用遗传算法求解表面间的最小有向距离

在复杂曲面数控加工的刀具轨迹计算和刀具干涉检查中，需要求解刀具表面和工件表面之间的最小有向距离.为此，以最小有向距离原理为基础，利用遗传算法可以全局寻优的有点，结合五点寻优算法，对遗传算法进行了改进.通过嵌入局部优化复制算子，按计算进程控制交叉位串，引入禁忌搜索算法等方法提高遗传算法的收敛速度，以此来求解刀具表面和工件表面之间最小有向距离.此算法应用于复杂螺杆数控加工的自动编程系统开发中，取得了较好的效果.     

自由曲面截面线无干涉刀轨生成方法的研究

截面线法是数控加工中重要的也是应用较为广泛的一种刀具轨迹的生成方法．以球形刀加工自由曲面为例，对截面线无干涉刀轨生成方法进行了研究与探讨．该方法实现了对刀具干涉的快速分析检测与处理，提高了数控加工和生产效率．此外，该方法不仅可以在数控加工中生成无干涉刀具轨迹，而且可以确定加工中的欠切区域，以便于后续加工．     

鞋楦数控加工中基于曲面离散生成刀轨的方法

从基于曲面离散点的角度，研究了在鞋楦的数控加工中无干涉刀具轨迹生成的方法。主要处理过程如下：1）鞋楦曲面离散点的获取，将曲面按精度要求离散成点，由这些点阵信息代替曲面信息；2）刀位点的计算，对每一初始刀位点，检查刀具是否与曲面的离散点产生干涉，若产生干涉，就沿刀轴方向退刀来消除干涉；3）对刀位路线进行规划，生成刀具轨迹，由试验结果可知，该算法精度较高，已用于鞋楦的数控加工。     

水轮机叶片的五轴数控加工工艺规划及轨迹优化

针对大型水轮机叶片的五轴联动数控加工要求,制定出适合国内技术条件的工艺规划。提出在计算叶片五轴联动加工刀位时采用等残余高度刀位规划,并考虑三维非线性误差来计算走刀步长的刀位轨迹生成策略。为了避免刀具后跟角干涉的要求,提出根据叶片的曲面性态分析来确定叶片五轴联动加工中的刀轴控制和刀位轨迹优化计算方法。将该方法与CAM软件结合,用于大型混流式和轴流式叶片数控加工,结果表明：该方法既能严格控制加工误差,又要能提高加工效率。     

复杂螺旋面加工中刀具干涉检查算法研究

针对复杂螺旋面数控加工中的刀具干涉问题进行了研究，利用最小有向距离理论，将刀具干涉检查问题转化为求取目标函数的全局最优值问题，利用遗传算法实现问题的全局寻优．通过对螺杆钻具加工实验，验证该算法的可行性与有效性。     

航空发动机复杂曲面零件数控加工刀具轨迹规划研究分析

整体叶盘等复杂曲面零件是航空发动机中的核心零件,其数控加工技术中的关键是刀具轨迹的规划技术.本文针对当今国内外复杂曲面的数控加工刀具轨迹规划的研究现状和发展进行了分析.主要对复杂曲面数控加工中三种主要刀具的轨迹规划进行了对比分析,并对刀具轨迹规划中的关键技术进行了分析,包括：轨迹拓扑、轨迹参数、干涉避免和刀轴控制的算法理论和适用特点,并对刀具轨迹规划中的曲线插补和刀具组合方向进行了分析和展望,为后续研究提升零件数控加工效率和质量打下了基础.     

用图象交互技术实现计算机辅助数控编程

本文提出了采用交互式图象技术来实现CAD与CAM的集成方法。文中介绍了JBZ—CADM系统中图象与数控编程的接口设计、刀位轨迹生成及内存管理以及编辑、修改、输出等问题。对于应用APT语言系统所存在的一些缺点,例如编程不直观、记忆繁琐易出错,都可以避免,另外在数据操作上,为了要修改加工信息,必须退出系统,但对于交互式图象数控编程,可以实时进行修改,因而提高了编程效率。     

基于CorelDraw软件三维并联数控雕刻机译码实现

以3-HSS构型的三维并联数控雕刻机为研究对象,研究其数控系统基于CorelDraw软件的译码实现的方法,其原理是利用CorelDraw软件生成加工程序文件,再由并联数控系统的译码模块对该文件进行译码,由并联雕刻机完成加工任务.采用该种方法减轻了程序员编写复杂加工程序的负担,容易实现复杂加工任务的编程和译码,可以大大提高编程的效率和加工质量,便于三维并联数控雕刻机的广泛应用.通过联机调试,实现了正确的加工轨迹,验证了本文数控系统的正确性和可行性.     

