steel exposed to both natural and sterile sea water at potentials ranging from the free corrosion condition to - 1000 mV (SCE). Anodic polarisation curves with Tafel constants of 54 and 64 mV per decade were fitted to the data and the minimum levels of protection required to limit the corrosion rate to 0·001 mm per year were found to be - 770 and - 790 mV (SCE) in natural and sterile sea water, respectively. Lower corrosion rates occurred in filtered natural sea water than in sterile sea water but the highest rates were recorded on specimens ex posed to a seabed sediment. The reasons for this behaviour are discussed in terms of the biofilms and the numbers of sulphate reducing bacteria present on the surfaces.     

阴极极化对高强度船体结构钢焊缝氢脆敏感性的影响

在恒定阴极电位下利用慢应变速率拉伸试验研究高强度船体结构钢焊缝的电化学性能和力学性能。结果表明,试样拉伸断裂主要发生在焊缝的熔合区;结构钢的阴极极化程度对抗拉强度和屈服强度的影响不大;随阴极电位负移,船体结构钢在海水中的延伸率、断裂时间和断裂应变率逐渐减小, 并且当施加阴极电位为-0.89 V（vs SCE）时各项性能最佳。同时,随着阴极电位负移,断裂方式逐渐从韧性断裂向脆性断裂发展,氢脆敏感性逐渐增加,在 -0.70 V~-0.89 V（vs SCE）之间氢脆敏系数低于5%,不发生氢脆;当电位负于-0.94 V（vs SCE）,氢脆敏感性迅速提高,当极化电位为-0.99 V （vs SCE）时氢脆系数显著增大至20%,断口开始出现解理单元细小准解理断裂特征;在负于-1.04 V（vs SCE）时,氢脆系数已高于25%,进入危险区,且断口开始出现较多解理单元粗大的准解理、解理等氢脆断裂特征;随着电位继续负移至-1.14 V（vs SCE）,断口完全出现解理组织、沿晶、穿晶结构或者两者混合的氢脆断裂特征。     

Electrochemical study of hydrogen embrittlement and optimum cathodic protection potential of welded high strength Steel

Electrochemical properties and mechanical properties of welded high strength steel were investigated by the slow strain rate test (SSRT) method with an applied constant cathodic potential. There was no correlation between maximum tensile strength, yield strength, stress at failure, and hydrogen embrittlement. However, the elongation, time-to-fracture, and strain-to-failure ratio decreased with shifting potential of the negative direction. Elongation, time-to-fracture, and strain-to-failure ratio for the various welding methods displayed the highest values when the potential was −770 mV regardless of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) conditions. The elongation, time-to-fracture, and amount of dimples by PWHT were increased. The optimum potential region for cathodic protection without hydrogen embrittlement was observed between −770 and (above) −850 mV (SCE) in the post-weld specimens heat treated at 550°C and the as-welded specimens.     

Effects of cathodic polarisation on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X70 steel in low temperature and low dissolved oxygen seawater

Abstract

The hydrogen induced cracking of X70 pipeline steel was investigated in low temperature and low dissolved oxygen seawater (4°C and 3–4 mg L^?1 dissolved oxygen) by potentiodynamic polarisation, slow strain rate tests and hydrogen permeation measurements. The results showed that the hydrogen evolution potential of X70 steel in low temperature and low dissolved oxygen seawater decreased compared with the normal shallow seawater. The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement increased as the potential shifted in the negative direction. When the polarisation potentials were below ?1050 mV(SCE) in low temperature and low dissolved oxygen seawater, the fracture surfaces exhibited quasi-cleavage fracture.     

