Isoviscous flow past a rigid sphere partially immersed in a thin oil film

Numerical solutions to steady state circular contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication problems normally employ Reynolds equation, forcing the assumption that the flow through the conjunction is two‐dimensional and single‐phase. In this paper, the full Navier–Stokes equations are used on a simpler rigid isoviscous sliding point contact. The aim of the study was to compute the lubricant flow patterns through and around the conjunction of a point contact when the oil inlet is a free surface that has a similar wavy shape to the wake. This model is like some seen experimentally in a ball and plate machine or industrially in a radial ball bearing with insufficient lubricant supply. There is first a discussion on the alteration with time of the oil wake geometry after it has left the conjunction. Then, the computed results mapped the areas of varying concentration between oil and air. They showed an accumulation of oil and vapour forming a reservoir at the inlet to the conjunction. Within it was a vortex attached to the stationary surface, just downstream of which, the main pressure distribution commences. The computed flow patterns were compared with experimental pictures wherever possible. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流体动压润滑油膜厚度及油池的荧光测量

基于面接触润滑油膜厚度荧光测量系统,研究润滑油中荧光剂强度与剪应变率的关系,筛选得到适合油膜厚度测量的润滑油和荧光剂的组合,并研究荧光强度和油膜厚度之间的关系。结果表明:R6G荧光剂和PEG400润滑油组合与Coumarin6荧光剂和PAO8润滑油组合的荧光强度不受剪应变率影响,可用于油膜厚度的荧光测量;荧光强度和油膜厚度存在单值线性关系,通过测量荧光强度可以求解油膜厚度。建立接触区周围油膜厚度及油池分布的测量方法,研究载荷和速度对油膜厚度以及接触区周围润滑剂的迁移特性的影响。结果表明:油膜厚度随速度增加而增加,随载荷增加而减小;随着速度增加,滑块入口处油池产生润滑剂堆积,出口处油池出现双侧脊分离,两侧面油池无明显变化;油池的变化是表面力、机械分离力和离心力综合作用的结果。     

微量润滑供给下润滑材料迁移特性的试验研究

通过对微量润滑下油池轮廓的研究,探讨了围绕点接触区内润滑材料的迁移特性。以钢球与玻璃盘为摩擦配副,通过微量注射器将不同供给量的润滑材料注入到点接触区内,采用荧光技术研究其油池的变化规律。结果表明,围绕点接触区内始终存在一个封闭油池。随着卷吸速度的增大,微量供油下油池经历圆形、扁圆形、两个瓣膜、入口处凹陷等变化,而充足供油下油池仅经历圆形和扁圆形的变化;减速时油池与加速时油池呈非对称变化;油池产生瓣膜的临界速度与润滑材料的供给量成正相关。油池的形状反映了围绕点接触区润滑材料的迁移特性,与润滑材料的供给量、卷吸速度、表面张力和离心力等因素有关。      

The correlation between surface temperature and the number of metallic contacts in the concentrated contact

Results of measurements of local changes in electrical resistance in a concentrated contact and contact surface temperatures determined with the aid of a thin-layer transducer are presented in this paper.Good agreement between the oil film thickness corresponding to the measured inlet temperature and the thickness predicted by the thermal reduction factor given by Murch and Wilson has been found. It has also been found that there exists a strong correlation between the number of individual metallic contacts (asperities) in the contact zone and the surface temperature in the inlet zone as well as the maximum surface temperature in the contact. This dependence may be described by a power function for which the exponent depends only on rolling velocity; however, the coefficient is also a function of sliding velocity.     

A numerical analysis on three-dimensional flow field in a supersonic bump-type inlet

The characteristic of a supersonic inlet system with three-dimensional bump which is substituted for the diverter or conventional ramp-type compression systems has been studied numerically. A comprehensive numerical analysis has been performed to understand the threedimensional flow field including shock/boundary layer interaction and growth of turbulent boundary layer that might occur around a three-dimensional bump in a supersonic inlet. The current numerical simulations showed the supersonic bump-type inlet which is modified from a conventional ramp-type inlet to control shock/boundary layer interaction effectively and evolved to maximize inlet performance.     

