重组猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂发酵条件优化

在获得含高拷贝猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂基因的重组菌株GS115基础上,通过分析甘油加入量、甲醇添加量、山梨醇与甲醇添加比例、诱导初始p H、诱导时间、培养基类型对重组猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂(kw PMEI1)表达量的影响,优化了摇瓶发酵条件。结果表明:甘油加入量3%(v/v)、甲醇添加量1%(v/v)、山梨醇溶液(100%,w/v)和甲醇(分析纯)以体积比为1∶1的比例添加、p H5.5、在BMMY培养基中诱导表达5 d为最佳条件。该重组蛋白kw PMEI1的表达量最高可达700.302 mg/L。      

重组猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂的抑制活性研究

猕猴桃的果胶甲酯酶抑制剂可有效抑制不同种类植物的果胶甲酯酶活性。主要研究在巴斯德毕赤酵母中成功表达的重组猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂(被命名为kWPMEI)的抑制活性。通过研究发现,kWPMEI对桔子果胶甲酯酶的抑制活性最强,其次是胡萝卜,最弱的是番茄。同时kWPMEI对上述三种植物果胶甲酯酶的抑制活性受环境温度和pH的影响比较显著。     

超高压与重组果胶甲酯酶抑制剂联合应用对鲜榨橙汁果胶甲酯酶活性及品质的影响

为了探究超高压与重组果胶甲酯酶抑制剂(recombinant pectin methylesterase inhibitor,rPMEI)联合处理对鲜榨橙汁中果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase,PME)活性及品质的影响,研究了超高压(400、500和600 MPa,5 min,20 ℃)与重组果胶甲酯酶抑制剂对橙汁微生物、PME酶活、色泽和V_C含量的影响。结果表明:超高压处理条件为500 MPa/5 min,rPMEI添加浓度为0.06 mg/mL时,橙汁中的菌落总数、霉菌与酵母菌数均能达到农业行业标准《NY/T 434-2016绿色食品、果蔬汁饮料》所规定的要求,同时PME被完全钝化;橙汁色泽变化显著小于热处理组(ΔE^*=1.22<2.26);V_C保留率为85.1%,显著高于热处理组(保留率=8.33%)。     

重组猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂发酵条件优化

在获得含高拷贝猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂基因的重组菌株GS115基础上,通过分析甘油加入量、甲醇添加量、山梨醇与甲醇添加比例、诱导初始p H、诱导时间、培养基类型对重组猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂(kw PMEI1)表达量的影响,优化了摇瓶发酵条件。结果表明:甘油加入量3%(v/v)、甲醇添加量1%(v/v)、山梨醇溶液(100%,w/v)和甲醇(分析纯)以体积比为1∶1的比例添加、p H5.5、在BMMY培养基中诱导表达5 d为最佳条件。该重组蛋白kw PMEI1的表达量最高可达700.302 mg/L。     

用GAP启动子在毕赤酵母中组成型表达重组 猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂

目的构建组成型表达重组猕猴桃果胶甲酯酶抑制剂(kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor, kwPMEI)的毕赤酵母(P．pastoris)GS115工程菌株,探索碳源(葡萄糖、甘油、甲醇)对重组菌表达kwPMEI的影响,纯化kwPMEI并鉴定其对番茄果胶酶的抑制活性。方法应用PCR方法从P．pastoris GS115染色体中扩增了三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶启动子(pGAP),以其取代诱导型表达载体pPIC9K-kwPMEI上的醇氧化酶启动子(pAOX1),构建了组成型表达载体pGAP9K-kwPMEI,并转化至GS115中。用Tricine-SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析目的蛋白表达情况,镍柱亲和层析纯化目的蛋白,并用凝胶扩散方法鉴定其抑制活性。结果重组毕赤酵母工程菌株成功组成型表达了kwPMEI,48h即达到最大表达水平,表达量约为66 mg/L。并且以甘油为碳源时kwPMEI表达量最高。成功分离纯化了kwPMEI,并经凝胶扩散方法检测表明其具有抑制活性。结论成功构建了组成型分泌表达kwPMEI的毕赤酵母菌株,为kwPMEI在果蔬汁中的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