A537钢及工业纯铁在3.5%NaCl水溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机理的识别

本文根据外加电位对腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,断口微观形貌特征及声发射活动性分析三种判别方法,研究了A537钢及工业纯铁在3.5%NaCl中性水溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机理。结果表明,扩展机理取决于外加电位值。对A537钢,外加电位在-800mV(SCE)以上时,裂纹扩展以阳极溶解控制为主,以下时以氢脆控制为主。对工业纯铁,对应的转换电位为-1000mV(SCE)。     

钛制硫酸铝蒸发器排管的腐蚀机理

通过极化曲线、腐蚀失重、热壁钛管试件和长钛管的电化学测试以及氢脆试验研究了钛制硫酸铝蒸发器排管的腐蚀破坏机理．结果表明钛的腐蚀是由于钝化膜破坏而造成的活性溶解和氢脆．钛在该体系中产生氢脆的临界电位为－２７０ｍＶ（相对于饱和甘汞电极）．ＸＰＳ分析结果证实了氢化钛的生成．     

The Role of Silicon Content on Environmental Degradations of T91 Steels

T91 grade steels showed a gradual enhancement in tensile ductility at ambient temperature due to an increase in Si content from 0.5 to 2.0 weight percent (wt.%). However, the ultimate tensile strength was reduced only above 1.5 wt.% Si. The corrosion potential became more active in an acidic solution with increasing temperature. The cracking susceptibility in a similar environment under a slow-strain-rate (SSR) condition was enhanced at higher temperatures showing reduced ductility, time to failure, and true failure stress. Cathodic potentials applied to the test specimens in SSR testing caused an enhanced cracking tendency at 30 and 60 °C, suggesting hydrogen embrittlement as a possible mechanism of failure. Cracking of precracked and wedge-loaded double-cantilever-beam specimens was enhanced at higher initial stress intensity factors. In general, steels with 2.0 wt.% Si showed inferior corrosion resistance. A combination of cleavage and intergranular brittle failure was seen in the tested specimens depending on the type of testing.     

介质和阴极保护电位对12CrNi3MoV钢长短疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

<正> 一、前言 船体钢在海水中的腐蚀疲劳是船舶结构破坏的主要形式。设计舰船壳体阴极保护系统时通常着眼于防腐蚀效果,并不考虑对船体结构强度的影响。已有的研究资料指出,阴极保护可提高光滑试佯的腐蚀疲劳强度,但对疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的看法存在分岐。有人认为,阴极保护加速疲劳裂纹扩展;也有人认为,在一定条件下阴极保护会阻碍疲劳裂纹扩展。本工作在实验室条件下研究介质和阴极保护电位对长、短疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。 二、材料及试验方法 试材采用调质态12CrNi3MoV钢,化学成份见表1,机械性能见表2。     

Hydrogen embrittlement of cathodically protected high strength steel in sea water and seabed sediment

Abstract

Hydrogen embrittlement tests were carried out using double cantilever beam and slow strain rate tensile specimens to measure the susceptibility of a 900 MPa yield strength steel in different marine environments, ranging from sterile sea water and filtered natural sea water to open sea water and seabed sediment. The cathodic protection potential and the presence of biologically generated sulphides in seabed sediment were shown to be important factors that controlled the extent of hydrogen uptake and embrittlement. Threshold stress intensities K_th were measured for each condition and the optimum cathodic protection potential to control corrosion with the minimum risk of embrittlement was established.     

Hydrogen embrittlement properties of heat affected zone of high strength steel in shielded metal arc welding

Corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and hydrogen embrittlement were investigated from an electrochemical view, with the slow strain rate test (SSRT) method with applied constant cathodic potential. Fracture surface was analyzed by SEM. Corrosion resistance and mechanical properties were increased by post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) compared to those in the as-welded condition. Elongation and time-to-fracture were decreased with shifting cathodic polarization potential to the low potential direction. On analysis of SEM fractography, the quasi-cleavage (Q.C) fracture mode was also observed with an increase of susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. At the applied cathodic potential between −770 mV and −875 mV (SCE; saturated calomel electrode), the fracture morphology was of the dimple pattern with ductile fracture, while it changed to the transgranular pattern at under −900 mV (SCE). Eventually it is suggested that an optimum cathodic protection potential range was from −770 mV to −875 mV (SCE) without regard to PWHT condition.     

