Beam Dyeing with Particular Reference to the Dyeing of Man–made Fibres

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26 th March 1965, Mr M. R. Fox in the chair. Also presented at meetings of the Midlands Region, held in the King's Head Hotel, Loughborough, on 18th November 1964, Mr G. Whitehead in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held in the Victoria Hotel, Bradford, on 26th November 1964, Dr F. F. Elsworth in the chair; of the London Region, held at the Royal Society, Burlington House, London Wl, on 4th December 1964, Mr C. Barnett in the chair; of the Scottish Region, held in the St Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 15th December 1964, Mr B. W. Mills in the chair; and of the Bradford Junior Section, held at the Bradford Institute of Technology, on 18th January 1965, Mr V. L. Elsworth in the chair Laboratory methods are described for simulating high–temperature and atmospheric beam–dyeing conditions by means of the high–temperature dyeometer and a modified package–dyeing machine. Details are given of the rate–of–dyeing and migration behaviour of disperse dyes on polyester, cellulose triacetate, acrylic and polyamide fibres, of basic dyes on acrylic fibres, and of acid dyes on poly–amide fibres. Particular attention is drawn to the necessity for accurate temperature control during dyeing. A thorough knowledge of rate–of–dyeing and migration behaviour can be used to select dyes for three–colour mixtures and to determine their optimum application conditions.     

The Dyeing of Acrylic Fibres

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held at the Kings Head Hotel, Loughborough, on 9 November 1966, Mr D. O. Douglas in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on 10 November 1966, Miss E. Smith in the chair; and of the London Region, held in the Rooms of the Royal Society, Burlington House, London, on 3 March 1967, Mr R. F. York in the chair The present position in the dyeing of acrylic fibres is reviewed. Methods of control that assist in the batchwise production of level dyeings are discussed. Recent developments in continuous processing are reviewed and the dyeing of modacrylic fibres is mentioned.     

Relations between some Physicochemical Properties of Reactive Dyes and their Behaviour in Padding Processes

Meetings of the Scottish Region, held in the St Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 16th February 1965, Mr B. W. Mills in the chair; and of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society on 18th February 1965, Mr F. V. Davis in the chair Experimental results are presented which show that the members of any given range of reactive dyes have a diffusion coefficient D and an exhaustion value E which are roughly in inverse proportion to each other. Metal–complex dyes (1: 1 and 1: 2) and phthalocyanine metal complexes, however, show characteristic deviations in behaviour. The significance of D and E in the padding, intermediate drying, and fixation of reactive dyes is elucidated. The theory of the padding process is discussed and the relationships between D and E and the ending behaviour are demonstrated. A new test for assessing the tendency to ending is described.     

Will it Pay?: The Economics of Establishing a Bleaching,Dyeing and Finishing Works

Meetings of the Scottish Region, held in the Whitehall Restaurant, Glasgow, on 1 October 1968, Mr J. B. Scales in the chair; of the Nottingham Junior Section, held in the Midland Design and Building Centre, Nottingham, on 28 October 1968, Mr C. E. Woodward in the chair; of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, on 12 November 1968, Mr T. H. Wood in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford, on 12 December 1968, Professor R. L. Elliott in the chair; of the West of England and South Wales Region, held at ICI Ltd, Bristol, on 15 January 1969, Mr N. W. Palmer in the chair; of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 16 January 1969, Mr J. Greenwood in the chair; of the Huddersfield Junior Section, held in the Huddersfield College of Technology, on 10 February 1969, Mr C. Senior in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held at the University of Leeds, on 11 March 1969, Mr A. S. Ferguson in the chair The economics of establishing a bleaching, dyeing and finishing works in modern buildings on a virgin site or on an existing site with good water and effluent services where the old buildings have been demolished are considered.     

The Beam Dyeing of Cotton Yarns

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26th March 1965, Mr F. V. Davis in the chair Practical aspects of the beam dyeing of cotton yarn are described. Particular attention is given to methods and machines for preparing the dyer's beam, as well as to beam–dyeing plant and the different types of circulating pump. The application of vat dyes is discussed with special reference to high–temperature dyeing, and problems associated with azoic dyeings are outlined.     

