CSP工艺钛微合金碳钢中的碳氮化钛析出相

 应用透射电镜、高分辨电镜等方法观察分析了薄板坯连铸连轧EAF-CSP工艺生产的微钛低碳钢热轧板的含钛析出相,实验钢的成分为(mass%）：C：0.04~0.07%、Si：0.6%、Mn：0.6%、Ti：0.06~0.14 %。电解萃取及X射线衍射分析结果表明：钢中存在不同碳氮比的碳氮化钛析出相,这些碳氮化物的C/N比值的差异是由各个析出相的形成温度及析出时钛和氮、碳元素在钢中的过饱和度不同而造成的。实验钢萃取粉末（包括各种析出相）的质量分数约占钢的0.305%。其中五分之四左右为渗碳体,另外五分之一主要是钛的碳化物、氮化物和碳氮化物,还有少量的硫化物和氧化物。 在薄板坯连铸连轧工艺的连铸坯及热轧板中均观察到了由相间沉淀方式形成的碳氮化物粒子列。本文讨论了相间沉淀的形成机制。与传统连铸连轧工艺生产的同类钢相比,CSP工艺低碳钢中微量钛的加入明显增加了细小析出相的数量。     

CSP工艺低碳钛微合金化钢中的相间沉淀

对CSP工艺低碳钛微合金化钢的电子显微镜观察结果表明:含钛0.06%低碳钢连铸坯均热前空冷和均热后水冷试样中局部区域存在相间沉淀的碳氮化物,CSP工艺条件下钛的碳氮化物发生相间沉淀的条件及其对组织和力学性能的影响,为说明CSP工艺钢的强化机制提供了实验依据。     

溶质元素对X80管线钢碳氮化物析出行为的影响

为了明晰X80管线钢凝固过程中析出物粒子析出规律。采用Thermo-calc软件对X80管线钢凝固过程中奥氏体、铁素体相转变温度,析出物类型,析出物开始析出温度与析出相最大质量分数进行热力学分析。计算结果表明:X80管线钢凝固过程析出相主要包括MnS相、AlN相、铁素体相及奥氏体相、富钛相碳氮析出相、富铌相碳氮析出相与碳化钒析出相。富钛相碳氮析出相析出温度为1 390℃,质量分数为1.2×10~(-4),析出相随C元素和Nb元素的含量增加而受到抑制。N元素和Ti元素含量增加会促进富钛相碳氮析出相生成,V元素质量分数增量对富钛相碳氮化物无明显规律。富铌相碳氮析出相在1 110℃析出,质量分数为1.3×10~(-3),随C元素和Nb元素的含量增加,促进富铌相碳氮析出相析出。增加N元素与Ti元素含量抑制富铌相碳氮析出相析出,V元素对富铌相碳氮化物无明显影响规律。碳化钒析出相析出温度为596℃,析出相质量分数为4.59×10~(-5),增加C元素和V元素含量利于碳化钒相析出,Nb元素含量增加对碳化钒相起到一定抑制作用。     

连铸过程铌钛微合金钢中第二相复合析出模型

针对连铸过程铌钛微合金钢中第二相在固液两相区和奥氏体内的复合析出行为,通过近似处理建立了多元第二相复合析出的热力学模型,并利用模型研究了X80,E36,J55钢中第二相的析出行为。结果表明:在凝固过程不同的Ti/N摩尔比对液相中Ti,C,N元素的变化影响显著,先析出的第二相对后析出的第二相影响显著,成分高低的差异不但导致第二相析出量的不同,而且也导致析出相种类的不同,碳氮化物在析出的过程中C,N元素摩尔分数的变化受析出温度和钢中元素含量的影响。     

胀断连杆用中碳非调质钢的析出强化行为

 利用金相显微镜、透射电镜及X射线衍射仪等分析了2种不同钒质量分数(0.15 %、 0.28 %)的胀断连杆用中碳非调质钢在热锻及空冷后的微合金碳氮化物析出相的成分及粒度分布等特征,并探讨了其析出强化行为。结果表明,随着钢中钒质量分数的增加,组织细化,铁素体增加,珠光体片层间距减小,同时含钒、铬的M(C,N)型析出相的数量增多。2种试验钢中分别约有质量分数48 %、64 %的钒处于M(C,N)相中,M(C,N)相中又分别有约质量分数42.6 %、56.7 %的颗粒尺寸小于10 nm,这些细小粒子主要弥散分布在铁素体内,其沉淀强化增量分别为140.0和232.6 MPa。当试验钢中钒质量分数较高时,不仅可获得与传统胀断连杆用C70S6钢相当的抗拉强度和冲击功,而且还可获得远高于C70S6钢的屈服强度和屈强比,因而适合用来制造高性能胀断连杆。     

