Analytical solution of stresses and material birefringence inoptical fibers with noncircular cladding

An analytical method for the calculation of thermal stress in polarization-maintaining optical fibers is presented. The method is based on the thermoelastic potential and is appropriate for structures with a noncircular stress-cladding boundary. The analytical solution is compared with the results of the finite element method (FEM) for the case of an elliptical boundary     

“一”字型保偏光纤热应力致双折射分析

采用实验观测与理论模拟相结合的方法对“一”字型保偏光纤进行了研究。对保偏光纤的应力区与芯区的形状进行了观测,获得了它们的实际几何形状。在此基础上运用有限元方法分析了“一”字型保偏光纤内的热应力分布,解释了光纤芯区形变的原因,得到了由于热应力引起的光纤横截面的双折射的分布,并与相同应力区厚度的熊猫型保偏光纤进行了对比。实验结果表明,“一”字型保偏光纤采用熊猫型保偏光纤1/5的应力区面积便能获得较高的应力双折射。同时,通过研究径向压应力与温度变化对“一”字型保偏光纤应力双折射的影响,得到了光纤能稳定工作的压应力与温度环境。     

Analytic solution for the birefringence produced by thermal stress in polarization-maintaining optical fibers

Polarization-maintaining optical fibers are usually made by inducing a large anisotropic thermal stress in the core so that it appears highly birefringent. A simple analytic solution has been found for the birefringence in terms of the cross-sectional distribution of the high-expansion material used to create the thermal stress. The analysis is able to predict optimal structures which efficiently utilize the available stress and thus maximize the birefringence. It is shown that the optimum structure has a cross-sectional geometry resembling a bow-tie. Design rules are given whereby the dimensions may be chosen and these are verified in a simple experiment.     

磁光调制法双折射光纤拍长测试技术研究

研究了光纤拍长磁光调制法测试系统中,对于给定的磁隙宽度和磁场强度,起偏方式与检偏方式对拍长测试灵敏度的影响.通过理论分析与实验研究,发现有三种测试方式均能得到最大灵敏度:1) 入射线偏振光的偏振方向与光纤双折射主轴夹角θ为0°或90°,同时Wollaston棱镜的两个检偏主轴与保偏光纤的双折射主轴夹角γ为45°;2) 入射线偏振光θ= 45°,同时γ=0°或90°;3) 入射光为圆偏振光,同时γ=0°或90°.三种情况下的测试灵敏度基本相等,但是第三种实验方式不需要在入射端精确定位光纤的双折射主轴方向,简化了实验过程,并可避免角度调节所引入的测量误差.理论分析与实验数据基本一致.     

高性能三维全保偏光纤矢量水听器研制

研制了高性能的三维光纤矢量听水器,采用全保偏光纤结构消除偏振不稳定性影响、光频调制相位载波（PGc）技术消除随机相位漂移,实现了探测单元的全光化。优化结构设计,采用薄壁空心刚性圆柱结构作为弹性柱体,大大拓展了光纤矢量水听器的工作频带,同时保证了水听器探测灵敏度。经权威机构检测,该光纤矢量水听器的工作频带为20～2000...     

Bending-induced birefringence of optical fiber cladding modes

The bend-induced lateral stresses that generate birefringence in an optical fiber are analytically determined throughout the fiber cross section. This stress profile is used to determine the birefringence of a cladding mode in a single-mode fiber. The result demonstrates that the birefringence of cladding modes may be much smaller than that of the core mode and knowledge of the mode profile and stress distribution is necessary for an accurate prediction.     

Modal birefringence measurements of polarization-maintaining single-mode fibers without and with stretching by optical heterodyne interferometry

Precision measurements of modal birefringence in polarization-maintaining single-mode fibers and its stretch-dependence are described. An orthogonally polarized two-frequency laser beam is launched into some length of a fiber in accordance with the principal axes of the fiber. After a passage through the fiber, its optical heterodyne detection processes are made to produce a beat-photocurrent signal whose phase is linear to modal birefringence. The modal birefringence is accurately measured by detecting the phase change of the beat signal resulting from a short cut of the fiber. The stretch-dependent change in modal birefringence is also examined in detail and is recognized to be in proportion to the longitudinal strain of the fiber.     

