Texture and texture assessment of thickened fluids and texture‐modified food for dysphagia management

Thickened fluids and texture‐modified foods are commonly used in the medical management of individuals who suffer from swallowing difficulty (known as dysphagia). However, how to reliably assess texture properties of such food systems is still a big challenge both to industry and to academic researchers. This article aims to identify key physical parameters that are important for objective assessment of such properties by reviewing the significance of rheological or textural properties of thickened fluids and texture‐modified foods for swallowing. Literature reviews have identified that dominating textural properties in relation to swallowing could be very different for thickened fluids and for texture‐modified foods. Important parameters of thickened fluids are generally related with the flow of the bolus in the pharyngeal stage, while important parameters of texture‐modified foods are generally related with the bolus preparation in the oral stage as well as the bolus flow in the pharyngeal stage. This review helps to identify key textural parameters of thickened fluids and texture‐modified foods in relation to eating and swallowing and to develop objective measuring techniques for quality control of thickened fluids and texture‐modified foods for dysphagia management.     

Sensory properties of thickened and protein-enriched plant-based frozen desserts

The number of consumers following plant-based diets has increased and in turn, the variety of plant-based foods available on the market has also increased. Many plant-based foods aim to mimic the functionality and sensory properties of conventional dairy products; however, they may not be suitable for specific populations. Dysphagia, for example, is a swallowing condition requiring texture-modified foods that meet specific criteria. While many conventional thickened products exist that are safe for individuals with dysphagia, the growing interest in plant-based eating alongside the increasing prevalence of dysphagia prompts a need for research on the use and safety of thickened plant-based alternatives. This study investigated the sensory properties of a thickened protein-enhanced ice cream (dairy and whey) compared to thickened protein-enhanced plant-based frozen desserts (cashew and pea, and coconut and pea). The formulations were evaluated using the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization (IDDSI) Spoon Tilt Test and a sensory trial (n = 104 participants, 47 flexitarians and 57 typical consumers) using static (hedonic scales and check-all-that-apply [CATA]), and dynamic (temporal check-all-that-apply (TCATA)) methods. The dairy and whey sample consistently passed the IDDSI test, while the plant-based samples did not. TCATA identified that the plant-based samples had an increased cohesiveness and adhesiveness, and decreased slipperiness when compared to the dairy and whey sample. The differences in textural properties may explain why the plant-based samples did not pass the IDDSI test. The study identified that although plant-based foods strive to mimic conventional dairy products, they have different textural and flavor properties.     

Comparison of 3D printed and molded carrots produced with gelatin,guar gum and xanthan gum

This study examined the effects of different hydrocolloids (guar gum, xanthan gum and gelatin) on the sensory and textural properties of pureed carrots. There were eight products involved in the study; 3D printed carrots and molded carrots without the addition of gums and with guar gum, xanthan gum and gelatin. All products were evaluated using trained panelists (n = 12) and underwent a texture profile analysis. No significant differences were found between the molded and 3D printed pureed carrots; instead, the samples were grouped based on the gum used in their production. The samples made with gelatin and xanthan gum were the hardest (texture profile analysis) and the densest samples when evaluated by the trained panelists. The 3D printing did not affect the taste properties of the pureed carrots, as they were evaluated to be similar to that of the molded carrots (p > .05). This study demonstrated that 3D printing did not affect the textural and sensory properties of pureed carrots when compared to molded carrots. However, changes in the printing parameters (infill percentage, nozzle diameter, flow rate, nozzle height) need to be evaluated to determine their effect on the sensory properties of 3D printed pureed carrots.     

Sensory properties of thickened tomato soup enhanced with different sources of protein (whey,soy, hemp,and pea)

Thickened soup formulations were created with different proteins (hemp, soy, pea, and whey) to improve protein and fluid intake. The formulations consisted of a control soup, and soups with 6% whey protein, 6% hemp protein, 6% pea protein, and 6% soy protein by volume. The suitability of the samples for those living with dysphagia was evaluated using the international dysphagia diet standardization initiative (IDDSI) spoon tilt test and a sensory trial (51 older adults and 51 younger adults). The sensory trial used nine-point hedonic scales and check-all-that-apply to evaluate the different formulations. The sample with the whey addition was not significantly different than the control in terms of liking of flavor and texture, but it decreased the participants' overall liking. The hemp, pea, and soy decreased overall liking as well as liking of flavor and texture. They were associated with off-flavors, aftertaste, and astringency. The responses from the older and younger adults were compared and significant differences were found in their liking of the texture, with the older adults finding the formulations' texture significantly more acceptable. Overall, the study identified that hemp, pea, and soy did not create acceptable thickened soup formulations and the hemp and pea formulations did not achieve a consistency level that is acceptable for those living with dysphagia.     