Anisotropic stress corrosion cracking behaviour of prestressing steel

This paper evaluates the anisotropic stress corrosion cracking behaviour of high-strength prestressing steel wires. To this end, two eutectoid steels in the form of hot rolled bar and cold drawn wire were subjected to stress corrosion cracking tests in aqueous environments using a constant strain technique and precracked three point bend specimens to measure the crack growth rate da/dt as a function of the stress intensity factor K_I under hydrogen embrittlement environmental conditions (pH = 12.5 E = − 1200 mV SCE). While the hot rolled bar presents an isotropic stress corrosion cracking behaviour associated with mode I crack growth, the cold drawn wire exhibits a change in crack propagation direction approaching that of the wire axis (cold drawing direction) and producing mixed mode crack growth. This anisotropic stress corrosion cracking behaviour is a consequence of manufacturing, since cold drawing affects the microstructure of the material and produces a preferential orientation of the pearlite lamellae aligned parallel to the wire axis. The differences of crack growth rate as a function of the crack propagation direction are discussed.     

Synopses of Papers in this Issue

Abstract

A variety of techniques involving electrochemical, hydrogen permeation and acoustic emission measurements have been used in studying the stress corrosion cracking of initially smooth and pre-cracked specimens of a maraging steel in different chloride-containing solutions. In solutions having pH's in excess of 2, cracking of smooth specimens occurred in two regimes of potential separated by a region in which cracking did not occur, although cracking was induced in this latter region if the specimens were precracked or pre-pitted, or pitting was facilitated by non-metallic inclusions emerging at the test specimen surfaces by stressing the specimens transversely to the rolling direction. It is considered that such geometrical discontinuities are more important in facilitating cracking by fostering local changes in solution chemistry than because of their effect in terms of stress intensification. However, the evidence, viewed in its entirety, does not support the hypothesis that failure invariably results from the ingress of hydrogen into the steel following the creation of acidic conditions within an initiating pit or pre-crack. Rather does it support crack growth by dissolution at high potentials, and by a hydrogen induced process at low potentials, with possibly both processes involved at some intermediate potentials, including the free corrosion potential. This conclusion is supported by various electrochemical measurements, which show good correlation with the potential dependence of cracking and with the effects upon cracking of additions of chloroplatinic acid, sodium arsenate or thiourea to the chlQride solutions, with or without applied polarisation. Thus, the effects of these additives upon the hydrogen and dissolution reactions are in agreement with their influence upon stress corrosion cracking, as are the effects of applied polarisation. Hydrogen permeation measurements under conditions of cathodic polarisation confirmed the effects of these additions upon the uptake of hydrogen by the steel, but when permeation membranes were subjected to anodic polarisation they were perforated by dissolution and the apparent hydrogen permeation was due to the passage of solution through the membrane. Further support for hydrogen induced cracking dominating at lower potentials and dissolution being controlling at higher potentials was derived from acoustic emission experiments, which showed emissions to be enhanced by cathodic but not by anodic polarisation as crack growth occurred, implying different mechanisms of growth in the different potential regimes.     

34CrNi3Mo钢在NaOH水溶液中应力腐蚀开裂机理的研究

本文应用恒电位下应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的断裂力学试验方法、氢渗透、声发射和电子金相技术,研究了34CrNi3Mo钢在30％NaOH水溶液中SCC机理:在开路电应下,只有当温度>50℃时方可出现SCC;在80℃时,当给定电位E于-1150mV(SCE)时,为活性通道溶解(APC)型SCC,而当给定电位负于-1150mV(SCE)时,州为氢脆(HE)型SCC。由此可见,即使是同—钢—环境体系,SCC的机理也是可变的,因此,想把SCC机理归纳成一个统一的模型是不妥当的。     

阴极极化对907钢氢脆敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法结合断口扫描电镜观察,研究了阴极极化对907钢在海水中氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明随极化电位负移,907钢在海水中氢脆敏感性增加,极化电位为-1.06V(vs.SCE)时,拉伸试样出现脆性解理断裂特征,极化电位为-1.16V时,907钢主要为脆性断裂。     