The Chromatography and Identification of Dyes

Meetings of the Hudders field Region, held at Hudders field College of Technology, Hudders field, on 26 March 1968, Mr G. England in the chair; and of the Manchester Junior Section, held at Manchester University Institute of Science and Technology, on 14 November 1968, Mr H. R. Had field in the chair Techniques suitable for the identification of dyes—paper and thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectro-photometry and electrophoresis—are reviewed. The application of these techniques to equalising and milling acid dyes, food dyes, 1:2 metal-complex dyes, disperse dyes, and fluorescent brightening agents is discussed. Methods of extracting dyes from fibrous substrates are reviewed.     

Beam–dyeing Machinery

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26th March 1965, Mr M. R. Fox in the chair A survey is given of the principles and requirements of beam–dyeing systems in piece dyeing, including a consideration of the details of design and operation which assist in efficient production by these systems especially as applied to fabrics made from synthetic fibres.     

Dyeing and Finishing of Knitted Garments

Meeting of the Huddersfield Junior Section, held at the Huddersfield College of Technology, on 4 October 1968, Mr C. Senior in the chair; and of the Bradford Junior Section, held at Bradford Technical College on 10 February 1970, Mr J. D. Kelsey in the chair. The dyeing and finishing of knitted garments is discussed. Three broad categories of garments are considered: (i) half-hose; (ii) ladies' hose; and (iii) cardigans, pullovers, sweaters, etc. Some of the dyeing problems which stem from the methods of manufacture are discussed.     

Colour Measurement — Present Position and Future Developments

Presented at a Symposium on ‘The Next Fifty Colourful Years’, held by the Huddersfield Region at Huddersfield College of Technology, on 18 October 1968, Mr G. England in the chair The contributions to colour theory and colour measurement which have been made during the last 50 years and which led directly to some industrial end-use are reviewed briefly. Some of the more important applications are discussed and the associated difficulties for extension of use are outlined. The requirements for automated, colour-monitored dyeing processes are considered generally.     

Textile Softeners–Properties,Chemistry, Application and Testing

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held at the Post House, Sandiacre, on 14 January 1973, Mr H. W. Partridge in the chair, and of the Manchester Junior Section, held at Salford College of Technology, on 1 March 1973, Mr R. I. Charlesworth in the chair. The properties of softeners are discussed briefly in relation to their uses: lubrication; anti–crease properties; antistatic properties; water absorbency; extensibility and recovery; stitchability; pilling and snagging; soiling; heat stability; effect of dyes; dyebath stability; durability. The chemistry of softeners is then considered, particularly from the point of view of effect of dyes used for the fibres dealt with. Methods of application of softeners are then briefly reviewed. Finally, the testing of these auxiliaries is discussed.     

A New Concept in the Use of Perforated Beams in Textile Treatments

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26th March 1965, Mr F. V. Davis in the chair The full exploitation of the pad–batch process of dyeing cotton–with reactive dyes has hitherto been retarded by limitations in simple equipment for washing–off unfixed dye. This paper shows that, contrary to general belief, only small amounts of water and low flow rates are necessary, provided that sufficient time is allowed and interchange between liquor and fabric is high. A simple means for meeting these requirements is described. It consists of batching the padded material onto a perforated beam, on which it is stored for the required reaction time; unfixed dye is then washed–off by passing water slowly through the beam and running the eluant liquor to waste without recirculating. This procedure works well in practice: 5000–m batches are washed–off in 20–30 min, the water consumption being about 10 l. /kg of material, which is only about 20–50 % of the minimum wash–water requirement in conventional equipment. The significance of beam diameter in relation to batch size is discussed. The equipment is cheap in capital, labour, and running costs.     

Effect of Crystal Modification on Dyeing Behaviour of Disperse Dyes

Meetings of the Manchester Region held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on 15 January 1970, Mr H. R. Hadfield in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held in the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, University of Leeds, on 19 January 1970, Mr K R. F. Cockett in the chair The dye 2-nitroaniline-4-ethylsulphone, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-aminopyrazole (aminopyrazole yellow) has been isolated in five different crystal modifications. The saturation values of these modifications in cellulose acetate have been determined at 80°C. Crystal modifications are important in the disperse dyeing of cellulose acetate and polyester materials because of their influence on colour yield and the stability of the dispersion.     