低合金高强度钢连铸过程中氮化物、碳化物析出研究

本文介绍了氮化物、碳氮化物对连铸坯裂纹产生的影响机理；建立了低合金高强度钢连铸过程碳化物、氮化物析出模型；结合现场试验，验证了连铸坯传热模型，在此基础上分析了连铸板坯析出物的析出特点，优化了板坯连铸的二冷工艺，取得了良好的应用效果。     

薄板坯连铸连轧的低碳铝镇静钢中AlN作用的试验研究

 对薄板坯连铸连轧的低碳铝镇静钢中AlN的作用进行了初步的试验研究。研究结果显示：当低碳铝镇静钢中酸溶铝含量在0.005%～0.043%时,钢中AlN的沉淀析出对热轧板材的晶粒度及力学性能没有明显影响,据此可以推测AlN的沉淀析出不是薄板坯连铸连轧低碳铝镇静钢晶粒细化的原因。在薄板坯连铸连轧的低碳铝镇静钢中仅沉淀析出很少量的AlN,这些AlN仅能起到很微弱的沉淀强化作用,因此AlN也不是低碳铝镇静钢中起沉淀强化作用的主要析出相。但是这些少量AlN的沉淀析出对热轧板材再加热时的晶粒长大却有明显影响：随钢中酸溶铝含量的增加,即随钢中AlN含量的增加,钢的晶粒粗化温度不断提高。     

高Ti-Q550钢中Nb、Ti第二相的析出行为

 采用Thermo-Calc软件、热模拟及扫描电镜研究高Ti-Q550钢中微合金的析出规律。采用Thermo-Calc软件计算不同温度下Nb、Ti的析出规律,钛含量对钢中Nb、Ti析出规律及A3的影响。采用热模拟和扫描电镜研究钢中铌相的析出温度。计算结果表明,钛相的析出温度为1498℃,铌相析出温度为1251℃;随着钢中钛含量的增加,(Nb,Ti)C相析出温度和A3温度升高,但铌在钢中的固溶量降低;当钛的质量分数小于0. 08%时,Ti(N,C)相析出温度随钛含量增加而升高,但当钛的质量分数大于0. 08%时,相析出温度基本不变,钛在钢中的固溶量随钛含量增加而增加。     

铌、钛对445M铁素体不锈钢韧性的影响

 通过真空冶炼、锻造、热轧和不同固溶处理温度试验制备出含有不同微合金元素含量的445M铁素体不锈钢，结合其冲击试验，运用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪等分析方法，探讨了微合金化对其韧性的影响。结果表明：化学元素铌和钛的加入，在晶粒内部和晶界上形成了TiN、NbC和(Nb，Ti)(C，N)析出相，稳定了钢中的碳、氮元素，防止由铬的碳氮化物析出而引起的晶间腐蚀，但对钢的冲击韧性有一定影响。采用单铌作为稳定化元素钢的冲击韧性优于单钛稳定钢；添加少量的钛，采用Nb+Ti双稳定钢，也可获得优异的冲击韧性，并且能够降低生产成本。     

低碳锰钢中铌钛复合加入对沉淀及再结晶的影响

本文采用Gleeble热模拟机,透射电镜和能谱分析等手段研究了复合加入Nb,Ti的低碳锰钢中碳氮化物沉淀和奥氏体再结晶情况。对四种不同成分的钢在925～1075℃之间,以40％应变和10~(-4)～10~(-1)s~(-1)不同应变速率进行等温压缩试验,还分别在不同温度下以相同的应变速率和不同形变量压缩变形后经不同保温时间后水淬,测定钢中碳氮化物应变诱导析出的动力学数据。观察了经热变形试样中沉淀相的形状、尺寸、分布,成分变化及显微组织亚结构等。 研究结果表明:Nb,Ti复合加入,降低了碳氮的活度,增大了微合金元素的固溶度,使沉淀温度降低,析出范围变宽。增加Nb含量,使开始沉淀的时间推迟。奥氏体高温区沉淀的较大质点是以Ti为主的铌钛碳氮化物,较低温度沉淀的细小质点则以含Nb为主。 复合加入Nb,Ti,提高了奥氏体再结晶激活能,从而有效地抑制了再结晶的发生,其阻滞作用比单独加入时大。这种效应是由溶质原子的拖曳机制和其碳氮化物沉淀机制共同完成,但在高温奥氏体区,固溶阻滞机制起主要作用。     