果胶甲酯酶抑制剂的研究进展

果胶甲酯酶是植物细胞壁代谢过程中一个重要的酶,参与植物的许多生理过程.果胶甲酯酶的活性调控是非常复杂的过程,在猕猴桃果实中发现了一个对果胶甲酯酶有抑制作用的蛋白,命名为果胶甲酯酶抑制剂,揭示果胶甲酯酶活性调控还存在其他机理.果胶甲酯酶抑制剂在果蔬汁加工业中具有广阔应用前景.综述果胶甲酯酶抑制剂的研究进展,同时对果胶甲酯酶做简要介绍.     

高产高纯度果胶甲酯酶黑曲霉工程菌的构建

为获得一株高产高纯度的果胶甲酯酶的黑曲霉工程菌,提高果胶甲酯酶的产量,从果胶酶生产菌种中克隆了果胶甲酯酶基因pmeA,通过同源重组的原理,冻融法转化农杆菌、农杆菌介导法转化黑曲霉方法,成功构建了分泌表达果胶甲酯酶的纯合重组菌株TH-2（glaA::pmeA）。基本发酵培养基中发酵第9 d上清中最高酶活达到467.77 U/mL。进一步敲除重组菌株TH-2（glaA::pmeA）中背景蛋白酸稳定的α-淀粉酶的编码基因asaA,获得纯合重组菌株TH-2（glaA::pmeA?pyrG?asaA）。该菌株在添加1%的硫酸铵的发酵培养基中培养7 d后,发酵液上清中主要的背景蛋白均消失。但是与纯合重组菌株TH-2（glaA::pmeA）相比,果胶甲酯酶表达量有所下降,最高酶活为255.40 U/mL。重组果胶甲酯酶的最适作用温度为50 ℃,适合的温度范围是40~80 ℃,在80 ℃下仍能维持其酶活性的70%以上,适合的pH范围是3.0~5.0,最适pH为4.0。最终获得了一株温度和pH作用范围较宽的高产高纯度果胶甲酯酶的黑曲霉工程菌。     

果胶甲酯化修饰与果实质地变化研究进展

甲酯化修饰发生在果胶主链的自由羧基,与果实质地变化密切相关。近年来,基于模式植物的研究揭示:果胶甲酯化修饰在植物生长发育和抗逆等生物学途径中具有关键调控作用,然而,果胶甲酯化修饰在果实领域的研究尚处于起步阶段。本文从果胶甲酯化修饰的概况、研究方法、生物学功能,与果实质地变化的关系及调控机制5个方面综述果胶甲酯化修饰与果实质地变化的研究进展,旨在为相关研究提供参考。     

果胶酯酶的发酵培养基及培养条件优化

为提高果胶酯酶的产量,以果胶酯酶活力与生物量为指标,对塔宾曲霉CICC 2651产果胶酯酶的发酵培养基和培养条件进行了研究,通过单因素实验得到最优培养基和培养条件为:硫酸铵0.5%,果胶3%,Na₂SO₄ 0.04%,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.04%,K₂HPO₄ 0.2%,培养温度30 ℃,初始pH为4.5,接种量5%,装液量40 mL。在优化工艺条件下,果胶酯酶活力达到1.53±0.09 U/mL,比初始条件提高了77.9%。通过发酵培养基和培养条件优化,塔宾曲霉CICC 2651发酵产果胶酯酶的能力大幅度提高。     

黑曲霉产果胶酯酶发酵条件的研究

比较了黑曲霉(AS3.350)以有机和无机氮为氮源液态发酵制备果胶酯酶的效果,并对有机氮源的液态发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,以有机氮为氮源的发酵效果优于无机氮,黑曲霉(AS3.350)接种量0.3mL(3×103个孢子),转速90r/min,30℃发酵4d时,果胶酯酶活力高达93.4U/mL培养基。     

