干燥方法对果蔬复合发酵鹿肉脯品质特性的影响

为制备高品质果蔬复合发酵鹿肉脯并确定理想的干燥方法,研究热风干燥、真空干燥和微波干燥对果蔬复合发酵鹿肉脯干燥特性、感官品质和质构特性的影响。结果表明:微波干燥的干燥时间短,效率高;真空干燥发酵鹿肉脯质地适中、综合品质好,干燥速率略低于微波干燥。因此,选择真空干燥为果蔬复合发酵鹿肉脯的最佳干燥方法。     

果葡糖浆中干物质含量检测方法研究

采用四种方法（折光法、直接干燥法、减压干燥法、卡尔·费休法）检测了果葡糖浆样品中干物质的含量,讨论了上述方法的适用性、准确性和回收率。结果表明:折光法的回收率为95.95%,卡尔·费休法的回收率为98.83%,直接干燥法（105℃、16h、添加海砂）的回收率为99.41%。卡尔·费休法和直接干燥法（105℃、16h、添加海砂）的线性拟合曲线分别为y=0.991x+1.073、y=0.947x+3.932,相关系数分别为0.9998、0.9999。卡尔·费休法和直接干燥法（105℃、16h、添加海砂）测定果葡糖浆中干物质的含量准确可行,能够有效替代折光法;减压干燥法（80℃,真空）不适合检测果葡糖浆中干物质含量。      

主要谷物水分测定方法比较研究

对大米、小麦和玉米水分测定方法进行了比较研究.水分测定方法包括:(Ⅰ)GB/T 5497 105℃恒重法(烘箱干燥105℃,3 h)、(Ⅱ)GB/T 5497定温定时烘干法(烘箱干燥130℃,40 min)、(Ⅲ)ISO712粉状物测定(烘箱干燥130℃,90 min)、(Ⅳ)ISO712常规法(烘箱干燥130℃,2 h)、(Ⅴ)GB/T 10362粉碎玉米水分测定(烘箱干燥130℃,4 h)、(Ⅵ)GB/T 10362整粒玉米水分测定(烘箱干燥130℃,38 h)和(Ⅶ)M105/72(烘箱干燥105℃,72 h).在小麦和大米水分测定及同一类型的粮食水分测定中,方法(Ⅳ)测定值要大于方法(Ⅰ)、(Ⅱ)、(Ⅲ);其标准偏差要小于这三种方法,精确度较高,方法(Ⅰ)、(Ⅱ)、(Ⅲ)测定值与方法(Ⅳ)测定值的相关系数较高.玉米水分测定中,方法(Ⅴ)测定值和精确度大于方法(Ⅰ)、(Ⅱ),这两种方法的测定结果与方法(Ⅴ)的相关系数较高.     

热辐气动干燥法快速测定牛奶中总固体和水分

利用圆盘自动进样热辐箱式胶乳样品干燥仪研究快速测定牛奶中总固体和水分含量的方法。分别对加热温度、加热时间及温度平衡时间进行实验,以烘箱法（标准法）为对照,不断优化实验条件,并测定了多份牛奶样品中总固体和水分的含量。结果表明：用本方法和烘箱法测定相同样品中总固体和水分含量的准确度和精确度结果一致,而烘箱法需耗时约3.5 h,本方法只需2.0 min完成,大大提高了分析效率。     

党参药材不同干燥方法水分动态过程模拟与分析

为实现对党参药材干燥过程的有效预测,优选党参药材干燥方法,本文采用Weibull分布函数对其干燥动力学曲线进行模拟与分析,并探索不同干燥方法与温度对其干燥过程的影响。结果表明,Weibull分布函数可较好地模拟党参药材的干燥过程,党参药材干燥过程脱水速率呈现先升高后降低趋势;尺度参数α随干燥温度升高而减小;形状参数β受干燥温度影响较小;党参药材热风干燥法、红外干燥法所得活化能分别为40.40、70.21 k J/mol。从水分脱除效率角度考察,当干燥温度低于51.51℃时,党参药材采用热风干燥法干燥完成63%耗时大于385.6 min,但干燥速率较红外干燥法提高20%以上,故宜采用热风干燥法;当干燥温度高于63.88℃时,热风干燥法干燥完成63%耗时小于222.6 min,但干燥速率较红外干燥法降低20%以上,故宜采用红外干燥法;当干燥温度介于两者之间,则两种干燥方法皆可。本研究从水分脱除效率角度为党参药材现代干燥加工工艺的建立与优化提供了数据支撑。      