Precipitates in Steels With Ti Additive Produced by CSP Process

 Hot strips of low carbon steels with Ti additive [contain C 004%-007%, Si≤06%, Mn≤06%, Ti 006%-014% (mass percent)] produced by EAF CSP (Electric Arc Furnaces Compact Strip Production) process were examined by TEM, HREM and XRD. Carbonitrides with different N/C ratio were found in the samples. The varying composition of the Ti carbonitrides resulted from the supersaturation of Ti and temperature at which the compound was formed. In the tested steel, total mass fraction of the precipitates including cementite, carbonitride and a small quantity of Fe3O4, Al2O3, Ti2CS and AlN was about 0305%. XRD results showed that about a quarter of the powder extracted by electrolysis was titanium nitrides, carbonitrides and carbides. Particle arrays formed by interphase precipitation could be observed either in slabs or in hot strips. The dominant reaction mechanisms were discussed. Compared with the conventional cold charge process, small amount of Ti addition would be more effective for precipitation of fine precipitates in the steels produced by CSP process.     

控制ER70S-G含钛焊丝钢TiN析出和防止水口结瘤的工艺实践

ER70S-G含钛焊丝钢（/%:0.07C,0.82Si,1.49Mn,0.012P,0.010S,0.19Ti,0.006 2N）生产流程为80 t顶底复吹转炉-LF-150 mm×150 mm方坯连铸-盘条轧制工艺。热力学计算和生产实践表明,当浇铸温度≥1560℃,[N]≤78.6×10^-6,[Ti/%][N/%]≤0.00149及拉速2.0~2.5 m/min时,可以避免在浇铸过程TiN析出和水口结瘤。     

Investigation of Oxide Inclusions and Primary Carbonitrides in Inconel 718 Superalloy Refined through Electroslag Remelting Process

The effect of remelting atmosphere and calcium treatment during electroslag remelting (ESR) of Inconel 718 superalloy on the oxide inclusions and primary carbonitrides was investigated. The results show that after ESR refining combined with calcium treatment, the original oxide inclusions in the electrode, mainly MgO·Al₂O₃ spinels and some MgO inclusions, were modified to CaO-Al₂O₃ system inclusions or the inclusions of MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel core surrounded by CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃ system inclusion layer. Without the calcium treatment in ESR process, all the oxide inclusions in superalloy ingots are MgO·Al₂O₃ spinels. All the oxide inclusions in ESR ingots act as the nucleation site for carbonitride (Nb,Ti)CN with two-layer structure precipitation, except for those with a single (Nb,Ti)CN layer containing a small amount of Ti and N in the ingot refined by a proper amount of calcium addition in ESR process. The carbonitrides (Nb,Ti)CN formed directly on the oxide inclusion have a small amount of Nb and C as well as a relatively fixed atomic ratio of Nb/Ti (about 0.6:1). There is a Nb-rich and C-rich (Nb,Ti)CN layer on the pre-existing (Nb,Ti)CN formed on the oxide inclusion. The size of the observed carbonitrides is in the range of 5 ??m to 15 ??m. The calcium treatment in the ESR process has a significant effect on the morphology of carbonitrides in superalloy ingot due to modification of oxide inclusions by Ca-treatment resulting in the change of precipitation and growth conditions for carbonitrides. The morphologies of carbonitrides were changed from clustered block or single octahedral to skeleton-like after calcium treatment.     