Predictability of high-performance spindles using a complete thermo-elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHD) solution

Spindles experience problems related to increased power and velocity, and can have very high power consumption. The work reported here is aimed at improving design methods for high-performance spindles and machine-tool bearings, and is aimed at determining the influence, of the oil quantity supplying the contact, on power consumption and on contact temperature. A finite element program, TACT, can efficiently predict power loss and the thermal state of machine-tool bearings, and the remaining unknown in these thermo-piezo-viscous-elastic (TPVE) calculations is inlet oil film height. The authors address this problem and, within the context of this work, develop a high-speed ISO 50 spindle which has a thin-wall bearing housing, and is ‚thermally tuned‚, so avoiding thermal instability, while the preload stays constant. Its experimentally determined power consumption values agree well with the TPVE prediction for an assumed inlet film height of 0.5 μm.     

A Mixed Flow Model for Lubrication with Emulsions

An oil-in-water emulsion in the inlet zone of a concentrated contact is modeled by treating the oil particles as flattened cylinders surrounded by water. In an independent flow model, the oil and water flows are coupled only through the pressure gradient. However, the model leads to anomalous behavior with regard to the flow of water. To overcome this problem, corrections to the pressure gradients due to interactions between the oil and water were derived. Both models showed that the emulsion became concentrated because the higher viscosity oil was preferentially drawn into the conjunction. The net effect was similar to an inlet starved of oil. The inlet film thickness predicted by the interactive theory was in good agreement with Dow's experimental measurements for an EHL contact.     

超声波喷嘴雾化性能影响因素的研究

为研究新的雾化方式并将其应用于实际的油雾润滑系统中,针对流体动力式超声波喷嘴,设计其雾化性能测试系统。通过测量喷嘴产生的油雾浓度和喷嘴的流量,研究喷嘴在不同进气压力、进出口压差时的雾化性能。研究结果表明:随着喷嘴进气压力的增大,油雾浓度先增大后减小,喷嘴流量先增大后趋于恒定,喷嘴的进口压力最佳值为0.5 MPa;增大喷嘴进出口压差可以明显地提高油雾浓度和喷嘴的流量,喷嘴的雾化性能得到显著提升。     

An Investigation of Lubricant Film Thickness in Sliding Compliant Contacts

An optical interferometric technique has been used to investigate fluid film thickness in sliding, isoviscous elastohydrodynamic contacts (I-EHL). Monochromatic two-beam interferometry has been employed to map lubricant film thickness across a range of applied loads and entrainment speeds. The contact was formed between an elastomer sphere and plain glass disc, illuminated under red light, λ= 630 nm. Experimental work has employed sunflower oil and glycerol/water solutions as the test lubricants, due to their similar refractive indices and varying viscosity. A black-and-white-image-intensified camera has been employed to capture interference images and a computer processing technique used to analyse these images, pixel by pixel, and create film thickness maps based on their gray-scale intensity representations. Comparison of film thickness results to theoretical models shows reasonable qualitative agreement. Experimental results show both a reduced horseshoe, which is limited to the rear of the contact, and wedge-shaped film thickness profile within the Hertzian contact region. This is unlike conventional hard EHL contacts where the horseshoe-shaped pressure constriction extends around the contact toward the inlet. Experimental results suggest that film thickness profiles take on a convergent wedge shape similar to that used in many hydrodynamic bearings. It is likely that this wedge is largely responsible for generating fluid pressure and therefore the load-carrying capacity of the contact.     

滚滑轴承滑块的油-气两相流润滑分析

为改善滚滑轴承的润滑,运用两相流理论对其滑块进行油气润滑设计,建立滑块的油-气两相流CFD模型,分析不同入口角度、进气速度、进油速度和润滑油黏度对流场油相分布的影响。结果表明:油-气混合润滑方式能在内外滚道接触区形成有效的润滑油膜;油气管道夹角影响油滴分布,角度过大时大量油滴会在滑块侧面上附着,角度过小时油滴会在外滚道入口处堆积,造成供油连续性不好,油膜稳定性下降;进气速度过大会降低油滴附着率,无法形成有效油膜,而进油速度过大会造成润滑油累积,出现搅油现象,因此选择合适的进气和进油速度,才能控制油滴的大小和保持润滑过程的连续性;润滑油黏度会影响油滴在滑块上的附着效果,合理地选择润滑油黏度,才能保证流场油相分布均匀。     

