Das Korrosionsverhalten von pulvermetallurgischem Chrom

Corrosion behaviour of powder metallurgically produced chromium Powder metallurgically produced chromium of purity 99.96 percent can be processed into semifinished and finished parts of up to now restricted sizes. It is highly resistant to certain hot solutions of salts, hot carbonic acids, oxidizing anorganic acids, bases and gases (hot gases especially in combination with ashes and slags). It is shown in which fields and for what kind of functional parts pure chromium eventually could be used.     

Solidification microstructure of centrifugally cast Inconel 625

Centrifugal casting is a foundry process allowing the production of near net-shaped axially symmetrical components.The present study focuses on the microstructural characterization of centrifugally cast alloys featuring different chemical compositions for the construction of spheres applied in valves made of alloy IN625 for operation at high pressure.Control of the solidification microstructure is needed to assure the reliability of the castings.Actually,a Ni-base superalloy such as this one should have an outstanding combination of mechanical properties,high temperature stability and corrosion resistance.Alloys such as IN625 are characterised by a large amount of alloying elements and a wide solidification range,so they can be affected by micro-porosity defects,related to the shrinkage difference between the matrix and the secondary reinforcing phases (Nb-rich carbides and Laves phase).In this study,the microstructure characterization was performed as a function of the applied heat treatments and it was coupled with a calorimetric analysis in order to understand the mechanism ruling the formation of micro-porosities that can assure alloy soundness.The obtained results show that the presence of micro-porosities is governed by morphology and by the size of the secondary phases,and the presence of the observed secondary phases is detrimental to corrosion resistance.     

Fatigue Behavior of Solid-State Additive Manufactured Inconel 625

A transformative hybrid solid-state additive manufacturing process provides a new path to fabricate or repair components with wrought-like performance. In this work, the fatigue behavior of Inconel 625 (IN625) manufactured via a high-shear deposition process is quantified for the first time. In this unique process, feedstock is deposited via a hollow non-consumable rotating cylindrical tool, thereby generating heat and plastically deforming the feedstock through controlled pressure as consecutive layers are metallurgically bonded upon a substrate. To quantify the fatigue behavior of the as-deposited IN625, stress-life experiments were conducted, where improved fatigue resistance was observed compared with the feedstock. Post-mortem analysis of the as-deposited IN625 revealed a similar fatigue nucleation and growth mechanism to the feedstock for a majority of the specimens tested in this study. Last, a microstructure-sensitive fatigue life model was utilized to elucidate structure–property fatigue mechanism relations of the as-deposited and feedstock IN625 materials.     

Structural Performance of Inconel 625 Superalloy Brazed Joints

The purpose of this work was to investigate tensile and fatigue behaviors of Inconel 625 superalloy brazed joints after transient liquid-phase bonding process. Brazing was performed in a vacuum furnace using a nickel-based filler metal in a form of paste to join wrought Inconel 625 plates. Mechanical tests were carried out on single-lap joints under various lap distance-to-thickness ratios. The fatigue crack initiation and crack growth modes were examined via metallographic analysis, and the effect of local stress on fatigue life was assessed by finite element simulations. The fatigue results show that fatigue strength and endurance limit increase with overlap distance, leading to a relatively large scatter of results. Fatigue cracks nucleated in the high-stressed region of the weld fillets from brittle eutectic phases or from internal brazing cavities. The present work proposes to rationalize the results by using the local stress at the brazing fillet. When using this local stress, all fatigue-obtained results find themselves on a single S-N curve, providing a design curve for any joint configuration in fatigue solicitation.     

A parametric study of Inconel 625 wire laser deposition

Laser deposition with wire offers saving potentials over powder based systems. These include a cleaner processing environment, reduced economic and environmental cost of producing the wire, better surface finish and higher material deposition rates. This technique is rapidly finding applications for the manufacture and repair of high value components. For the first time, the deposition of Inconel 625 wire for single tracks at varying processing parameters using a 2-kW Ytterbium doped fibre laser has been investigated. A process map predicting the process characteristics in terms of wire dripping, smooth wire transfer and wire stubbing at different cladding conditions has been developed. Track geometrical characteristics including aspect ratio and contact angle were evaluated using surface profilometry and optical microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine the dilution ratio (%) of the tracks. Wire deposition volume per unit length of track and energy per unit length of track were found to be key parameters influencing both the process and track geometrical characteristics. Aspect ratio and dilution ratio showed positive dependency whereas contact angle showed negative dependency on energy per unit length of track. Conversely, material deposition volume per unit length of track varied directly with contact angle but inversely with aspect ratio and dilution ratio (ranging from 0% to 24%). Processing conditions at which a combination of favourable single track properties including low contact angle (<80°), minimal dilution ratio (5–13%) and high surface quality were achieved are presented. These properties are required for depositing overlapped tracks of good surface finish, minimal dilution and free of inter-run porosity.     