Food polysaccharides and roles of rheology and tribology in rational design of thickened liquids for oropharyngeal dysphagia: A review

In today's market environment, an aging society is recognized as one of the megatrends in the world. The demographic change in the world population age structure has driven a huge demand in healthcare products as well as services that include the technological innovation for the health and wellness of the elderly. Dysphagia or swallowing difficulty is a common problem in the elderly as many changes in swallowing function come with aging. The presence of a strong relationship between swallowing ability, nutritional status, and health outcomes in the elderly leads to the importance of dysphagia management in the population group. Modification of solid food and/or liquid is a mainstay of compensatory intervention for dysphagia patients. In this regard, texture-modified foods are generally provided to reduce risks associated with choking, while thickened liquids are recommended for mitigating risks associated with aspiration. In this review, we discuss thickened liquids and other issues including the importance of their rheological and tribological properties for oropharyngeal dysphagia management in the elderly. The review focuses on both commercial thickeners that are either based on modified starch or xanthan gum and other potential polysaccharide alternatives, which have been documented in the literature in order to help researchers develop or improve the characteristic properties of thickened liquids required for safe swallowing. Furthermore, some research gaps and future perspectives, particularly from the nutrition aspect related to the interaction between thickeners and other food ingredients, are suggested as such interaction may considerably control the rate of nutrient absorption and release within our body.     

增稠组件在老年吞咽功能障碍患者中的使用

随着我国特殊消费者人群数量的不断增加,市场对增稠组件类产品的需求也在迅速增长。如何对这类产品进行科学有效的规范和管理,引导企业研究开发出满足特殊人群特定营养需求的个性化产品,不仅是生产企业和消费者十分关注的问题,也是监管部门十分紧迫的任务。本文阐述了老年吞咽功能障碍的流行病学、吞咽困难评估方法、增稠组件类产品在老年吞咽功能障碍患者中的使用、增稠流体黏稠程度影响因素、食物质构等级的分类标准和评价方法,提出生产企业依据食物的质构特性,以及不同质构特性产品与不同吞咽困难严重程度患者之间的对应关系,研究设计符合或匹配于目标人群饮食能力的产品,有望成为增稠组件类产品未来的研究方向。     

添加黄原胶的纯胶乳液稳定性及流变特性研究

通过对添加黄原胶(XG)的纯胶乳液粒径、稳定动力学参数、静态和动态流变特性的考察,探讨不同含量XG导致纯胶乳液失稳及致稳的机理,并制备出具有长期贮藏稳定性的纯胶乳液。研究发现,含0.1%、0.2%XG的纯胶乳液较易发生排斥絮凝,稳定性分析结果显示未添加XG的纯胶乳液30 d内的稳定性系数(SI)较低,90 d后底部背散射光强度(BS)降低,而含0.5%XG的纯胶乳液90 d内稳定性较好;流变特性检测结果表明随着XG含量的增加,纯胶乳液的表观黏度增加,流动性指数(n)由0.939降为0.414,触变环变大,体系的假塑性增强,含0.5%XG的纯胶乳液贮能模量(G')大于耗能模量(G″)且δ值小于45°,形成弱凝胶结构,具有长期贮藏稳定性。     

降解黄原胶与降解瓜胶凝胶体系的流变性研究

降解黄原胶与降解瓜胶在一定条件下共混,形成凝胶体系.通过对其流变特性进行研究,表明该体系具有显著的黏弹性和剪切变稀性.考察了总胶浓度、蔗糖、共混比例及降解食品多糖的分子量等因素对共混凝胶体系流变特性的影响.研究了该凝胶体系的本构方程,结果表明,修正Williamous-Oldroyld-4参数模型可确切描述凝胶体系的黏度曲线,计算值与实验值吻合良好.     

Influence of xanthan gum on the formation and stability of sodium caseinate oil-in-water emulsions

Studies have been made of the changes in droplet sizes, surface coverage and creaming stability of emulsions formed with 30% (w/w) soya oil, and aqueous solution containing 1 or 3% (w/w) sodium caseinate and varying concentrations of xanthan gum. Addition of xanthan prior to homogenization had no significant effect on average emulsion droplet size and surface protein concentration in all emulsions studied. However, addition of low levels of xanthan (≤0.2 wt%) caused flocculation of droplets that resulted in a large decrease in creaming stability and visual phase separation. At higher xanthan concentrations, the creaming stability improved, apparently due to the formation of network of flocculated droplets. It was found that emulsions formed with 3% sodium caseinate in the absence of xanthan showed extensive flocculation that resulted in very low creaming stability. The presence of xanthan in these emulsions increased the creaming stability, although the emulsion droplets were still flocculated. It appears that creaming stability of emulsions made with mixtures of sodium caseinate and xanthan was more closely related to the structure and rheology of the emulsion itself rather than to the rheology of the aqueous phase.     

