黑曲霉发酵液中有机酸的分析及对植物线虫的影响

利用酸碱滴定法和反相高效液相色谱法对黑曲霉发酵液中的有机酸进行了定性、定量分析.通过试验得出发酵液中总酸含量以草酸计为20.79 g/L.含有主要的有机酸为草酸,含量为18.8 g/L.与发酵液具有相同pH值的草酸溶液对甘薯茎线虫和南方根结线虫的平均致死率为45%和62%,与发酵液的86%与69%相比有显著差异.     

褐煤与水稻秸秆共降解增产甲烷机理研究

以褐煤与水稻秸秆共降解为研究对象，采用高通量测序、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、核磁共振碳谱(¹³C-NMR)分析了共降解对甲烷生成过程中微生物菌群、中间代谢产物、煤与秸秆结构等的影响规律，以进一步明晰共降解增产甲烷机理。结果表明：褐煤与水稻秸秆共降解甲烷产量为388.47μmol,比二者单独降解甲烷产量之和高116.53%;共降解作用下，梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)和副梭菌属(Paraclostridium)等纤维素降解菌相对丰度显著增大，有效提高了菌群对煤和秸秆中纤维素及其衍生化合物的降解能力，同时氨氧化古菌活性增强，有利于氮循环；共降解后发酵液中有机酸含量提高，一方面有机酸为甲烷生成提供了充足底物，另一方面有机酸作用于煤结构，提高煤的生物有效性；水稻秸秆纤维素结晶度在共降解后降低幅度增大，使其更容易被水解用于产甲烷；共降解促进了褐煤芳香族化合物的降解，芳碳率下降更多。因此，水稻秸秆作为一种结构简单的碳源，能够诱导、调整甲烷生成中的微生物群落结构，增强煤中芳香碳和纤维素类有机物以及秸秆纤维素的降解，同时促进有机酸生成，...     

低分子量有机酸对难溶性铬的活化作用

本研究选用了甲酸、乙酸、乳酸、草酸、苹果酸、马来酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸对土壤中的难溶性铬进行活化。同时,用这9种低分子量有机酸对三氧化二铬(Cr_2O_3)和铬酸铅(PbCrO_4)进行活化模拟实验。结果表明,这9种低分子量有机酸对难溶性铬都具有一定的活化作用,其中草酸对难溶性铬的活化效果最佳,然而混合有机酸对难溶性铬的活化能力高于各种单一有机酸。相比之下,5 mmol/L的有机酸活化效果优于1 mmol/L的有机酸。各有机酸对土壤中难溶性铬活化能力较弱,活化率较低,可能是因为污染土壤中铬存在形态较为复杂。低分子量有机酸是植物根系分泌物的重要组成部分。研究有机酸对重金属铬的活化效应,对于植物土壤修复技术的发展具有重要意义。     

两种低分子量有机酸及EDTA修复土壤中重金属Pb的研究

采用模拟试验,研究了EDTA和两种低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、酒石酸)对污染土壤中Pb的浸提效果。结果表明:(1)EDTA及两种低分子量有机酸对污染土壤中Pb的活化能力依次为EDTA柠檬酸酒石酸。(2)EDTA及两种低分子量有机酸对Pb的总体活化趋势随浓度的增大而增大,EDTA及酒石酸在30 mmol/L左右的时候趋于平稳,达到最佳,柠檬酸的最佳浓度出现在20~30 mmol/L之间。(3)加入电解质对EDTA、及两种低分子量有机酸对土壤中Pb的浸提效果影响有差异。     

绿色聚合物水处理剂的制备及其应用

水处理剂发展趋势 生产过程向清洁化方向发展；产品由二次污染型向环境友好型方向发展；聚合物分子量由中低分子量向高分子量方向发展。     

蔗渣酶法水解过程的膜分离研究

以直接加热膨胀蔗渣为酶解底物，采用日本Ｙａｋｕｌｔ公司生产的纤维素酶（Ｏｎｏｚｕｋ ＲＳ）进行酶法水解反应，同时开展膜分离实验研究，为该系统优选了膜材料和膜规格，测定了膜分离的有关特性并进行了膜洗涤尝试。实验表明：分割分子量为１．０万的聚醚砜膜对纤维素酶的截留率为１００％；发酵液与膜的吸附对通量的影响不明显，即在发酵液中浸泡过的膜的初始通量与未浸泡过的没多大差别；本实验条件下酶的回收率（以总活性计     

