拉—拉疲劳下15MnMoVN多裂纹扩展研究

为分析单裂纹或多裂纹在裂纹面承受疲劳拉伸载荷作用下尖端应力强度因子变化规律和裂纹形貌变化以及疲劳寿命情况,以含不同初始长深比的半椭圆单裂纹或双裂纹的薄片试样为研究对象,对试样在应力比R=0.1的疲劳拉伸载荷下单裂纹或双裂纹情况进行了仿真分析。建立含裂纹试样的有限元模型,仿真分析了裂纹在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的分布情况,并将单裂纹扩展结果与双裂纹相互作用影响下的结果进行了对比研究;进行含裂纹试样的疲劳实验,分析了含单裂纹或双裂纹的试样的断裂面的形成原因,并验证仿真结果正确性。结果表明,裂纹面之间的相互作用会逐渐影响裂纹的扩展方向、扩展速率以及在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的变化趋势;而且初始形貌为半椭圆形的双裂纹在相互作用影响下会逐渐过渡到半圆形。     

具有理想与非理想界面的双材料四点弯曲试件的界面断裂韧性

本文作者用边界元法研究了具有理想与非理想界面的双材料四点弯曲试件的界面断裂韧性.分析了理想界面裂纹尖端的复应力强度因子以及非理想界面裂纹前沿的应变能密度与试件的几何尺寸、双材料的性质等的关系.计算结果表明,当裂纹的长度小于试件内支点的跨度时,上述两个物理量在很大范围内不随裂纹长度而变化.这种稳态的特性为两者的临界值的实验测定提供了方便.      

C形环小试样疲劳裂纹扩展试验方法与应用

航空航天、核反应堆工程等重要工程结构的安全控制对材料断裂性能有重要需求,小尺寸试样断裂韧性测试需求日益凸显。该文提出了一套用于小尺寸构件疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试的C形环小试样试验方法,设计了试样构形和试验夹具,并基于有限元分析和柔度法理论,建立了C形环小试样裂纹长度预测公式和应力强度因子K的表达式。对于低压转子材料26NiCrMoV11-5钢,采用C形环小试样和标准CT试样完成了疲劳裂纹扩展试验,获得了材料的疲劳裂纹扩展特性,并讨论了新方法的有效性。     

SiC/BN层状陶瓷耐损伤性能

采用压痕法在SiC/BN层状陶瓷试样的表面引入不同尺寸的表面裂纹,利用三点弯曲测量含裂纹试样的极限断裂应力,研究了不同尺寸的表面裂纹对层状陶瓷断裂强度的影响;根据压痕载荷-强度实验结果,测定层状陶瓷的阻力曲线,并与单相SiC陶瓷对比。结果表明,层状陶瓷的压痕强度对压痕裂纹深度的变化不敏感,阻力曲线呈上升型;而单相SiC陶瓷的压痕强度随压痕裂纹深度的增加急剧下降,阻力曲线呈平稳型,说明层状陶瓷具有优异的耐损伤性能和升值R-曲线行为。分析认为,裂纹在弱界面处发生偏折是层状陶瓷具有优良耐损伤性能和升值R-曲线行为的主要原因。这为陶瓷材料在含有一定的制备和加工缺陷以及承受冲击、磨损等接触损伤的条件下保持高强度提供了可能。     

16MnR钢在液氨环境中的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展研究

采用T形楔形张开加载(T-WOL)恒位移试样,进行16MnR钢在无水液氨环境的应力腐蚀实验.实验中采用了8只预裂纹试样,分别加载到不同应力强度因子K1值,放入盛有液氨的实验容器中.试样定期取出测量裂纹的长度,经总共3450h应力腐蚀实验,测得各试样的裂纹扩展速率在0.08×10-8～3.54×10-8 mm/s之间.结果表明:16MnR材料在无水液氨环境中裂纹基本没有扩展,其应力强度因子临界值KISCC大于90 MPa√m.同时分析了应力腐蚀开裂机理和影响其应力腐蚀行为的介质与材料因素.     

TC21合金315℃高周疲劳光滑和缺口试样断口分析

开展了TC21研究合金光滑和缺口试样的315℃高周疲劳实验,并对疲劳断口进行详细观察,研究了缺口对TC21合金疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明,光滑和缺口试样的疲劳强度比值随循环寿命降低而降低;光滑试样的失稳疲劳裂纹长度随循环应力升高而降低;瞬断区所承受的断裂应力随循环应力升高而降低;这说明裂纹失稳决定试样的断裂,缺口试样断口有多个裂纹源,以缺口试样名义应力乘以应力集中因子与光滑试样的应力相等作为比较时,缺口试样主裂纹长度大于光滑试样的裂纹长度,缺口试样的裂纹扩展寿命更长.     