黄原胶的流变性及与魔芋胶等的协效性研究

研究前期筛选获得一株多糖胶质高产菌Xanthomonas axonopodis所产的黄原胶FJAT-10151-DTJZ的品质,为该黄原胶的开发应用提供基础数据及参考。通过分析浓度、剪切速率、p H、加热温度、时间、冻融处理等对FJAT-10151-DTJZ粘度的影响研究其流变性,并研究其与结冷胶、黄原胶、凝胶多糖、瓜尔豆胶、刺槐豆胶、魔芋胶、果胶和壳聚糖8种胶的协效性。实验结果表明,FJAT-10151-DTJZ溶液的粘度随浓度的升高而升高,且为非牛顿流体;当FJAT-10151-DTJZ的浓度为1%时,其粘度为343 m Pa·s;p H、冻融对FJAT-10151-DTJZ的粘度影响不大;FJAT-10151-DTJZ的最佳加热温度为75℃;粘度随加热时间先增大后减小,当加热温度为75℃,加热时间为150 min,1%浓度的FJAT-10151-DTJZ溶液的粘度为808 m Pa·s。FJAT-10151-DTJZ只与魔芋胶有强烈的协同增效作用,与壳聚糖、结冷胶、黄原胶、凝胶多糖、瓜尔豆胶、刺槐豆胶、果胶无协效性。      

The effect of sodium chloride substitution with potassium chloride on texture profile and microstructure of Halloumi cheese

The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl on texture profile and microstructure of Halloumi cheese was investigated. Four batches of Halloumi cheese were made and kept in 4 different brine solutions (18%, wt/wt), including A) NaCl only, B) 3NaCl:1KCl, C) 1NaCl:1KCl, and D) 1NaCl:3KCl and then stored at 4°C for 56 d. The texture profile was analyzed using an Instron universal machine, whereas an environmental scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the effect of NaCl substitution on the microstructure of cheeses. No significant difference was found in hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and gumminess among experimental cheeses at the same storage day. Hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess decreased significantly during storage period with the same salt treatment, whereas adhesiveness significantly increased. Environmental scanning electron microscope micrographs showed a compact and closed texture for cheeses at the same storage period. The microstructure of all cheeses became more closed and compact with storage period. Calcium content negatively correlated with hardness and Na and K contents during storage with the same salt treatment.     

Effects of iota carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose and xanthan gum on the stability of formulated minced fish products

Iota carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose and xanthan were used as additives (5 g/kg) in the manufacture of different types of minced fish products (fish chips and fish sticks). Samples of these products were stored at — 18°C and were evaluated at regular intervals for weight loss, fat uptake, physical properties, formation of dimethylamine and formaldehyde and sensory properties. All additions had a significant cryoprotective effect on weight loss and texture during frozen storage. Sensory attributes correlated well with the instrumental measurements of texture and weight loss. After 8 months of frozen storage, the fish chips with carboxymethyl cellulose and xanthan were significantly preferred to the controls. After 14 weeks of frozen storage, the fish sticks with iota carrageenan were not significantly preferred to the control. Xanthan was not a suitable additive for this type of product. Iota carrageenan, and to some extent carboxymethyl cellulose, decreased fat uptake during frying.     

Effect of medium molecular weight xanthan gum in rheology and stability of oil‐in‐water emulsion stabilized with legume proteins

Xanthan gum is a water‐soluble extracellular polysaccharide that has gained widespread commercial use because of its strong pseudoplasticity and tolerance to high ionic strength, which bring unique rheological properties to solutions. This study compares and evaluates the emulsifying properties of oil‐in‐water (30:70 v/v) emulsions stabilized with lupin and soya protein isolates and medium molecular weight xanthan gum. The protein was obtained by an isoelectric precipitation method and the polysaccharide was produced by Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 1395 in batch culture in a laboratory fermenter (LBG medium) without pH control. The addition of xanthan gum in the emulsion formulation enhances emulsion stability through the phenomenon of thermodynamic incompatibility with the legume protein, resulting in an increase of the adsorbed protein at the interface. The emulsion stability is also enhanced by a network structure built by the polysaccharide in the bulk phase. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

四种变性淀粉与黄原胶和魔芋胶复配体系粘度特性研究

目前对变性淀粉与黄原胶和魔芋胶复配体系粘度特性以及其抗酸和抗剪切方面的研究尚鲜见报道。本研究以变性淀粉:木薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯（HDP-CS）、木薯乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（ADP-CS）、马铃薯乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（ADP-PS）、马铃薯乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯（ADA-PS）分别与黄原胶（XG）、魔芋胶（KG）进行复配,以粘度为考察指标,测定复配体系的抗剪切性和抗酸性,筛选最佳组合。在各配比浓度的基础上,分析两者复配体系的特性,通过对其协效性、回归方程和显著性进行分析确定最佳配比浓度。结果表明:通过对抗剪切性和抗酸性的测定结果分析,最佳复配体系为:马铃薯乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯—黄原胶和木薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯—魔芋胶复配体系;前者复配体系随变性淀粉浓度的变化而呈线性变化,后者呈指数变化。两复配体系的最佳配比浓度为:ADP-CS:XG=2%:0.4%（g/g）;HDP-CS:KG=2.5%:0.4%（g/g）,此研究结果比前人研究有所改善。      

Garden cress gum and maltodextrin as microencapsulation coats for entrapment of garden cress phenolic-rich extract: improved thermal stability,storage stability,antioxidant and antibacterial activities

Food Science and Biotechnology - The obtained garden cress 6-day sprouts phenolic-rich extract (GCSP) contained efficient health-promoting antioxidant-phenolic compounds. To improve the stability,...