特种回转面铣刀螺旋槽的数控磨削模型及仿真

为了建立适用于各种特种回转面铣刀螺旋槽的磨削模型,基于该种刀具螺旋槽的几何模型,将求解砂轮的运动轨迹与具体的加工工况分开,在刀位轨迹生成后通过后置处理,生成适合于不同数控系统及不同数控机床的加工代码。采用这种方法,不仅大大简化了刀位轨迹的计算和生成,保证了所生成的刀成的刀位轨迹的通用性,而且在实现中确保了砂民刀具不发生干涉,文中还用实例加工仿真结果验证了模型的可靠性。     

自由曲面数控加工刀位轨迹与加工精度的研究

自由曲面数控加工刀位轨迹规划与加工精度的控制，是计算机辅助制造(CAM)必须要解决的问题。由于自由曲面加工的数控程序是由序列线性插值的刀位构成的，在确定走刀步长和切削行距时必须考虑线性逼近误差和残留高度(或过切量)。论述了立铣刀用于较小曲率曲面加工时刀位轨迹的生成方法，切削步长和立铣刀铣削时后跟角的计算方法，给出了立铣刀过切干涉检查方法，直接给出了加工微分几何结构不同的曲面时，影响加工精度的接刀刀痕高度的数学表达式，用图表达了4个给定的切削行距时，接刀刀痕高度与刀具半径的比值与铣刀倾斜角(后跟角)的关系。     

基于极坐标投影法的五轴加工刀具路径生成法

针对五轴加工中刀具矢量变化较大且易产生干涉的问题,提出了基于极坐标投影法的五轴加工刀具路径生成法。利用微分几何理论计算得自由曲面的法矢、主曲率及其极值,利用极坐标投影法获得刀轴矢量,并求得可能的干涉区域;应用等距偏移曲面法计算出曲面数控精加工刀位数据,并通过控制切削残留高度的方法求得切削行距。结果表明,极坐标投影法可以得到无干涉的五轴加工刀位数据,并可以获得均匀变化的刀轴矢量。     

人工鱼群算法在孔群加工路径优化中的应用研究

将人工鱼群算法应用于孔群加工路径优化的研究,建立以最短加工路径为目标的路径优化数学模型,阐述算法实施的具体过程并进行算例分析。结果表明,该方法求最优解的性能优于Hopfield算法、进化蚁群算法、人工免疫算法以及改进的遗传算法,获得的最优路径可以节省71.47%的行走路程。     

Research on Manufacturing Technology Based on Machine Vision

The concept of machine vision based manufacturing technology is proposed first,and the key algorithms used in two-dimensional and three-dimensional machining are discussed in detail.Machining information can be derived from the binary images and gray picture after processing and transforming the picture.Contour and the parallel cutting method about two-dimen- sional machining are proposed.Polygon approximating algorithm is used to cutting the profile of the workpiece.Fill Scanning al- gorithm used to machining inner part of a pocket.The improved Shape From Shading method with adaptive pre-processing is adopted to reconstruct the three-dimensional model.Layer cutting method is adopted for three-dimensional machining.The tool path is then gotten from the model,and NC code is formed subsequently.The model can be machined conveniently by the lathe, milling machine or engraver.Some examples are given to demonstrate the results of lmageCAM system,which is developed by the author to implement the algorithms previously mentioned.     

Real-time Bezier interpolation satisfying chord error constraint for CNC tool path

G01 code generated by a computer-aided manufacture (CAM) system is the most common form of tool trajectory in computer numerical control (CNC) machining. A tool path composed of short line segments has discontinuous tangency and curvature, generating large fluctuations of feedrate and acceleration, which in turn produces vibration in a machine tool. To obtain a smooth tool path, many methods on tool-path smoothing have been developed. However, the shortcomings in these methods exist when they are employed in a CNC system. It is difficult to simultaneously to guarantee the following requirements of CNC machining: (1) chord error should be rigidly constrained; (2) G01 points should be interpolated; (3) curvature should be continuous (G²); (4) machining should be applicable to spatial cases; (5) real-time performance of computation is required. Based on these various requirements, this study proposes an interpolation scheme using cubic Bezier curves and includes an adjustment strategy to eliminate deficiencies in the tool path. The tool path generated is G², chord-error-constrained, G01-point-interpolated, loop-free, and optimized for both stretch and jerk energy. The method is applicable to 3D cases and involves only simple algebraic computations. Thus, the algorithm can be applied to real-time CNC machining. A simulation is conducted to validate the efficiency of the algorithm. In addition, an experiment reveals its advantage over Hermite interpolation in surface quality and machining efficiency.     

基于TSP的孔群加工路径优化算法

建立以孔群加工最短路径为优化目标的数学模型,采用蚁群算法与2-OPT算法相融合的优化方法,研究了模具顶针板孔群加工刀具路径优化问题.结果表明,该融合算法加快了收敛速度,可有效避免陷入局部最优解,加工优化路径比贪心算法缩短12.34%,比基本蚁群算法缩短14.78%,即有效缩短了加工路径,减少了空走刀时间,提高了数控加工效率.     