Solidification paths in modified Inconel 625 weld overlay material

Abstract

Inconel 625 is commonly used for overlay welding to protect the base metal against high temperature corrosion. The efficiency of corrosion protection depends on effective mixing of the overlay weld with the base metal and the subsequent segregation of alloy elements during solidification. Metallographic analysis of solidified samples of Inconel 625 with addition of selected elements is compared with thermodynamic modelling of segregation during solidification. The influence of changes in the melt chemistry on the formation of intermetallic phases during solidification is shown. In particular, focus is put on how the composition of the dendrite core is affected by modifications to the alloy. It has previously been shown that when the overlay material corrodes, the corrosion take place in the dendrite core. Therefore, the discussion will be directed towards explaining the extent to which the variations in chemical compositions influence the composition of the dendrite core of the weld overlay.     

Das Korrosionsverhalten von sauerstoffionenimplantiertem Magnesium in schwach saurem Elektrolyten

The corrosion behaviour of oxygen implanted magnesium in weekly acid solution Under atmospheric conditions magnesium forms oxide layers which consist mainly of magnesium hydroxide. The protective action of Mg(OH)₂ is minor in sulphate‐, carbonate‐ or chloride containing solutions [2, 18]. Additionally, the crystallographic misfit between magnesium and magnesium hydroxide leads to crack formations inside the hydroxide layer and the metallic surface is then exposed. By using the ion implantation of oxygen (1*10¹⁸ O⁺/cm²) a MgO‐layer can be formed and buried within the bulk metal. Pre‐tests of MgO‐layers produced by ion implantation suggest that it is successful as corrosion protection [17]. Crystallographic stresses between metal‐ and oxide phase will be reduced, depending on the gradient of oxygen concentration. The investigation in weekly acid sodium solution shows, that the oxygen ion implantation leads to a significant improvement in the corrosion behaviour of magnesium.     

Inconel 625合金高温高速热变形行为

通过等温热压缩实验研究Inconel 625合金的高温高速热变形行为,获得了合金在温度为1000～1200℃、应变速率为1～80 s-1的条件下的真应力-应变曲线,并在考虑变形热效应的基础上对真应力-应变曲线进行了修正。对修正后的峰值应力进行线性回归,得到材料的材料常数:Q=442.97 kJ/mol,n=4.49,α=0.0029 MPa-1。通过非线性回归建立了Inconel 625合金在高温高速条件下的本构模型。     

形变诱导Inconel 625合金管材静态再结晶行为

使用室温压缩变形与再结晶退火处理研究了Inconel 625高温合金冷变形及再结晶行为,采用EBSD技术分析冷变形过程中的应变分布、晶粒尺寸变化、组织与织构演变,分析冷变形Inconel 625合金再结晶过程中再结晶分数、晶粒尺寸、组织及织构演变。研究表明,Inconel 625合金在变形量为35%~65%时具有良好的塑性,随着变形量的增加,晶粒尺寸减小,应变分布越均匀,{111}<112>织构和{110}<001>织构逐渐减弱,而{001}<110>织构和{112}<111>织构略为增强。冷变形Inconel 625合金再结晶退火处理后,随着退火温度与保温时间的升高,再结晶分数增大;随着变形量的增大,Inconel 625合金发生完全再结晶时温度减小,且发生完全再结晶时的晶粒尺寸变小,变形量为35%时,再结晶过程主要是{112}<111>织构{123}<634>变形织构转变为{110}<112>织构、{001}<100>织构与{124}<211>织构。随着变形量增加到50%及65%时,冷变形产生的{123}<634>织构在再结晶过程中转变成了{124}<211>织构。     

Inconel 625合金在熔融碳酸盐中的腐蚀行为

研究了Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3和(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中的腐蚀行为,采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析了腐蚀产物的形貌和相组成。结果表明,与Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3中的腐蚀速率相比,其在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中的腐蚀速率较小。这是由于Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中形成了具有保护性的氧化膜,其组成是NiCr_2O_4、Y_2O_3、NiO、Cr_2O_3。     

Formation mechanism and wear behavior of gradient nanostructured Inconel 625 alloy