梯度涂层材料中裂纹问题的非均匀元分析

本文采用非均匀等参有限元的方法研究了薄膜梯度涂层/均匀基材中的界面裂纹问题,并与双材料界面裂纹情况进行了对比计算。研究表明:在均匀基材上采用梯度涂层,与双材料相比可以有效地降低裂尖场应力强度因子;同时还分析了涂层厚度与梯度参数对界面应力强度因子的影响。结果表明:当薄膜厚度大于或等于裂纹长度时,应力强度因子(KI、KII)对其尺度的变化显得不敏感;对梯度参数的影响而言,当材料性能曲线的幂指数m大于1时,裂尖场的应力强度因子KII相对KI很小且基本不随m变化,因此裂尖场与均匀材料情况类似;当m小于1时,应力强度因子KII随m减小而急剧增大,裂尖场由KI及KII控制,断裂趋于混合型。     

基于直流电位法的疲劳裂纹长度测量的技术及应用

航空发动机设计用材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率测量是其性能测试的重要环节,而金属材料在600℃以上温度时合金表面由于氧化或者高温热辐射,无法使用基于光学原理的测量方法测量裂纹长度,所以需要使用自动测量方法——直流电位法。在室温条下使用铝合金对电位法系统进行测试,通过直流电位法与目测法测量的裂纹长度进行对比,发现使用参考试样测量的裂纹长度测量要好于没有使用参考试样的测量结果,说明参考试样可以很好地消除温度波动对测量结果的影响;同时在高温实验中,使用勾线法标定电位法测量的裂纹长度数据。结果表明,电位法测量的裂纹长度与勾线法测量平均裂纹长度之间的平均相对误差为1.79%,说明在高温实验环境下,试样出现表面氧化,可以使用直流电位法进行裂纹长度的测量。应用电位法技术完成650～800℃实验环境下,获得钛合金材料负应力比疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据。     

周向裂纹圆棒试样的断裂韧性测试方法研究

借助自制对中夹头和载荷分离法成功实现了周向裂纹圆棒试样的断裂韧性测试.基于有限元分析和柔度法得到了考虑弹性模量、试样直径、测试标距及裂纹深度等影响的统一裂纹长度预测公式;采用双引伸计测轴向位移、等面积法计算最终裂纹长度,解决了裂纹扩展偏心所带来的影响;有限元模拟分析证明了载荷分离理论适用于周向裂纹圆棒试样,并提出了几何函数G(a/R)的具体表达式;采用规则化方法获得了16Mn周向裂纹圆棒试样的JR阻力曲线.结果表明:由周向裂纹圆棒试样测得的结果与标准三点弯曲试样得到的结果接近,分散性小.     

铝镁合金平面应力断裂韧性测试研究

为测试铝镁合金平面应力的断裂韧性,根据HB 5261-1983《金属板村KR曲线试验方法》要求,在MTS-810试验机上,对铝镁合金中心裂纹拉伸试样(CCT)进行裂纹扩展阻力曲线KR与平面应力断裂韧性KC的测试;分析屈曲、裂纹长度的修正以及KR曲线有效数据点等因素的影响.测试结果表明:铝镁合金材料的平面应力断裂韧性KC较平面应变断裂韧性KIC高40％.     

Experimental investigation of spur gear tooth mesh stiffness in the presence of crack using photoelasticity technique

Gear mesh stiffness plays a very important role in gear dynamics and it varies in the presence of gear fault such as crack. The measurement of stress intensity factor can lead to the determination of gear tooth mesh stiffness variation in the presence of crack in a spur gear system. In this paper, the technique of conventional photoelasticity has been revisited to explore the possibility of using it as a supplementary technique to experimentally measure the variation of gear mesh stiffness. An attempt has been made to calculate the variation of mesh stiffness for a pinion having a cracked tooth and a gear tooth with no crack of a spur gear pair. An analytical methodology based on elastic strain energy method in conjunction with total potential energy model has been adopted and implemented within the mesh stiffness calculations. To visualize the state of stress in a structure using finite element and other currently available methods, photoelasticity is considered to be one of the oldest and most developed experimental technique. An experimental methodology based on conventional photo-elasticity technique for computing stress intensity factor (SIF) for cracked spur gear tooth is presented for different single tooth contact position and crack length. The relation between contact position, crack length, crack configuration, SIF and the variation of total effective mesh stiffness have been quantified. Finally, a comparison has been made and the results obtained from finite element method (FEM) based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), analytical method and proposed experimental method has been outlined.     