风鸡低温风干工艺研究及其品质评价

利用低温食品风干机模拟冬季自然环境低温、低湿、高强度对流空气条件干燥风鸡,采用单因素试验和正交试验方法研究风鸡的最佳风干工艺,对比分析低温风干与自然干燥及热风干燥3种干燥方式的产品品质差异。结果表明:风鸡的最佳低温风干工艺为8℃、50%湿度、风速1.5 m/s干燥72 h;低温风干与自然晾晒及热风干燥2种干燥方式相比,低温风干产品的外观、色泽、腊味产品品质优势明显。     

固相微萃取GC-MS法测定不同干燥方式下枣产品的芳香成分

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术对枣鲜样及不同干燥方式枣产品的芳香成分进行分析.结果表明,河北滩枣鲜样主要芳香成分为:酸类物质占24.31%,烯类物质占14.2%,烷烃类物质占11.73%.热风干燥处理后产生较多酯类和酮类物质,使产品呈现蒸煮味道,损失较多烷烃类物质;微波干燥处理后除酯类和酮类物质增多外,其余...     

A novel dielectric drying method of sea cucumber

The sea cucumber autolyses readily so it must be dehydrated for preservation. Traditional drying methods of sea cucumber need very long time and have adverse effect on quality. Hence, a novel microwave freeze drying technique was developed to dry sea cucumber. Because microwave heating is a function of dielectric properties of the material in microwave field, dielectric properties of sea cucumber were determined. As expected, the dielectric loss factor of sea cucumbers was very low in frozen state, and several pretreatments (nanoscale calcium carbonate impregnation and vacuum impregnation, salt impregnation, etc.) were analysed to improve the dielectric properties of sea cucumber. Vacuum impregnation with nanoscale calcium carbonate combined with microwave freeze drying was found to be an efficient drying method for sea cucumber by anova (P < 0.01). Compared with microwave freeze drying method without any treatments, this drying method could reduce the drying time by up to two hours.     

花生果常温通风干燥实验研究

湿花生果收获后若不及时进行干燥,极易出现发热霉变现象,因此花生干燥是花生生产链条的非常重要一环。我国花生干燥目前采用的方法主要为自然晾晒和热风干燥,但是自然晾晒受天气影响且需要大面积的晒场,热风干燥耗能高、设备投资大、干燥后花生品质难以保证。本文针对这两种方法的缺点,提出了一种常温通风干燥湿花生果的方法,并将自然晾晒、热风干燥、常温通风干燥3种干燥方式进行了比较,以期为实际生产提供参考。实验结果表明:常温通风干燥时间在阴雨天气条件下也能有效降低湿花生果水分;在通风过程中花生果无发热霉变现象,保证了花生果的质量;这种通风干燥方式设备投资低、操作简便,干燥完成后设备还可兼用于花生果储藏。     

微波气流预干燥和微波真空组合干燥生产甜瓜片

研究了微波气流预干燥(MAD)和微波真空(MVD)组合干燥甜瓜片,表明这是一种有潜力的干燥方法。样品先通过微波气流干燥脱去一些自由水,然后通过微波真空干燥到最终水分含量低于7%(湿基)。甜瓜片利用微波气流(MAD)和微波真空(MVD)组合干燥后测得Vc保留率和物性(收缩率,色差,质地和复水率)然后同冷冻干燥(FD)、微波气流干燥(MAD)、气流干燥(AD)和常规热风干燥(HAD)分别进行比较,表明,MA+MVD方法干燥的甜瓜片的Vc保留率接近冻干的甜瓜片,大大优于传统的热风干燥。当前方法干燥的样品表现出的复水率、色差、质构与冻干的产品非常相似,但是出现了明显的膨化现象,然而,这正是生产果蔬脆片所期望得到的结果。     

草莓切片微波真空干燥特性及干燥品质研究

提高水果干燥效率、干制品质量和降低干燥能耗,对草莓切片进行微波真空干燥,研究草莓切片微波真空干燥特性及其干后品质。通过二次回归正交试验,建立各指标与干燥功率、样品厚度及干燥室压力等因素间的回归数学模型,分析草莓切片微波干燥特性,讨论干燥功率、样品厚度及干燥室压力等因素对干制品的复水率、VC 保存率和干燥能耗的影响。结果表明：随着样品厚度与压力的降低和干燥功率的增加,干燥速率增加;随着样品厚度的增加和干燥功率与压力的降低,复水率和VC 保存率增加;随着样品厚度与干燥功率的增加和压力的降低,干燥能耗减少。最后,利用多目标非线性优化方法,确定了草莓切片微波真空干燥最优工艺参数,即微波功率6.18W/g、切片厚度5.05mm、干燥室压力55.19Pa。     

增强毛霉菌的细胞通透性对腺嘌呤合成ATP的影响

采用雅致放射毛霉转化腺嘌呤合成ATP,系统地研究了菌体通透化方法,考察了它对腺嘌呤转化率、ATP产量的影响,筛选出较佳方法,并采用电导率法验证菌体通透性的改变情况。结果表明,通过干燥方法处理毛霉菌体,在含有3 g/L腺嘌呤的反应液中,转化生成10.13 g/L ATP,腺嘌呤转化率为82.76%,比对照组提高202.39%;干燥处理后的毛霉菌体的电导率显著提高,且电导率随干燥时间的变化趋势与ATP产量随干燥时间的变化趋势基本吻合,表明干燥方法真实地提高了毛霉菌的通透性,进而提高了腺嘌呤转化率及ATP产量。     

Effects of ultrasound and infrared assisted conductive hydro-drying,freeze-drying and oven drying on physicochemical properties of okra slices

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a nutritious vegetable but it is highly perishable and drying is one of the best methods for its preservation. Ultrasound and infrared assisted conductive hydro-drying (UIACHD) is a new patented drying method that can dry food materials with high quality and high energy efficiency. In this study, okra slices were dried using UIACHD with different settings and also by freeze-drying and oven drying. The UIACHD drying curves, moisture content, color, vitamin C content, hydrocolloids rheology and microstructure of the dried okra sample as affected by drying method were investigated. Drying curves showed that the application of ultrasound and infrared could increase the drying rate. In terms of quality parameters, UIACHD performed significantly better than oven drying and the quality of the products was comparable to freeze-drying. Flow and oscillation rheology tests showed that UIACHD drying could result in okra hydrocolloids with higher apparent viscosity and the application of ultrasound and infrared has preserved the rheological properties of the okra hydrocolloids. The microstructure of the dried okra slices was also well preserved by UIACHD. This study showed that UIACHD is a suitable drying method for maintaining the physicochemical quality of dried okra.Industrial relevanceDried okra can be used as a nutritious and functional ingredient in the formulation of different products such as soups, sauces and other culinary products. This study shows that ultrasound and infrared assisted conductive hydro-drying can be a suitable method for the production of high quality dried okra with well-retained color, nutritional value and rheological properties.     

不同熟制干制方法对方便面品质的影响

研究了水煮和蒸煮的熟制方法对方便面品质的影响,以及熟制后采用不同的干燥方法对面条进行脱水,选出一种最优的熟制干制方法.结果表明蒸煮方法较优于水煮,微波干燥优于热风、远红外和油炸干燥方法.通过正交实验得出微波干燥的最佳工艺条件为:微波干燥处理时间40s、微波功率210kW、微波频率920MHz和传道速率1m/min综合得分最高.     

真空冷冻与热风联合干燥草莓

应用真空冷冻干燥与热风干燥(FAD)联合的方式做不同转换点试验,将得到的产品分别与完全的热风干燥(AD)和真空冷冻干燥(FD)的产品比较总的能量消耗和物化特性,确定了 FAD联合干燥的方式和较佳转换点. FAD联合干燥的产品极大地改善了完全热风干燥草莓的品质,其质量较接近完全真空冷冻干燥的产品.     

Towards understanding the enhancement of moisture diffusion during intermediate-infrared drying of peach pomace based on the glass transition theory