On the Efficacy of IF–WS<Subscript>2</Subscript> Nanoparticles as Solid Lubricant: The Effect of the Loading Scheme

Fullerene-like WS₂ (MoS₂) nanoparticles (IF) have been studied in the past as solid lubricants. Using the tribological ball-on-flat experiments, it was shown that the size of the aggregates and their distribution determine the penetration and entrapping of the IF nanoparticles at the interface. It is expected that the wedge clearance at the inlet of the contact, i.e., the oblique-angle entrance to the contact zone between the two mating tribological surfaces, as well as the average surface roughness, can limit the supply of the lubricant into the interface in, e.g., the block-on-ring experiment. In the present series of experiments, the Stribeck curve was designed first using a linear loading scheme and pure oil. It was concluded that a wedge clearance (oblique-angle) in the inlet of the contact zone leads to entrapment of the IF nanoparticles and their compaction, which hamper the supply of the fluid lubricant into the interface. A ball-on-flat and flat block-on-ring friction devices with wedge clearance in the inlet of the contact can distort the efficacy of IF. Procedures for improving the supply of the IF nanoparticles to the contact zone and improving thereby their efficacy are considered.     

Starvation and Reflow in a Grease-Lubricated Elastohydrodynamic Contact

The lubrication mechanisms of a grease in a rolling-element bearing has been studied through the measurement of film thickness in a rolling point contact. To simulate bearing conditions the contact runs under fully starved conditions; there is no attempt to maintain bulk flow of the grease into the inlet using an external supply. In consequence the film thickness drops off rapidly as the contact progressively starves. After a few minutes rolling (at constant speed) an equilibrium film thickness is attained which has two components: a residual film (h_R) comprised of degraded grease thickener and a hydrodynamic component (h_EHD) due to the liquid phase from the grease. The hydrodynamic contribution represents a balance between lubricant lost from the contact and replenishment from the grease close to the track. The ability of the grease to replenish the rolling track has been inferred from measurements of lubricant reflow around the static contact. These results are discussed in light of current starvation and grease lubrication models.     

基于有限元的盾构机主轴承腔内润滑特性研究

盾构机主轴承具有尺寸大、承受载荷高且转速慢的特点,研究其主轴承腔内润滑状况,对于保证盾构机主轴承的可靠性至关重要。运用三维建模软件及流体仿真软件对盾构机主轴承进行建模及腔内流体域仿真,研究主要润滑参数包括进油口位置分布、进油口的选择、润滑油黏度对腔内润滑状态的影响,以及腔内润滑状态与温度的关系。结果表明：进油口位置分布对润滑状态有着较大影响,非对称进油口分布对这种极低速旋转及重载的盾构机主轴承更有利;为改善润滑状态,进油口应分主进油口和副进油口,保持主进油口常开,副进油口的打开视工况而定;润滑油黏度对润滑状态及温度都有较大影响,存在最佳黏度区间使得温度保持较低水平且润滑状态良好;对应位置润滑油体积分数与温度成反比关系。     

离心脱开型超越离合器弹流润滑分析

离心脱开型超越离合器是航空传动系统中的重要部件,具有低速楔合传动、高速离心脱开的特性,使离合器在不同工作模式下接触载荷与转速呈不同的关系,因此需针对不同工况下离心脱开型超越离合器弹流润滑性能进行分析.建立离心脱开型超越离合器弹流润滑模型,采用多重网格分析方法进行数值求解,分析进油温度与速度对超越离合器弹流润滑性能的影响...     