Phase sensitivity of polarization-maintaining optical fiber used as temperature sensor

A method is given to calculate the thermal stress distributions in coated polarization-maintaining fibers. From the stresses, the phase sensitivities of these fibers are calculated. It is found that polarization-maintaining fibers do not offer any significant increase in phase sensitivity over conventional fiber. Coating with Silicone resin tends to reduce the sensitivity while the glass substrate (start tube) with higher thermal expansion coefficient than that of the cladding increases the sensitivity.     

Stress-induced birefringence of side-tunnel type polarization-maintaining fibers

Stress-induced birefringence of side-tunnel type polarization-maintaining optical fibers is presented. After checking the accuracy of finite-element calculations, the thermal stress analyses of various side-tunnel fibers are performed and the relation between the fiber parameters and the stress-induced birefringence is systematically investigated compared with the geometrical birefringence. As a result, it is found that for some cross-sectional shape, the stress-induced birefringence is more dominant than the geometrical one even in the side-tunnel fibers. We also investigate in detail the axial refractive-index and the axial stress of the fiber and compare them with those of ordinary step-index circular fibers.     

计算保偏光纤中应力双折射的微元算法

本文研究了计算保偏光纤中应力双折射特性的微元算法,对其计算值进行了理论验证。微元算法可计算以往理论方法无法讨论了非理想保偏光纤中的应力双折射。此算法的计算结果可应用于保偏光纤制造时的工艺设计,以及保偏光纤定轴时的偏差量修正等。文中给出了应用实例。     

Low loss fusion splicing polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber and conventional polarization-maintaining fiber

An efficient and simple method of fusion splicing of a Polarization-Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fiber (PM-PCF) and a conventional Polarization-Maintaining Fiber (PMF) with a low loss of 0.65 dB in experiment is reported. The minimum bending diameter of the joint can reach 2 cm. Theoretical calculation of the splicing loss based on mode field diameters (MFDs) mismatch of the two kinds of fibers is given. All parameters affected the splicing loss were studied.     

Radiation resistant optical fiber with a high birefringence

A radiation resistant optical fiber with a high birefringence is fabricated on the basis of nitrogen-doped silica glass using the PANDA technology and studied. The loss in this fiber for an absorbed @[gamma]-radiation dose of 2–10 kGy does not exceed 5–10 dB/km, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of standard telecommunication fibers with a germanium silicate core.     

High-resolution measurement of birefringence profiles instress-induced polarization-maintaining fibers

A novel technique for measuring the local refractive-index anisotropy in stress-induced polarization-maintaining fibers is presented. This technique is an extension of the well-known refracted near-field method for high-resolution measurement of refractive-index profiles. The application of this technique to two different types of fiber reveals birefringence profiles as well as differential stress profiles. Calculated birefringent profiles determined by means of a finite-element method are in good agreement with measured ones. Interferometrically measured modal birefringence verified corresponding data obtained from birefringence profiles     

双折射对孤子传输的影响及其相互作用控制

利用对称分步傅里叶法,数值研究了双折射光纤中孤子的传输特性,分析了孤子脉冲的入射偏振角为30°时两偏振分量群速度失配对孤子传输产生的影响。结果表明,光纤的双折射大小影响着脉冲峰值对时间的漂移程度,双折射越大,峰值漂移越多。如果光纤的双折射具有随机性,峰值漂移被修正,孤子传输的两偏振分量脉冲强度会随着传输距离有强弱不规则的变化,但是两偏振分量的强度变化互相补充,合成强度没有太大的变化,孤子能够稳定的传输。非线性增益可以有效地抑制随机双折射对孤子传输相互作用的影响,使得原本会产生交叠走离的相邻孤子传输不偏离原来的时间槽,实现了对偏振模色散良好的控制作用。     