The formation mechanism and wear behavior of a gradient nanostructured (GNS) Inconel 625 alloy were investigated using SEM, TEM and ball-on-disc sliding wear tester. The results show that surface mechanical grinding treatment (SMGT) induced an approximately 800 μm-deep gradient microstructure, consisting of surface nano-grained, nano-laminated, nano-twined, and severely deformed layers, which resulted in a reduced gradient in micro-hardness from 6.95 GPa (topmost surface) to 2.77 GPa (coarse-grained matrix). The nano-grained layer resulted from the formation of high-density nano-twins and subsequent interaction between nano-twins and dislocations. The width and depth of the wear scar, wear loss volume, and wear rate of the SMGT-treated sample were smaller than those of untreated coarse-grained sample. Moreover, the wear mechanisms for both samples were mainly abrasive wear and adhesive wear, accompanied with mild oxidation wear. The notable wear resistance enhancement of the GNS Inconel 625 alloy was attributed to the high micro-hardness, high residual compressive stress, and high strain capacity of the GNS surface layer.     

烧结温度对多孔Inconel625合金性能的影响

Inconel625有着优异的耐蚀性与高温力学性能,被广泛用于航空航天、石油化工、核工业等领域。多孔材料有着轻质化与优良的透过性能常被用于过滤材料。本文旨在制备出耐蚀性良好的过滤材料,利用粉末冶金技术制备出兼具Inconel625合金本身特性与功能特性的多孔Inconel625合金。实验采用100~200μm粒度的合金粉末,通过模压-气氛烧结的工艺制备了多孔Inconel625合金,并对不同烧结温度下的合金做了形貌表征与性能评价。结果表明,在1240℃烧结温度下合金烧结颈发育良好,孔隙球化率高,此时透气度满足服役性能需求,可作为高温气液过滤材料使用,该温度下合金剪切性能达到最优,最大剪切力为51.0KN,也为后续进一步的研究提供了参考依据。     

激光成形修复Inconel 625合金的工艺特性和组织研究

对激光成形修复Inconel 625合金的工艺特性以及不同区域的组织进行了研究。结果表明:激光成形修复Inconed625合金的工艺范围较宽;激光功率主要影响单道修复层的宽度;扫描速度对单道修复层的尺寸影响较为显著,而送粉率的影响较小。基材的相组成包括γ(Ni-Cr)基体相、大尺寸(约10μm)块状MC型碳化物(M为Nb和Ti)、沿晶界析出的小尺寸(约0.5μm)块状MC型碳化物以及不规则形状的Laves相。修复区组织为呈外延生长的柱状枝晶,相组成为γ基体相、沿枝晶界析出的Laves相以及少量MC型碳化物。层与层界面处Laves相析出急剧增加形成层间过渡区。     

Inconel 625合金组织的EBSD分析方法探讨

电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术自20世纪80年代开始发展以来,在材料研究中得到了大规模的应用,并在晶粒取向、应变研究、晶粒度测定、物相鉴定、再结晶、失效机理分析等方面发挥了重要的作用[1-5].EBSD以入射电子束作为单色波照射在试样上形成的背散射电子作为点源,与试样表层的晶格发生布拉格衍射现象,其衍射束被照相底片交截...     

Das Korrosionsverhalten von Eisen and Stahl in flüssigem Ammoniak

Corrosion behaviour of iron and steel in liquid ammonia Polarization curves were measured with iron in liquid ammonia containing various electrolytes of different acidities at - 40°C and + 20°C. The dissolution rate of iron by formation of iron(II) is independent of the electrolyte composition and follows a Tafel-line of the slope RT/2.0.4 F. At positive potentials iron becomes passive. The steady state current densities are nearly independent of the electrode potential and grow with acid concentration and temperature. At very positive electrode potentials the current densities again increase exponentially with the potential. The current efficiencies for nitrogen evolution and iron(III) dissolution are of equal magnitude. Iron oxidized in air exhibits an electrochemical behavior distinctly different from the one of iron passivated in liquid ammonia. Very probably the passivating layer is composed of iron nitride with a thickness of the order of nm. Passive steel FG 32 in the soft state after heat treatment corrodes at about the same rate as pure iron, but approximately 8 times faster in the cold worked state.     

Inconel625等离子弧焊接头组织与接头性能研究

对4 mm镍基高温合金Inconel625薄板进行等离子弧焊实验,对比研究了3种不同焊接热输入下焊接接头各部分的微观组织、接头力学性能、断口形貌以及母材和焊缝的高温腐蚀行为。结果表明Inconel625等离子焊接接头组织是由母材的奥氏体等轴晶、焊缝融合线附近的胞状晶以及焊缝中心的树枝晶组成;在焊缝处有大量的碳化物和少量Laves相析出,使得焊接接头力学性能降低,韧性下降,焊缝成为接头薄弱环节;在焊接热输入为10.175 kJ/cm时接头力学性能最优,抗拉强度为765.3MPa,与母材的785.4MPa相当,延伸率为31.9%,相较于母材的42.8%有所下降,试样断裂方式为发生在焊缝处的韧性断裂;母材和焊缝金属在750℃下24 h熔盐腐蚀后腐蚀产物基本相同,主要为外层颗粒状NiO和Cr₂O₃以及NiCr₂O₄腐蚀层。     

Flow Behavior and Microstructures of Inconel 625 Superalloy at the Elevated Temperature

The deformation behavior of Inconel 625 superalloy was investigated by means of hot compression tests. The flow stress curves were obtained in the temperature and strain rate ranges of 950-1200 ℃ and 0.01-10 s-1, respectively. Optical microscopy was used to evaluate the microstructural evolution of the alloy under different conditions examined. The results show that the flow stress decreases with decreasing strain rate and increasing temperature, and the activation energy is about 654.502 kJ/mol. Microstructure observations show that with increasing temperature, the sizes and volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains increase. The strain has no remarkably effect on the sizes of DRX grains, but with increasing strain the volume fraction of DRX grains increases. During hot compression of Inconel 625 superalloy at elevated temperature, the occurrence of DRX was the main softening mechanism. The DRX mechanism of Inconel 625 superalloy can be mainly attributed to the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX).     

Hot Corrosion Behavior of Inconel 625 Superalloy in Eutectic Molten Nitrate Salts

Corrosion resistance of Inconel 625 Ni-based superalloy was studied in a molten nitrate salt consisting of 40 KNO₃–60 NaNO₃ (wt%) at 500 and 600 °C. Open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and gravimetric tests were used to evaluate the degradation mechanism and corrosion behavior of the alloy. Surface morphology and chemical analysis of corrosion products were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The weight-loss curves showed that with the increase in temperature, the oxidation rate and mass gain increased; the relationship between the mass gain and time was close to the parabolic oxidation law. The electrochemical corrosion results confirmed that during the exposure of Inconel 625 alloy to the molten salts, nickel dissolves as a result of non-protective NiO layer formed. The formation of a non-protective oxide layer with low barrier property was responsible for observing the weak corrosion resistance of the alloy at high temperatures (500 and 600 °C). Cyclic polarization tests showed a positive hysteresis confirming the nucleation and growth of stable pits on the surface of Inconel 625 at high anodic overpotentials. Sodium nitrite acts as an efficient pitting inhibitor for this case. In this way, the sodium nitrite with the concentration of 0.1 molal was found to have an optimum inhibition effect on pit nucleation at 600 °C.     

The Effect of Deformation Substructure on the High-Temperature Oxidation of Inconel 625

The high-temperature, isothermal-oxidation behavior of a superalloy was studied in the as-rolled and deformed conditions. The microstructural changes occurring during the oxidation of samples were examined using optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fine-probe EDS microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The topography of the oxide layers formed in the as-rolled and cold-deformed specimens exposed at various temperatures and time intervals is also examined. The kinetics and microstructural results are presented for the comparative study of the structural changes occurring during high-temperature oxidation. It was found that a Cr₂O₃ external layer was adherent and uniform on the rolled specimens in comparison to the scattered and preferential oxide developed on the deformed specimens. The latter can be attributed to the concurrent dynamic changes occurring in the deformed substructure that subsequently lead to breaking and spallation of the oxide.     

High-temperature deformation behavior and processing map of the as-cast Inconel 625 alloy

A short process of Inconel 625 alloy tube was developed to solve the problems of the traditional extrusion process, and particular attention was paid on the hot deformation behavior of the as-cast Inconel 625 alloy. The hot compression experiments were performed to study the hot deformation behavior of Inconel 625 in the temperature range of 900–1200 °C and strain rate range of0.01–10.00 s~(-1) by Gleeble-3500. The hot compressed microstructure was examined to study the effects of temperature and strain rate on the microstructural characteristic by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD). The results show that the processing maps were greatly influenced by the temperature rather than the strain rate. It is found that with the strain increasing, the instability zone gradually turned to the low-temperature and low strain rate area,while the range of high-temperature instability area shrank.The optimum condition of the as-cast Inconel 625 alloy was determined as high strain rate region(temperature of1100–1200 °C, strain rate of 1.00–10.00 s~(-1)) with the dissipation efficiency of above 0.28. As illustrated by microstructural characteristic of EBSD analysis, the perfect dynamic recrystallization occurred and fine grain structure was obtained under this deformation conditions.