Mode II fracture testing of composites: a new look at an old problem

A number of technical issues have slowed the progress towards an agreed mode II test protocol for composite laminates and perhaps the most important of these has concerned the difficulty in measuring crack length during the test. In this paper, we extend a previous analysis which was developed for mode I delamination cases where significant bridging and micro-cracking occurred. The approach utilises an effective crack length and if successful, may eliminate the need to measure this parameter experimentally. To accommodate the new approach, an existing test protocol based on the end-loaded split (ELS) method has been revised and some data measured using the scheme is presented. This includes some initial results measured in a round-robin activity co-ordinated by a technical committee of the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS). A number of materials are examined with a view to determining the utility of the ‘crack length independent’ approach.     

Fatigue crack closure determination by means of finite element analysis

Plasticity-induced crack closure is an observed phenomenon during fatigue crack growth. However, accurate determination of fatigue crack closure has been a complex task for years. It has been approached by means of experimental and numerical methods. The finite element method (FEM) has been the principal numerical tool employed. In this paper the results of a broad study of fatigue crack closure in plane stress and plane strain by means of FEM are presented. The effect of three principal factors has been analysed in depth, the maximum load, the crack length and the stress ratio. It has been found that the results are independent of maximum load and the crack length, and there exists a direct influence of the stress ratio. This relation has been numerically correlated and compared with experimental results. Differences have also been established between opening and closure points and between the different criteria employed to compute crack closure.     

Effect of crack closure on non-linear crack tip parameters

Crack closure concept has been widely used to explain different issues of fatigue crack propagation. However, some authors have questioned the relevance of crack closure and have proposed alternative concepts. The main objective here is to check the effectiveness of crack closure concept by linking the contact of crack flanks with non-linear crack tip parameters. Accordingly, 3D-FE numerical models with and without contact were developed for a wide range of loading scenarios and the crack tip parameters usually linked to fatigue crack growth, namely range of cyclic plastic strain, crack tip opening displacement, size of reversed plastic zone and total plastic dissipation per cycle were investigated. It was demonstrated that: (i) LEFM concepts are applicable to the problem under study; (ii) the crack closure phenomenon has a great influence on crack tip parameters decreasing their values; (iii) the ΔK_eff concept is able to explain the variations of crack tip parameters produced by the contact of crack flanks; and (iv) the analysis of remote compliance is the best numerical parameter to quantify the crack opening level. Therefore the crack closure concept seems to be valid. Additionally, the curves of crack tip parameters against stress intensity factor range obtained without contact may be seen as master curves.     

Stress intensity factor calculation of steel-lined hoop-wrapped cylinders with internal semi-elliptical circumferential crack

The purpose of this paper is to present mode I stress intensity factor for a circumferential semi-elliptical crack on the inner surface of a hoop-wrapped steel-lined CNG cylinder. The stress intensity factors along the crack front are directly computed by 3D finite element method for a wide range of variations of the crack geometry. Also influence of many parameters such as cylinder internal pressure, composite layer thickness, composite material properties and undertaking Auto-Frettage pressure are studied on the stress intensity factor of the crack and some conclusive results are drawn. For the sake of validation of the results and because of lack of the results for a circumferential semi-elliptical crack in the literature, a semi-elliptical axial crack in a composite hoop-wrapped cylinder has been modeled and the results have been compared with those in the literature showing a good agreement.     

Corrosion Fracture of Structural Metallic Materials: Effect of Electrochemical Conditions in Crack

Abstract: The work is a compressed review based on the summarised results and the original approach for study of corrosion crack growth, taking into account local electrochemical conditions in the crack tip, which was developed at the Karpenko Physico‐Mechanical Institute of NASU. The model scheme of the pre‐fracture zone in the corrosion crack tip, which can be defined by the local values of pH of solution, electrode potential of metal E and stress intensity factor K_I is proposed. For its realisation, the special method and testing equipment for corrosion crack growth study and local electrochemical measurements in the crack were developed. The variation of the electrochemical conditions in corrosion cracks was studied, and it has been found that some stabilised levels of the pH and E values can be achieved in the tip of a non‐propagating and a propagating crack under static and cyclic loading during of exposure time. On this ground, the method for forecasting of the threshold stress intensity factor K_ISCC under stress corrosion cracking was proposed using these characteristic values of pH and E. This method was also adopted for the determination of the threshold stress intensity factor K_th under corrosion fatigue. The special method for determining corrosion fatigue crack growth rate diagrams based on consideration of extreme electrochemical conditions in the crack tip was developed. It has been proven that such diagrams reflect the extreme influence of the environmental factor on corrosion fracture of material, and they may be recommended as the base for the remaining lifetime calculation of the structural elements exploited under environmental conditions.     