Continuity control method of cutter posture vector for efficient five-axis machining

During five-axis machining of impeller, the excessive local interference avoidance leads to inconsistency of cutter posture, low quality of machined surface and increase of processing time. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of five-axis machining of impellers, it is necessary to minimize the cutter posture changes and create a continuous tool path while avoiding interference. By using an MC-space algorithm for interference avoidance, an MB-spline algorithm for continuous control was intended to create a five-axis machining tool path with excellent surface quality and economic feasibility. A five-axis cutting experiment was performed to verify the effectiveness of the continuity control. The result shows that the surface shape with continuous method is greatly improved, and the surface roughness is generally favorable. Consequently, the effectiveness of the suggested method is verified by identifying the improvement of efficiency of five-axis machining of an impeller in aspects of surface quality and machining time.     

基于遗传算法的刀具路径优化排布方法

为缩短数控(NC)加工时间和提高加工效率，提出了一种新的基于遗传算法的刀具路径优化排布方法.该方法以加工代码分析为基础，将刀具路径分解为一系列切削路径组和对应的辅助运动路径，根据加工类型将切削路径细分为开放式切削路径和封闭式切削路径.构造了一种新的分段染色体模型，将染色体分为主节和附加节，用不同的编码方法对开放式切削路径和封闭式切削路径进行编码表示.采用改进的遗传算法，对分组后的切削刀具路径进行优化运算，得到了刀具路径排布的近似最优解.实验结果表明，该方法具有良好的优化效果，可以明显缩短辅助运动路径的总长度，减少加工时间.     

A general,fast and robust B-spline fitting scheme for micro-line tool path under chord error constraint

The discontinuity of linear tool path(or G01 blocks) brings about unnecessary feedrate deceleration and fluctuation during machining. To improve the continuity, the linear tool path is usually smoothed by the local transition method or the global fitting method. For micro-line tool path, the transition method will significantly decrease the machining efficiency and introduce feedrate fluctuation. The global fitting method cannot be directly used in the NC interpolation because the indispensable chord error checking and iterative fitting processes are computation-intensive. This paper presents a general, fast and robust B-spline fitting scheme under chord error constraint for high speed interpolation of micro-line tool path. The proposed fitting method guarantees the chord error by utilizing the strong convex hull property of B-spline curves. The knot vector and control points are initially generated by a progressive iterative approximation method and locally refined to conform to the chord error constraint by using an analytical method. The analytical approximation and refining methods avoid solving a linear system of equations that is necessary in the standard B-spline fitting method. The feasibility and efficiency of the proposed scheme has been verified via simulations and experiments. Compared with the traditional fitting method, the proposed scheme can strictly constrain the chord error and can significantly decrease the computational load. Compared with the transition scheme, the proposed scheme can significantly increase the machining efficiency for the same micro-line tool path under the same chord error tolerance.     

基于k-均值聚类算法的模具型腔曲面分片加工研究

为了提高复杂曲面的加工效率,解决编程人员凭经验分片导致加工特征遗漏和区域参数不合理的问题,提出了一种基于k-均值聚类的模具型腔曲面分片方法.首先,将型腔曲面根据曲面加工特点进行分类;然后,根据k-均值聚类分析原理,将型腔曲面上加工特性相似且相邻的点归集到一个加工区域内;进而,型腔曲面被分割成若干具有不同加工特性的曲面片;最后,针对每个曲面片的特性规划刀具路径实施分片加工,将接刀痕迹控制在曲面片的交接处,以达到提高效率及加工表面质量的目的.结果表明,此方法能明显减少加工轨迹的长度,提高加工的效率及质量.     

自由曲面砂带磨削轨迹规划与误差控制分析

砂带磨削是提高自由曲面工件型面精度和表面质量的重要手段之一,针对目前自由曲面砂带磨削加工在效率和精度方面存在不足,基于砂带磨削加工的特性,提出了一种基于加工精度控制的自由曲面砂带磨削加工的轨迹规划方法。首先,对实现无曲率干涉的接触轮半径及满足加工允差的接触轮宽度进行了公式推导,结合轮与曲面上加工点主曲率关系,通过双倍体的遗传算法优选出满足自由曲面要求的加工允差,并获取无曲率干涉加工需求的接触轮尺寸参数。然后,基于加工点的主曲率方向实现加工轨迹的自适应宽行距规划,同时采用柔顺处理算法对其点导动规划过程中当曲面存在扭曲时的磨头潜在的大幅往复摆动运动进行了柔顺处理,获得了行距稳定且满足加工时接触轮在磨削点处始终与自由曲面达到最佳贴合效果的磨削轨迹。最后,应用该方法对某航空发动机叶片型面进行轨迹规划,并在数控砂带磨床上进行了加工验证。结果表明：规划的磨削加工轨迹能够使得叶片轮廓截面精度较好地满足加工要求,提高了叶片型面的表面质量和精度,证实了该方法的有效性和实用性。本文提出的轨迹规划方法可科学合理地控制曲面预期加工允差,解决了在自由曲面砂带磨削过程中因接触轮尺寸参数选择不当而引起的局部干涉的计算难题,能够有效提高砂带磨削加工的效率和精度。