The Physico-chemical Hydrodynamics of Dyeing

Meetings of the Leeds Junior Section, held in the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, University of Leeds, on 11 November 1969, Mr K. R. F. Cockett in the chair; and of the Manchester Region, held at the Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on 20 November 1969, Mr H. R. Hadfield in the chair Films of methoxymethylnylon 6.6 have been inserted into a stream of dye-liquor. The rates of dyeing of an acid dye at different points down the film were measured. Under some conditions of dyeing, the rate was shown to be controlled by the diffusion in the liquid phase. Values of the thickness of the diffusional boundary layer were calculated from the flux and shown to agree with theory. Modifications of the dyeing conditions, e.g. by increasing the pH or lowering thedyebath concentration, reduced the diffusion coefficient of the dye in the film, and the rate of dyeing became dependent on diffusion both in the film and in the liquid.     

New Possibilities in the Dyeing of Wool

Meeting of the Scottish Region, held at Galashiels College of Technology, on 3 February 1972, Mr A. E. Edmondson in the chair The use of the auxiliary Unisol BT in the level and rapid dyeing of wool at 85–90d?C, with no adverse effect on the properties of the fibres, is described. The dyeing of wool-acrylic blends is also considered.     

Reactive Dyes in the 80's

Presented to the Scottish Region at a one–day conference entitled ‘A Profile of the 80s’, held at the Eurocrest Hotel, Glasgow, on 23 May 1980.     

Energy in the 1980's

Presented to the Scottish Region at a one–day conference entitled ‘A Profile of the 80s’, held at the Eurocrest Hotel, Glasgow, on 23 May 1980.     

Some Observations on the Dyeing of Wool,Polyester and Acrylic Fibre Tops by Continuous Pad–Steam Methods

Meeting of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford on 8 October 1970, Mr J. Furniss in the chair The continuous dyeing of wool, polyester and acrylic tops by pad–steam methods is discussed. For wool, evidence is given to indicate the specific action of pad-liquor additives and to show that successful results can be obtained by both one-phase and two-phase methods. In the pad–steam dyeing of polyester top, the problems encountered in the selection of compatible dyes can be solved by a study of the effect of time and temperature on exhaustion. The problems associated with the production of heavy depths on acrylic fibre tow are considered in detail. Under practical conditions, the saturation obtained in pad–steam dyeing is lower than that in conventional dyeing methods.     

Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials: Materials,Applications, Industry Developments,Markets

Abstract

The Fifth Annual Conference on Flame Retardancy was held on May 24–26 in Ramada Plaza Hotel, Stamford, Connecticut, USA. The Conference was organized by Business Communications Company, Inc., Norwalk, CT (President of company is Mr. Louis Naturman), conference coordinator—Mrs. Sharon D. Faust.     

Mass-transfer Processes in Hank-dyeing Machines II—Operational and Design Implications of the Experimental Study

Meeting of the Midlands Region, held at the Carpet Trades Ltd Canteen, Kidderminster, on 13 February 1969, Mr D. O. Douglas in the chair Simulation of dyeing processes on an analogue computer, using techniques described in Part I of this paper (p. 187), has been employed to establish the minimum flow requirements for practical machines using dyes differing in dyeing behaviour. A limiting rate of flow requires to be achieved to eliminate differences in colour between hanks in practical machines. The failure to meet this condition is responsible for much of the problem of achieving level dyeings.     

The Development of Disperse Dyes for Acetate Fibres

Presented at the Golden Jubilee Symposium on Disperse Dyes, held at the British Celanese Sports and Social Club, Spondon, on 10 May 1973, Mr W. Venn in the chair. The early development work on disperse dyes during the ‘acetate years’ - the first 30 years of use of these dyes - is described. The problems encountered - dispersion and choice of dispersing agents, dusting, application of dyes in mixture, gas-fume fading, and phototropism -are discussed.