阴极保护电位对E550钢氢脆敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸实验方法 (SSRT) 结合断口扫描电镜 (SEM) 观察,研究了阴极保护电位对E550钢在海水中氢脆敏感性的影响.结果表明:随着阴极保护电位负移,E550钢在海水中的氢脆敏感性增加,阴极保护电位为-0.95 V (vs SCE) 时,拉伸试样出现脆性解理断裂特征,电位为-1.05 V时,E550钢断口呈明显脆性断裂特征.     

pH值对海水中TMCP X80钢氢脆敏感性影响

采用氢渗透实验法、动电位极化法研究TMCP X80管线钢在不同pH值海水中的氢渗透行为,结合扫描电镜 (SEM) 观察研究显微组织及氢渗透行为对氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明,随着海水pH值的减小,析氢电位发生正移。天然海水和酸性海水中氢扩散系数随着极化电位负移而增加;极化电流密度越大,氢扩散系数和氢浓度越大。在负于析氢电位时,显微形貌显示出明显的蚀坑和氢鼓泡,酸性海水中更严重。随着海水pH值的减小及外加阴极极化电位负移,氢扩散到材料内部的量更大;充氢电流密度增加也促进氢的扩散,X80钢氢脆敏感性增加。     

应力比对D36钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

采用三点弯曲实验研究应力比R对处于不同环境下的D36钢稳定裂纹扩展区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明,空气中应力比对pairs区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响不大,然而海水环境中,在中等△K值范围内,应力比对裂纹扩展速率影响较空气中明显,且其裂纹扩展速率随着应力比的增加而增大.这种现象产生的原因是氢脆作用随着应力比的增大显著增强.通过三电极体系在f=1 Hz,R=0.1条件下分别对试件施加-400,-600,-800,-1000和-1200 mV的电极电位.结果表明,强阴极极化 (-1200 mV) 和阳极极化 (-400 mV) 在一定△K范围内会加速裂纹扩展,综合得出该条件下腐蚀疲劳的阴极保护电位为-800 mV.而应力比为0.3和0.5时施加-800 mV的电极电位对材料的保护作用减弱.     

Potentialabhängigkeit der Schwingungsrißkorrosion von höherfestem Dalbenstahl in Salzwässern

Potential dependence of the corrosion fatigue of high strength sheet piling steel in salt water Cathodic protection of high strength steel, grade X 65, against corrosion fatigue (25 Hz) is not effective in seawater. An influence of hydrogen is assumed because hydrogen embrittlement occurs at slow strain-rates (not a constant load) under the condition of cathodic hydrogen evolution. The potential dependency of corrosion fatigue at 5 Hz was investigated with notched and smooth electropolished tensile specimens. The notched specimens showed a slight decrease of the number of cycles to failure with decreasing potential. The polished smooth specimens displayed cathodic protection. The results of the investigation can be explained by recent publications as an participation of hydrogen embrittlement, which happens only at critical strain rates and is dependent on the amount of straining, the frequency and the surface of the specimen.     

Hydrogen embrittlement of a Ti-strengthened 250 grade maraging steel

Constant extension-rate tensile tests are performed to investigate the effects of strain rate and environmental hydrogen concentration on the tensile properties of various aged T-250 specimens. The 426 °C (800 °F) underaged specimens are very sensitive to strain rate; the 482 °C (900 °F) peak-aged specimens exhibit a reduced ductility under low strain rates; and the 593 °C (1100 °F) overaged specimens are insensitive to strain rate when tested in air. The excellent resistance to embrittlement of the overaged specimens in gaseous hydrogen could be associated with the extensive formation of reverted austenite and the incoherent Ni₃Ti precipitates. The tensile-fractured surfaces of such specimens reveal a ductile dimple fracture. However, the peak-aged specimens are susceptible to gaseous hydrogen embrittlement, and the embrittled region shows a primary fracture mode of quasi-cleavage. The least resistant to hydrogen embrittlement of the underaged specimens is characterized by a more brittle fracture appearance, that is, intergranular fracture, under a low strain rate or in the gaseous hydrogen environment.