Plant pectin methylesterase and its inhibitor from kiwi fruit: Interaction analysis by surface plasmon resonance

Two surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based interaction analysis methods were successfully implemented to explore the binding between plant PME and kiwi PMEI. In a first method, plant PMEs were immobilised on a chip surface via amine coupling. This experimental setup allowed studying the effect of pH and ionic strength on the PME–PMEI interaction kinetics. Strong binding was obtained at pH < 7 and at low salt concentrations, whereas both pH ? 8 and [NaCl] of ca. 1.0 M effectively caused dissociation. In a second method, kiwi PMEI was immobilised on a chip surface to which streptavidin had been covalently attached. Hereto, PMEI was biotinylated by means of a NHS-biotin reagent. With this immobilisation strategy, the effect of (partial) thermal or high pressure-induced denaturation of PME on its affinity towards PMEI was investigated. A notable degree of enzyme inactivation was required before interaction characteristics were significantly altered. Any incomplete inactivation of PME resulted in binding to the PMEI surface.     

Carrot pectin methylesterase and its inhibitor from kiwi fruit: Study of activity, stability and inhibition

Carrot pectin methylesterase (PME) and its inhibitor (PMEI) from kiwi fruit were successfully purified by affinity chromatography. Enzyme and inhibitor activity and stability and PME–PMEI complex formation, as influenced by intrinsic product factors (pH and NaCl) and extrinsic process factors (temperature and pressure), were studied. The effect of temperature- or pressure-induced denaturation of PME and PMEI on their respective activities was assessed by estimating inactivation kinetic parameters. PME inactivation obeyed first-order kinetics. The enzyme was rather heat-labile but pressure-stable. PMEI inactivation was best described by a model taking into account a processing-stable PMEI intermediate. The behavior of PME and the PME–PMEI complex at elevated temperature or pressure in the presence of pectin was explored by following methanol formation as a function of treatment time. PME catalytic activity was stimulated up to a certain temperature or pressure level before declining. No conclusive evidence was obtained for a temperature-induced dissociation of the PME–PMEI complex, whereas high pressure exposure caused the complex to separate.

Industrial relevance

PME activity control is a major point of interest in the quest of obtaining high quality plant-derived food products. The current study demonstrates that both traditional thermal processing and novel high hydrostatic pressure processing allow stimulation as well as inactivation of PME and, hence, directing the PME-catalyzed pectin hydrolysis. An alternative or additional approach to control endogenous PME activity (e.g. to obtain cloud-stable juices) is through enzyme inhibition using kiwi PMEI. In this context, pH and NaCl boundaries for application were established, the existence of a temperature- and pressure-stable PMEI intermediate was shown and the PME–PMEI complex was proven not to be dissociated at mild temperature and pressure levels. These observations endorse the possibility of inhibiting undesirable PME activity remaining after mild processing.     

Constitutive expression,purification and characterisation of pectin methylesterase from Aspergillus niger in Pichia pastoris for potential application in the fruit juice industry

BACKGROUND: Pectin methylesterase (PME) catalyses the hydrolysis of the methyl ester of pectin, yielding free carboxyl groups and methanol. PME is widely used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. RESULTS: PME from Aspergillus niger was constitutively expressed to a high level in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombinant PME was purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange chromatography, giving an overall yield of 28.0%. It appeared as a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with a molecular mass of about 45 kDa. Optimal activity of the enzyme occurred at a temperature of 50 °C and a pH of 4.7. The K_m, V_max and k_cat values of the enzyme with respect to pectin were 8.6 mmol L^?1 [ ], 1.376 mmol min^?1 mg^?1 and 8.26 × 10² s^?1 respectively. Cations such as K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Co²⁺ slightly inhibited its activity, whereas Na⁺ had no effect. CONCLUSION: PME from A. niger was constitutively expressed to a high level in P. pastoris without methanol induction. The recombinant PME was purified and characterised and shown to be a good candidate for potential application in the fruit juice industry. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