钛稳定化321奥氏体不锈钢EAF-AOD-LF-板坯连铸的生产工艺实践

钛稳定化321奥氏体不锈钢（/%:0.04～0.08C,0.40～0.70Si,0.80～1.50Mn,≤0.035P,≤0.005S,17.0～18.0Cr,9.0～9.5Ni,0.20～0.40Ti,≤0.020 0N）的生产流程为90tEAF-45t AOD-LF-180mm×1 238 mm板坯连铸。该钢在浇铸过程中易产生水口结瘤和结晶器钢水中出现"结鱼"。根据TiN析出规律的分析,得出为降低TiN在钢水中的析出,应控制[N]≤0.015 0%,[Ti]≤0.25%,中间包钢水温度～1500℃。通过AOD全程采用超纯Ar搅拌,钢包中渣层厚度150 mm,[O]为15×10^-6～20×10^-6,控制[N]～110×10^-6,采用碱度0.75,1300℃粘度0.165 Pa·s的保护渣等工艺措施,使Ti回收率由原40%提高到52%,成品N含量由0.0140%降至0.010 5%,浇铸结束后水口内径由42 mm增至50 mm,轧制缺陷率由改进前3.5%降至1.2%。     

The isothermal decomposition of austenite in hot-rolled microalloyed steels

The isothermal decomposition of austenite has been examined in a set of 0.1 C, 1.4 Mn steels containing small amounts of Ti, V, or Nb. The volume fraction of ferrite was measured as a function of transformation temperature and holding time, after hot rolling. Precipitation of carbonitrides, in both the austenite and the ferrite, was examined by electron microscopy of extraction replicas. The decomposition is slowest in the Nb-alloyed steel, in which the start of transformation is delayed and ferrite growth rates are much lower than in the other steels. In the V-alloyed steels, ferrite growth rates are lower than in the plain carbon or Ti alloyed steels. These results are discussed in terms of the effects of carbonitride precipitation in the austenite during high temperature deformation and in the ferrite during transformation. The roles of V and Nb in solution are also considered.     

钛微合金钢中碳氮化钛固溶量及化学组成的计算与分析

根据相关热力学理论,提出了钛微合金钢中钛、碳、氮元素在奥氏体中的平衡固溶量及平衡沉淀析出的碳氮化钛的化学式系数的理论计算方法,对典型化学成分的钛微合金钢进行了理论计算并对计算结果进行了分析.结果表明,通常情况下在较高温度析出或未溶的碳氮化钛相当接近于TiN.     

Microstructure and precipitation in two Zr-B microalloyed steels subjected to thermomechanical control process and weld thermal simulations

The microstructures and precipitates in base metals and heat affected zones(HAZs)of two Zr-B microalloyed steels were characterized by means of optical microscopy(OM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and energy dispersive spectrum(EDS).It has been found that precipitates of tens of nanometers in size are present in the base metals of both steels.The average particle size,however,in the Zr-B steel with Ti is larger than that in the steel without Ti.After thermal simulations,in both cases,the MnS sulfides can nucleate on cubic(Nb,Ti)(C,N)carbonitrides and nearly spherical Zr-bearing compounds.The precipitates in the HAZs of both steels are coarser than those in the base metals,in the ranges of 150-200 nm and50-100 nm for Ti added and Ti-free steels, respectively.     

合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织与性能的影响

采用金相、扫描、X射线衍射和电化学等方法研究了合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织性能的影响.结果表明:钢中加氮细化组织与碳化物,析出相尺寸随着氮含量的增加而降低.高氮不锈轴承钢1030、1050℃淬火后残余奥氏体体积分数达到20％～35％,而且碳氮含量越高,残余奥氏体越多.经冷处理及回火后残余奥氏体体积分数降至7％～10.3...     

钒微合金化钢的技术进展与应用

摘要：介绍了钒微合金化技术的最新进展以及钒钢的开发与应用情况。氮是含钒钢中有效的合金元素,含钒钢中增氮,优化了钒在钢中的析出,显著提高沉淀强化效果。采用钒氮微合金化设计,配合适当的轧制工艺,促进V(C,N)在奥氏体中析出,起到了晶内铁素体形核核心作用,实现了含钒钢的晶粒细化。最新的研究成果表明钒微合金化可以提高双相钢、贝氏体钢、相变诱导塑性钢、孪晶诱导塑性钢、热成型马氏体钢等汽车用先进高强度钢的强度并改善使用性能,显示出良好的应用前景。钒氮微合金化技术在中国高强度钢筋、高强度型钢、非调质钢、薄板坯连铸连轧高强度带钢等产品中获得广泛应用,大大促进了中国钒微合金化钢的发展。