光纤双折射和耦合器偏振性对环形腔的影响

本文应用琼 斯矩阵分析了光纤的线性双折射和耦合器的偏振性对光纤环形腔特性的影响,光纤的线性双白射和耦合器的偏振性使普通单模光纤环形腔带阻输出特性中的谐振峰分裂为两组,相应的谐振频率发生偏移,偏移量正比于双折射的大小和耦合器的偏振参数。两组谐振峰的相对幅度取决于输入偏振态。调整输入偏振态为Ｘ、Ｙ两线偏振态之一时,就仅出现一组谐振峰。环形腔的精细度与光纤的线性双折射无关,但爱耦合器偏振性的影响。     

Observation of polarization property in near-field optical imaging by a polarization-maintaining fiber probe

We fabricated an original near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) fiber probe made of polarization-maintaining and attenuation-reducing (PANDA)-type polarization-maintaining optical fiber, and observed the polarization property of propagation light in a polymer optical waveguide. The distribution of the transmission coefficient in polarization angles through this NSOM probe showed that the linear polarization is maintained in the two crossing directions: the fast and slow axes. The polarization degree parallel to the slow axis decreases from 1000:1 to 2:1 by bending the fiber probe and the decrease is independent of the bending direction. Using this PANDA-type NSOM probe, we investigated the polarization property of periodic intensity modulation. It was found that the intensity modulation was observed clearly with the electric vector parallel to the radius direction of the waveguide, but was observed vaguely with the electric vector perpendicular to the radius direction.     

领结型和椭圆型保偏光纤的应力和模式分析

应用有限元方法对领结型和椭圆型保偏光纤的热应力双折射特性和模式双折射进行了分析,给出了这两种保偏光纤的应力和双折射分布规律.对领结型保偏光纤,研究了纤芯的双折射和模式双折射随着应力区离纤芯距离的变化规律;对椭圆型保偏光纤,研究了纤芯的应力双折射和模式双折射随包层椭圆度的变化规律;分析了光纤应力区结构对纤芯双折射大小和均匀性的影响,并将应力诱导双折射与模式理论计算结果进行了比较.     

高双折射光纤双折射温度特性新型测量方法研究

根据高双折射光纤Sagnac环镜的透射谱函数推导出其峰值波长与双折射的关系,通过测量峰值波长随温度的漂移量推算出高双折射光纤双折射的温度系数,从而提出了一种测量高双折射光纤双折射随温度系数的新方法.本文设计的方法结构简单,易于操作,只需要搭建一个简单的Sagnac环镜而无需其它特殊的装置,与写制光栅的方法相比简化了测量的复杂度和降低了设计成本,具有设计灵活和应用广泛的优点.     

Annealing of linear birefringence in single-mode fiber coils:application to optical fiber current sensors

Annealing procedures that greatly reduce linear birefringence in single-mode fiber coils are described. These procedures have been successfully applied to coils ranging from 5 mm to 10 cm in diameter and up to 200 or more turns. They involve temperature cycles that last 3-4 days and reach maximum temperatures of about 850°C. The residual birefringence and induced loss, are minimized by proper selection of fiber. The primary application of these coils is optical fiber current sensors, where they yield small sensors that are more stable than those achieved by other techniques. A current sensor with a temperature stability of +8.4×10^-5/K over the range from -75 to +145°C has been demonstrated. This is approximately 20% greater than the temperature dependence of the Verdet constant. Packaging degrades the stability, but a packaged sensor coil with a temperature stability of about +1.6+10^-4/K over the range from -20 to +120°C has also been demonstrated     

基于高双折射光纤环镜的可调谐光滤波器

为了得到具有全光纤结构和中心波长可调谐的光滤波器,采用3阶高双折射光纤环镜,提出了一种电磁力的悬臂调谐单元构成的新型可调谐光滤波器,对环镜传输过程和悬臂调谐单元原理进行了理论分析,通过控制悬臂调谐单元的输入电流,实现了滤波器通带的调谐。结果表明,该滤波器具有调谐灵活、输出光谱精细等特点,可应用于不同波长光波的选频输出。