果胶甲酯酶对番茄丁品质的改善作用分析

选用番茄为原料,探讨了果胶甲酯酶和外源钙离子对番茄丁硬度的影响,并在此条件下考察了果胶甲酯酶、氯化钙、乳酸钙分别单独处理以及果胶甲酯酶分别结合氯化钙、乳酸钙处理对番茄丁弹性、硬度、胶着性和咀嚼度的影响。结果表明:果胶甲酯酶结合氯化钙处理对番茄丁硬化效果最为显著,在添加0.3‰果胶甲酯酶、2‰氯化钙(以番茄丁质量计)时,番茄丁硬化效果最优。相较于对照组番茄丁硬度提高了2倍;其咀嚼度和胶着性也得到了明显的改善。      

Inhibition of tomato pectin methylesterase by partially purified kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein

The inhibition of tomato pectin methylesterase (PME) by a recently discovered kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) is described. PME was consequently purified by CM Sephadex C-50, Concanavalin A-Sepharose 4 B and Mono S chromatography, and PMEI by Q-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. Inhibition of tomato PME activity under optimal conditions (0.125 m NaCl, pH 7.5) by partially purified kiwi PMEI (MW of 27 kD, pI ≥ 3.67) was independent of the PMEI/PME ratio between 36 and 61% of the maximal uninhibited activity. the non-competitive inhibition observed was optimal in the pH range of 5 to 7. PMEI was inactivated by heating to 120°C, and showed actinidin-like activity towards N-α-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine p -nitrophenyl ester (CBZ-lys-ONp) and azocasein which was partially inhibited by the protease inhibitor leupeptin.     

Texture improvement of fermented minced pepper under vacuum impregnation with pectin methylesterase and CaCl2 during fermentation

Fermented minced pepper (FMP) usually suffers from the deterioration of texture quality during fermentation, which can affect sensory and consumer acceptance. In this study, vacuum impregnation (VI) with CaCl₂, pectin methylesterase (PME) and CaCl₂ and PME (PME + CaCl₂ + VI) were compared to improve the texture quality of FMP. FMP treated with PME + CaCl₂ + VI showed the relatively intact cells structure after fermentation. In that case, its firmness maintained high level, while water-soluble pectin (WSP) content was minimum after fermentation. Meanwhile, the molar ratio of most monosaccharides of WSP in PME + CaCl₂ + VI treated FMP decreased, while rhamnose (Rha) molar ratio significantly (p < 0.05) increased after fermentation. The high Rha content represents the stability of rhamnogalacturonan-I linear skeleton of WSP. The negative effect on molecular weight of WSP was delayed by PME + CaCl₂ + VI treatment, and its peak area and value increased after fermentation. Atomic force microscope images indicated that PME + CaCl₂ + VI treatment could retain the long chain and branch structures, and inhibit the degradation of WSP net-like structure at some extent. Hence, PME + CaCl₂ + VI treatment was effective to improve the texture of FMP and inhibit the solubilisation of WSP via the formation of cross-linked pectin chains between Ca²⁺ and demethylesterified pectin.     

Inactivation kinetics of pectin methylesterase in orange juice as a function of pH and temperature/time process conditions

Pasteurisation of orange juice (OJ) is necessary to prevent spoilage due to microorganisms and enzymes, mainly pectin methylesterase (PME). PME has a higher thermal resistance than the bacteria and yeasts existing in OJ and therefore its inactivation is used as a parameter to define the time/temperature combination of the thermal process. The enzyme has isoforms with different activities and thermal resistances. A three‐parameter model can be used to describe the kinetics of PME inactivation, where the more and less thermally resistant fractions are represented. In this study the thermal inactivation kinetics was evaluated at six pH values (3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0 and 4.1), three minimal temperatures (82.5, 85.0 and 87.5 °C) and at least six holding times for each condition. It was found that the thermolabile PME fraction (a) was influenced by pH and processing temperature. A slower reaction rate constant (k₁) was found for juices with pH values of 3.8 and 3.9 at the studied temperatures. The highest inactivation levels were obtained in juices with pH values of 3.6 and 3.7. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry