南方某水库底层溶解氧分布特征及低氧成因分析

以南方某水库为例,通过2013年4月至2014年3月的监测数据研究底层溶解氧(bottom dissolved oxygen,BDO)和底层水温(bottom temperature,BT)、p H值、电导率、浊度(TU)、TP、TN、COD、总有机碳(TOC)、Chl-a间的关系,以阐明该水库BDO的时空分布特征及低氧成因。结果表明,BDO春、夏季浓度低,秋、冬季(枯水期)浓度较高,进水口附近的DO浓度普遍高于库中、库心;低氧现象主要发生在夏季(5—8月);水越深、水温越低,BDO下降趋势显著(P0.05);浊度、TOC与BDO为正相关关系。BDO与叶绿素a呈现显著正相关,在底层浮游植物中,蓝藻门占绝对优势,BDO浓度与蓝藻的垂直迁移有关。表明水库BDO在时间上的变化趋势受温度的影响,而空间上的变化受到水动力的影响,低氧现象的发生受到水体垂直密度分层的影响。     

城市河流对城市热气候影响的研究进展

介绍河流与城市大气间的热与水分收支理论基础,从现场实测、模型试验和数值模拟研究等方面系统地归纳了近年来国内外关于城市河流对城市热气候影响的相关研究成果。指出由于目前相关研究还非常缺乏,导致不能为城市河流合理规划与利用提供理论支持。认为加大力度研究城市河流对城市热气候的影响,对于更好地发挥我国城市河流的生态功能潜力、合理开发利用城市河流资源、维持城市生态系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

潘家口水库热分层期溶解氧垂向分布及影响因素

为探究水库热分层对溶解氧垂向分布的影响,2019年8月在潘家口水库设置监测平台,分别采用YSI-EXO2监测仪和NISKIN采样器进行监测和水样采集,测定库区水温、溶解氧、pH、浮游植物等水质指标的垂向分布,分析水体热分层期溶解氧垂向分布的影响因素及溶解氧极小值（MOM）的形成原因。结果表明：潘家口水库8月存在显著热分层现象,水温呈混合层-温跃层-滞温层结构。混合层溶解氧浓度大于6.5 mg/L;温跃层受热分层等影响显著,层内出现MOM,梯度明显增大,浓度显著减小;滞温层溶解氧逐渐恢复。相关性分析表明：溶解氧与水温和浮力频率显著相关,热分层是MOM形成的主要物理因素;溶解氧与浮游植物生物量和pH呈正相关,温跃层浮游植物的呼吸作用、营养物质的积累和有机物质的氧化分解等生物和化学因素在一定程度上促进了MOM的发展。     

河道型深水库的温度分层模拟

本文建立了计入浮力影响的立面二维水温模型,用二滩的实测资料对模型进行了验证,再将该模型应用于另一待建的河道式深水库,精细地模拟出斜温层的形成、发展和消失,分析了水库全年的温度分层结构。     

The Impact of Surface Heat Flux and Wind on Thermal Stratification in Portage Lake,Michigan

Portage Lake is situated near the center of the Keweenaw Peninsula and is connected to Lake Superior via lengthy (> 7 km) navigation channels. Using moored thermistor records and meteorological data, we examine how changes in lake stratification are related to surface winds and heat flux. Frequent episodes of full water column mixing are observed throughout the summer. Convective mixing through surface cooling appears to be an important agent responsible for these events, as all occur during cold air outbreaks and when the net heat flux is directed out of the lake (negative). However, wind-induced mixing is also implicated in contributing to some vertical mixing events, as evidenced by two events initiated during a period of strong winds and declining, but not yet negative, heat fluxes. Our analysis indicates that each time the water column restratifies, it tends to become more susceptible to convectively-driven overturn during cold air outbreaks. This tendency is quantified by the estimated time over which surface cooling due to a specified set of conditions, characteristic of a cold air outbreak, would reduce the temperature contrast between the upper and lower layers by half. This time declines by more than an order of magnitude for successive restratification events observed in the summer of 1999. Our analysis also reveals successive formation and dissolution of a diurnal surface mixed layer in an otherwise homogeneous water column during a 10-day period of August 1999. This is attributed to the combination of relatively light winds and negative daily net heat fluxes.     

What role does stratification play during winter in wind-induced exchange between the multi-depth basins of a large lake (Lake Geneva)?

Detailed studies of wind-driven interbasin exchange in lakes, focusing on the underlying driving forces and how they are affected by stratification, are presently lacking. We therefore investigated how stratification modifies wind-induced exchange between the Petit Lac (PL) (depth 75 m) and Grand Lac (GL) (depth 309 m) basins of Lake Geneva in winter, using field observations, 3D hydrodynamic modeling and particle tracking. Early, weakly-stratified (December) and late, fully-mixed (March) winter conditions in the PL were compared for a typical, strong along-axis wind forcing. During early winter, two-layer exchange develops between the basins, with downwind surface outflow into the GL balanced by intense bottom inflow of deep, cold hypolimnetic GL water into the PL which is enhanced by baroclinic pressure gradients caused by upwelling in the GL. Furthermore, the transversal water-level setup generates barotropic pressure gradients that balance Coriolis force acting on the outflow. This produces unidirectional along-wind epilimnion currents that strengthen interbasin exchange. In late winter, with the thermocline deeper than the PL bottom, upwelling in the GL does not reach the confluence and baroclinicity plays no role, resulting in weaker exchange currents with a depth-veering structure in the upper layers due to Coriolis force. In late winter, interbasin exchange decreases by 50 %, is more local, affects only waters near the confluence, and is more horizontal, with no deepwater upwelling from the GL. Our results suggest that prolonged winter stratification due to global warming will make wind-induced hypolimnetic interbasin-upwelling an increasingly important deepwater renewal process in large multi-depth basin lakes.     

城市暴雨沥涝数学模型的研究与应用

为解决城市沥涝问题,以二维非恒定流方程为基本控制方程,按照水量平衡法改进的有限体积法思想,结合城市复杂的汇流特点,提出了一种分区分层的计算模式,构建了二维城市暴雨沥涝数学模型,包含了社区汇流、路网汇流、管网汇流和河道汇流4个计算模块。以天津市示范区段为研究对象,依次模拟了2009—2015年10次降雨过程,分析对比了验证点积水水位和湘江道的津河液位。模拟结果显示,河道液位模拟值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,两者平均值之间的误差均＜10 cm, 表明了模型具有一定的计算精度,可用于城市内涝监测预报,同时也为城市暴雨沥涝数学模型研究提供了新的方法和思路。     

分层湖库溶解氧时空特性研究进展

溶解氧(DO)是湖库水质管理的关键变量之一,对维持湖库生态系统平衡至关重要。受控于湖库生态、生物地球化学和物理过程的相互作用,湖库DO对气候、地理、富营养化、有机污染、水文及负荷的输入等环境压力反应敏感。随着监测技术的提高、实验分析的多样、模型工具的完善,溶解氧垂向分层机理研究也更加深入。分层湖库的表面温水层因大气复氧、光合作用等的影响DO饱和程度高,变温层DO与受透明度影响的浮游生物呼吸与光合作用、水平和表层等外部物质输入、有机物沉积过程分解等机制有关,DO垂向形态多样,其中变温层DO极小值广泛存在且成因复杂。滞温层缺氧与沉积物、初级生产力、外部输入湖库大小等有关,通过数据分析和模型手段,滞温层DO演变过程得到较好的解释。由于分层湖库影响DO时空分布的因素众多,个别因子或经验公式分析,很难对湖库DO现象做出全面精确的描述,基于机理及过程的数值模型是DO研究中必不可少的工具。针对分层湖库越来越普遍的缺氧现象,为水质和生态环境的改善提出合理的科学措施,提高水库管理,采用原位监测、经验参数、公式和数值模型等手段,揭示湖库溶解氧的演变机理,是需要继续深入研究的课题。     

干旱内陆河区绿洲稳定性分析

本文分析了人工绿洲发展的特点及我国干旱内陆河区绿洲稳定性要素,按各要素对绿洲稳定性贡献,划分出绿洲绿色生态系统和绿洲灰色生态系统,并指出农田更具有灰色生态系统的成分。通过对比分析绿洲景观及与其相应的水热平衡关系,提出评价现代经济意义下绿洲稳定性及其开发利用方向的绿洲绿色指数和计算方法。通过绿洲绿色指数,可以快速诊断绿洲宏观水资源开发利用问题,设计绿洲适宜的发展规模。     

热分层湍流直接模拟的高精度算法和数值分析

该文发展了高阶精度有限差分格式的直接数值模拟方法,并将其成功地应用于带有自由面的热分层槽道湍流问题的计算,与低阶精度格式相比,高精度格式有着更宽的低耗散波段,对中高波数分量有较好的模拟能力。该文直接在非均匀网格上采用Lagrange多项式插值构造迎风偏置格式,克服了传统二阶格式在网格变化剧烈时精度损失的缺点,提高了在近壁区的计算精度。对三维槽道湍流以及带有自由面的热分层湍流的流场和温度场的统计特征、脉动特征以及能谱进行了分析,进一步验证了高精度差分方法对热分层剪切湍流问题直接模拟的有效性。总体上讲,该格式精度高,对高频非物理振荡有抑制作用,可以适应变化的空间网格,有效地模拟复杂湍流流动结构,并正确地揭示其流动机理.     

滨海核电厂明渠深水温排放三维数值模拟研究

核电厂温排水对海域环境的影响不容忽视,数学模型是预报温排水扩散范围的重要手段。三维数学模型能反映水温垂向分层,相比二维模型更为精细,由于其对垂向流速求解存在简化,应用于不同排放型式的模拟精度尚需要深入论证。本文针对深水明渠排放型式开展了温排水三维数值模拟,计算结果与物理模型及近区浮射流模型Cormix进行了对比,结果表明三维数学模型计算的1 ℃温升范围与物理模型接近,4 ℃温升范围较物理模型和Cormix显著偏小。本项研究表明现有三维数学模型单独应用于明渠水深排放型式难以同时兼顾近远区模拟精度,需要进一步开展与近区浮射流模型的耦合研究以提升其适用性。     

大流量调度过程对水库缺氧区抑制阈值条件研究

大型水库在热分层期间出现的底部缺氧问题将严重影响湖库底层水体水质,威胁水库供水安全。水库大流量调度引起的强水动力条件可有效削弱甚至完全消除库区缺氧现象。本文以引滦入津源头工程——大黑汀水库为例,采用三维水动力-水质模型复演了水库缺氧区的演化过程,发现大黑汀全库在缺氧区稳定发展时段的8月份有2/3区域出现缺氧现象。为应对缺氧引起的供水安全风险,本文基于多情景分析方法给出了大流量调度过程抑制大黑汀水库缺氧现象的分级调度阈值条件。当大流量调度过程日均流量达到96.5 m³/s且持续时长15～30 d时,大黑汀水库约70%～90%的缺氧区可得到抑制;当流量达到115.7 m³/s且持续时长15~30 d时,90%~100%的缺氧区可得到抑制,库区缺氧现象将基本消除。     

Currents and Temperatures in Green Bay,Lake Michigan

Current velocities and water temperatures were measured in the four main passages between Green Bay and Lake Michigan and at several sites within the bay during summer and fall 1977. Monthly resultant currents indicate there is anticlockwise circulation in the bay during dominant southwesterly wind and a reversal of this pattern during episodes of northeasterly wind. It is common for two layers to flow through the mouth of the bay in opposite directions during the stratified season. Cold hypolimnetic lake water entering through the mouth and extending far into the bay maintains stratification and promotes flushing. The effects of resonance of forced and free long wave disturbances are prominent in current records; these oscillations are coherent and in phase across the mouth.