The aim of this study is to understand the moisture diffusion during intermediate-wave infrared radiation (IWIR) based on glass transition theory. Peach pomace was subjected by IWIR and hot air (HA) drying at 60, 70 and 80 °C. Compared to HA drying, IWIR showed high dehydration performance characterized by shorter drying time, higher drying speed and higher effective moisture diffusivity (D_eff). The variations of sample temperature and D_eff were presented in different patterns between HA and IWIR. The state diagram of peach pomace showed higher ΔT (T – T_g) of IWIR compared to HA in all conditions. A significant increase of ΔT value was observed during the mid-stage of IWIR process. These results demonstrated that IWIR is an effective method for pomace drying, which can keep high drying rate and a uniform dehydration process during the whole process by overcoming the diffusion-inhibitory effect.Industrial relevanceThis paper investigated the drying behavior and water diffusion between intermediate-infrared drying and hot air drying on peach pomace. The results revealed that compared to hot air drying, which is commonly used in industrial drying of pomace, intermediate-infrared drying is a more effective drying method for pomace characterized by shorter drying time, higher drying speed and higher effective moisture diffusivity. It can keep relative high drying rate during the whole dehydration process via overcoming the diffusion-inhibitory effect caused by case-hardening phenomenon. The results of this study suggested that intermediate-infrared radiation would be an effective method in industrial drying of fruit pomace alternative to hot air drying.     

基于变异系数权重法评价三种干燥方法对牡蛎干品质的影响

以新鲜牡蛎为原料,通过鼓风干燥、真空干燥、真空冷冻干燥3种方法进行干燥,并对干制品的营养成分、色泽、复水率、质构、生产周期、能耗和感官评分进行测定,利用变异系数权重法得到3种牡蛎干制品的综合评分,以确定最佳干燥方法。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥可较好保留产品各种营养成分,其制得的牡蛎干色差最小,复水率与质构特性(硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性)显著优于鼓风干燥和真空干燥(p<0.05),但生产周期最长,能耗最高。真空干燥牡蛎干体型完整,有光泽,质地适中,鲜香味浓,感官评分最高。L^*、硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性和干燥能耗在牡蛎干品质评价中占较大比重,权重值分别为0.105、0.112、0.121、0.109、0.120;综合评分结果为:真空冷冻干燥(0.780) > 真空干燥(-0.074) > 鼓风干燥(-0.707),真空冷冻干燥牡蛎干品质最佳。变异系数权重法可用于牡蛎干品质评价,为其在水产品加工技术优选中的应用提供理论参考。     

不同干燥方法刺五加多糖含量的测定

为研究不同干燥方法对刺五加多糖含量的影响,以喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥的方法对提取的刺五加多糖进行干燥处理,用苯酚-硫酸法和蒽酮-硫酸法测定其含量,并比较两种测定法的方法学指标和数据。结果表明:冷冻干燥法优于喷雾干燥法,刺五加多糖在干燥过程中损失显著减少;二种方法的测定结果无显著性差异,且准确可靠,但刺五加多糖含量测定采用苯酚-浓硫酸法更为灵敏,简便易行,可作为刺五加多糖制剂的质控方法。     

基于灰色关联分析法研究不同干燥方式对芜菁脆片的影响

通过比较真空冷冻干燥（freeze drying,FD）、变温压差膨化干燥（explosion puffing drying,EPD）、红外干燥（infrared drying,ID）、热风干燥（hot air drying,AD）4 种不同干燥方式对芜菁脆片物理性质、营养成分、微观结构等的影响,寻找最优的芜菁脆片干燥方式。使用理化分析技术测定芜菁脆片营养成分含量;色差仪、质构仪等测定物理特性;扫描电子显微镜观察微观结构;评分法进行感官评价;灰色关联分析与变异系数分析结合进行综合评价。结果表明：4 种不同干燥方式处理后的芜菁脆片的物理特性和营养成分含量均有显著变化,FD和EPD对营养成分的保留更为完整。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示FD可使芜菁脆片形成疏松多孔蜂窝状结构,EPD可使芜菁脆片产生轻微蜂窝状效果,同时使结构更为紧密,使口感酥脆。干燥方式综合评价结果为：FD＞EPD＞ID＞AD。但FD设备及加工过程花费较高,生产周期较长。综合考虑脆片的物理特性、营养成分、微观结构、感官评价以及生产周期,可得出EPD为芜菁脆片的最适加工方式。     

53—HIGH-INTENSITY DRYING OF TEXTILE FIBRES. PART IV: PREDICTION OF THE DRYING TIME FOR TEXTILE ASSEMBLIES

The physics of drying a bed of loose textile fibres is discussed in relation to methods of predicting the drying times. An empirical method developed by other workers for predicting the drying times for flax stalks is reviewed and its applicability to loose fibres examined theoretically. It is concluded that, although the method is strictly applicable to the drying of non-absorbent fibres, it is also relevant to the drying of wool under industrial conditions. The experiments reported confirmed this expected deduction. A few observations covering the intended range of application should make it possible to predict the drying times for any combination of variables within the range.