Rectangular Tensile Sheet with Double Edge Notch Cracks

This paper deals with the rectangular tensile sheet with symmetric double edge notch cracks. Such a crack problem is called an edge notch crack problem for short. By using a hybrid displacement discontinuity method (a boundary element method), two edge notch models are analyzed in detail. By changing the geometrical forms and parameters of the edge notch, and by comparing the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of the edge notch crack problem with those of the double edge cracked plate tension specimen (DECT), which is a model frequently used in fracture mechanics, the effect of the geometrical forms and parameters of the edge notch on the SIFs of the DECT specimen, is revealed. Some geometric characterestic parameters are introduced here, which are used to formulate the notch length and the branch crack length, which are to be determined in mechanical machining of the DECT specimen So we can say that the geometric characterestic parameters and the formulae used to determine the notch length and the branch crack length presented in this paper perhaps have some guidance role for mechanical machining of the DECT specimen.     

Stress intensity factors and crack opening displacements for slanted axial through-wall cracks in pressurized pipes

This paper proposes elastic stress intensity factors and crack opening displacements (CODs) for a slanted axial through-wall cracked cylinder under an internal pressure based on detailed three-dimensional (3D) elastic finite element (FE) analyses. The FE model and analysis procedure were validated against existing solutions for both elastic stress intensity factor and COD of an idealized axial through-wall cracked cylinder. To cover a practical range, four different values of the ratio of the mean radius of cylinder to the thickness ( R _m/ t ) were selected. Furthermore, four different values of the normalized crack length and five different values of the ratio of the crack length at the inner surface to the crack length at the outer surface representing the slant angle were selected. Based on the elastic FE results, the stress intensity factors along the crack front and CODs through the thickness at the centre of the crack were provided. These values were also tabulated for three selected points, that is, the inner and outer surfaces and at the mid-thickness. The present results can be used to evaluate the crack growth rate and leak rate of a slanted axial through-wall crack due to stress corrosion cracking and fatigue. Moreover, the present results can be used to perform a detailed leak-before-break analysis considering more realistic crack shape development.     

Fatigue crack propagation assessment based on residual stresses obtained through cut-compliance technique

Crack growth rate versus crack length curves of heavily overloaded parent material specimens and fatigue crack propagation curves of friction‐stir‐welded aluminium samples are presented. It is shown that in both cases the residual stresses have a strong effect on the crack propagation behaviour under constant and variable amplitude loading. As a simplified engineering approach, it is assumed in this paper, that in both cases residual stresses are the main and only factor influencing crack growth. Therefore fatigue crack propagation predictions are performed by adding the residual stresses to the applied loading and by neglecting the possible effects of overloading and friction stir welding on the parent material properties. For a quantitative assessment of the residual stress effects, the stress intensity factor due to residual stresses K_res is determined directly with the so‐called cut‐compliance method (incremental slitting). These measurements are particularly suited as input parameters for the software packages AFGROW and NASGRO 3.0, which are widely used for fatigue crack growth predictions under constant and variable amplitude loading. The prediction made in terms of crack propagation rates versus crack length and crack length versus cycles generally shows a good agreement with the measured values.     

Crack arrest model for a piezoelectric plate — A generalised Dugdale model

The constant search for new materials has provided impetus to research in piezoelectric materials. An anti-plane problem for a cracked unbounded two-dimensional poled piezoelectric plate has been investigated. The crack rims open on account of shear mechanical forces applied at the remote boundary and in-plane electric displacement field prescribed at the infinite boundary. Thus the crack yields both mechanically and electrically. Consequently, a plastic zone and a saturation zone protrude ahead of each tip of the crack. These developed zones are in turn closed by applying yield point shear stress at the rims of plastic zone and normal closing saturation limit displacement on the rims of saturation zones. Two cases are investigated when (i) the developed saturation zone length exceeds that of the developed plastic zone, and (ii) saturation zone length is smaller than that of the plastic zone. Fourier integral transform method is used in each case to obtain the length of plastic zone and saturation zone. Closed form analytic expressions are obtained in each case. Crack opening displacement and potential drop across the rims of the crack are also obtained. The effect of mechanical loads on crack closure in the presence of electric field is investigated and vice-versa. Also energy release rate expressions are obtained for both the cases.