顶空色谱分析判断变压器油裂解故障

本文通过顶空气相色谱对运行变压器绝缘油中低分子量的烷烯炔烃类进行了定性、定量分析，对早期变压器故障进行预测。     

国内化工信息

中低分子量聚异丁烯通过验收 由吉化集团公司研究院承担的国家级火炬计划项目──中低分子量聚异丁烯,于１９９８年８月２７日正式通过专家验收。 聚异丁烯是一种无毒、无味的液体或半固体状的高分子聚合物,具有较强的化学稳定性、耐热性、耐紫外线及气密性,优于其他双烯烃聚合物,广泛应用于润滑油添加剂、建筑材料、电气绝缘材料、粘合剂、密封材料等领域。中低分子量聚异丁烯于１９９７年列入国家级火炬计划项目。吉化研究院于１９９８年１０月建成千吨级规模的生产装置,该装置目前已生产出中、低分子量的各种牌号聚异丁烯及聚合级异…     

物性估算在ASPEN PLUS软件中的应用

利用Aspen Plus软件提供的物性估算功能，计算发酵液中低浓度1,3-丙二醇分离的中间产物2-甲基-1，3-二噁烷（2MD）的物性，从而模拟分离过程，确定工艺条件，得到理想的产物结果。     

超高分子量聚乙烯成型加工及改性

介绍了近些年超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）的成型加工方法，由于UHMWPE熔体粘度极高，成型加工困难，通常采用模压成型，限制了其应用领域；通过综述中低分子量聚乙烯，聚丙烯，液晶聚合物及无机填料等改性UHMWPE所取得的成绩，指出解开UHMWPE的链缠结是改性最核心的问题。     

玉米秸秆厌氧发酵生物制氢流变学性质的研究

主要探讨了发酵液的流变性质对发酵过程的影响.实验结果表明:发酵液为非牛顿型流体,其粘度和密度由细胞浓度和发酵底物有机负荷共同决定.根据剪切和紊流程度对发酵反应的影响,确定此反应的搅拌速率为100 r/min.     

重组类人胶原蛋白的分离纯化

目的 建立重组类人胶原蛋白分离及纯化工艺。方法 将工程菌株E.coli BL21 3.1在L1523型12.8L自控发酵罐中培养14h,发酵菌体经超声破碎、硫酸铵沉淀后,依次经DEAE-52和Sephadex G-100柱层析分离纯化。结果 发酵菌体干重达到71g/L,表达量为菌体蛋白量的29.4％,最终产物纯度达98％,回收率为80.5％,纯化倍数为3.4。结论 纯化的类人胶原蛋白达电泳纯,相对分子质量为90 000,N端序列为NH_2-H-D-P-V-V-L-Q-R-R-D-W-E-N-P-G,均与其因序列设计一致。     

Catalytic ozonation of humic acids with Fe/MgO

Humic acids were degraded by ozone at room temperature in a stirred tank reactor and a fixed bed reactor with Fe/MgO catalysts. Experimental results show that the ozonation with Fe/MgO induced a significant reduction in UV absorbance of humic acids as compared to ozone alone. Fe/MgO was the most efficient catalyst to degrade humic acids in the presence of ozone. GPC (gel permeation chromatography) showed that the humic acids with high molecular weight could be severely decomposed into organic compounds with low molecular weight on the Fe/MgO catalyst, indicating that humic acids could be catalytically decomposed. The continuous reaction experiments with the palletized catalysts supported that humic acids can be removed by catalysis as well as adsorption.     

污泥重金属提取剂浸提效率及经济性比较

污泥中重金属的潜在危害严重影响其处理处置效果,因此本文研究了各种提取剂对污泥重金属的浸提效果,并依据经济可提取指数与浸提效果进行了经济性分析。结果表明,无机酸提取剂对污泥重金属的浸提效果随其pH值升高而降低,H⁺浓度是影响其浸提率的主要因素。低分子量有机酸提取剂对污泥中重金属的浸提效率随其浓度增加而增大,其对3种重金属的提取效率顺序为Zn> Cr> Cu。Zn是最易被提取的重金属,草酸对污泥重金属的浸提效果优于柠檬酸。污泥重金属浸提率与高分子量有机酸提取剂浓度呈正相关,其对3种重金属的提取效率顺序为Zn> Cu> Cr。污泥重金属的浸提一般应优先选用有机酸提取剂,对污泥重金属Zn的提取宜选用柠檬酸和草酸,对污泥重金属Cr和Cu的提取一般应选用柠檬酸和乙二胺四乙酸。     

Correlating the solubility of supercritical gases in high‐molecular weight substances using a density‐dependent equation

Chrastil (1982) established that the solubility of a substance in a supercritical fluid can be correlated with the density of the pure supercritical gas. Recently, the solubility of supercritical fluids in different organic liquids was successfully correlated as a function solely of the supercritical fluid density, since we demonstrated that the supercritical fluid density also defines the solubility of the gas in the liquid phase. In this work, the solubility of supercritical carbon dioxide in high‐molecular weight substances, such as high‐molecular weight paraffins, alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters, has been correlated and constants provided. More than 20 binary systems comprising around 1000 solubility data points were correlated, obtaining regression coefficients greater than 0.96 and confirming the goodness of the density‐dependent equation previously reported. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

Ozonolysis Of Humic Acid And Its Effect On Decoloration And Biodegradability

The objectives of this research were to investigate the reactivity of humic acid (HA) with ozone and to evaluate its effect on decoloration and biodegradability. Reagent HA was selected as a target compound, and the change in overall water quality parameters, molecular weight distribution, color and biodegradability during ozonation were investigated. Partial oxidation such as decoloration was observed, though the complete destruction represented by TOC removal was not significant. The rate of ozone usage decreased as the reaction proceeded. Degradation to the lower molecular weight fragments was confirmed by ultrafiltration. The close relationship between color and fragmentation was verified. Decoloration was represented by a pseudo-first order reaction. Formic, acetic, oxalic and glyoxylic acids were identified by HPLC and ion chromatography as typical low molecular weight organic acids. The biodegradability of ozonated HA solutions, represented in terms of the ratio of BOD₅ to TOC, was improved.     

光化学降解溶解有机物及其对生物过程的影响

溶解有机物对控制海洋和淡水水生系统的化学、生物和物理特性有重要的影响．光化学降解溶解有机物改变了生态体系的溶解有机碳、有机物的分子量及光学特性，并且产生复杂的反应性氧化合物、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、小分子量的有机酸、氨基酸、二硫化碳等，对生物过程有重要的影响．本文简要综述了光化学降解溶解有机物的过程机理及其对生物过程的影响．     

Diffusion Coefficients and Molecular Weight Distributions of Humic and Fulvic Acids Determined by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation

Abstract

The ability to characterize molecules whose physical and chemical properties are intimately linked to their diffusion coefficients and molecular weight is important to further understanding of chemical transport in the environment. Flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) was used to obtain separations of water-soluble macromolecules of varying molecular weight, including polystyrene sulfonates and humic substances. The separation occurs due to differing diffusion rates for chemical species of differing molecular weight in aqueous solution. Flow FFF uses fluid flow as the mechanism of separation. A model that yields liquid phase diffusion coefficients as a function of molecular weight was utilized to determine molecular weights from degree of separation. Separations of polystyrene sulfonates, a humic acid, and two fulvic acids of known molecular weight were accomplished using flow FFF. The separations obtained were used to develop a relationship between flow FFF separation and species molecular weight. Separations were obtained for humic and fulvic acids of unknown molecular weight.     

Separation and Recovery of Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids by Emulsion Liquid Membranes

Abstract

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction of low molecular weight organic acids resulting from whey fermentations was investigated. Rates of removal of lactic, acetic, propionic, and acrylic acids decreased as pH and concentration were increased. An ELM process for selective removal of acrylic acid from acrylic acid-propionic acid mixtures was developed through incorporation of a co-solvent (cyclohexanone) in the membrane phase of the emulsion. Degree of removal for each acid and, hence, selectivity among the acids appears to be determined by the water-membrane phase partition coefficient.     

Effects of Ozonation on Natural Organic Matter Reactivity in Adsorption and Biodegradation Processes – A Case Study: The Úzquiza Reservoir Water

In this paper the influences of preozonation on the effectiveness of NOM adsorption and biodegradation processes are studied. Three different types of water have been used in this study: A natural water from the Úzquiza Reservoir (Burgos, Spain), synthetics waters prepared using natural humic substances (fulvic and humic acids extracted from the Úzquiza Reservoir) and a synthetic water prepared using a commercially supplied humic acid. The effect of preozonation on NOM adsorption by activated carbon is evaluated: adsorption of humic acids (hydrophobic, high molecular weight compounds) is improved following preozonation; however, for the fulvic acids (hydrophilic, low molecular weight compounds), no net appreciable effect of preozonation on adsorption was observed. Preozonation increases the biodegradability of NOM: biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), which was determined using two different bioassays (Billen-Servais method and Joret-Lévi method), increases with increasing ozone dosage. A characterization of humic substances based on their adsorption and biodegradability properties is also reported, showing the effect of ozone.