基于ABAQUS的橡胶密封圈应力松弛分析

橡胶O形密封圈在高温工况下会发生应力松弛并导致密封失效。基于橡胶黏-超弹本构模型,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立橡胶O形密封圈与沟槽接触的非线性有限元模型,分析O形密封圈在不同压缩率、不同油压、不同温度下的应力松弛情况及应力分布。结果表明:接触界面上的接触应力分布近似呈抛物线;O形密封圈应力在初期先急剧衰减,而后逐渐缓慢降低;压缩率和油压对应力松弛影响不大,但油压太大会降低密封可靠性;温度升高使应力松弛速率明显增大,并使最终应力降低,降低密封的可靠性。     

某发动机复杂油路流场分析及优化设计

以某航空发动机附件齿轮箱“连通折弯式”的复杂油路为研究对象，对油路内部的三维流场进行仿真分析并建立压力-流量模型。基于流场的计算结果，分析齿轮箱进口润滑油流量不足的原因并提出优化方案。结果表明：该发动机因喷嘴结构设计不当，导致齿轮箱油路中局部流通面积较小，局部阻力损失较大，使得油路进口处的润滑油流量偏小。通过对喷嘴结构局部优化，提高了油路中局部流通面积，有效增加了进口的润滑油流量，满足了设计要求。优化后的齿轮箱油路中，压力损失最大的区域在每个喷嘴的喷孔段，但各个管流段压力变化不大，整个油路的压力分布更加合理。建立齿轮箱工作压力范围内的压力-流量的数学模型，为不同进口压力下的润滑油体积流量选择提供了数据支撑     

The Behavior of Diluted Sooted Oils in Lubricated Contacts

An increase in the engine lubricant soot levels has recently been noticed. This increase in soot content of lubricating oils has caused a series of problems in the overall performance of the engine. In a practical context, sooted oils consist of carbonaceous matter suspended in engine oil forming a system commonly known as a colloid sol. The objective of this paper is to better understand the mechanism of action of oil containing soot particles in the lubricated contacts and to identify how the colloidal nature of the sooted oil is related to its performance. This study has shown by means of ultra-thin film interferometry and image analysis techniques that soot colloid particles are entrained in the contact inlet where they can influence the friction and wear characteristics of the base stock. This study shows that soot primary particles are entrained into the contact at slow speeds, affecting the film characteristics of clean engine oils. This entrainment of particles is more pronounced at high temperatures.     

变转速工况对直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵容积效率的影响

随着液压技术向高压化、轻量化、节能化发展,直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵因具有结构紧凑、流量脉动小、使用寿命长、噪声小等优点,其应用领域逐步扩大。随着内啮合齿轮泵使用转速的变化,其容积效率也出现变化,为了获得内啮合齿轮泵转速对其容积效率的影响规律,采用液压油、纯水两种介质,通过数值计算的方法,研究内啮合齿轮泵转子域空化特性、对比分析出口体积流率。结果表明：随着转速上升,内外齿啮合最小容积腔及吸油口处气相体积分数增加明显,易引起空化、气蚀,从而产生噪声、振动等问题;当转速过高时,介质中的气体析出明显,易出现吸空现象,导致齿轮泵容积效率降低,纯水介质比46#液压油介质下的齿轮泵容积效率更低。因此,要改善高转速工况下的齿轮泵容积效率,需优化内啮合齿轮泵进油口流道,增加入口压力,提升内啮合齿轮泵高转速工况下的综合性能。     

Frictional behavior of piston rings of small utility two-stroke engine under secondary motion of piston

The secondary motion of the piston head of a motorized engine is captured using two laser displacement sensors to obtain the piston motion and tilt angle. The controlled parameters of the measurement are engine speed, quantity of oil and oil-fuel mixture and its ratio. The reduction in friction force is more significant at dead center at high speed as the quantity of oil supplied increases. Changes in tilt direction of piston head occur at the inlet port. The relationship between the friction force and piston tilt angle showed weak correlation at low speed and increases with the engine speed.     

Non-newtonian thermal analysis of an EHD contact lubricated with MIL-L-23699 oil

A thermal and non-Newtonian fluid model under elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions is proposed, integrating some particularities, such as the separation between hydrodynamic and dissipative phenomena inside the contact. The concept of apparent viscosity is used to introduce the non-Newtonian behaviour of the lubricant and the thermal behaviour of the contact into the Reynolds equation, acting as a link element between the hydrodynamic and dissipative components of the EHD film, independently of the rheological and thermal models considered. The apparent viscosity enables the application of the rheological model better adapted to each lubricant, without appealing to special formulations of the EHD problem.The Newton–Raphson technique is used to obtain the lubricant film geometry and the pressure distribution inside the EHD contact. The shear stresses developed in the fluid film are evaluated assuming the non-linear Maxwell rheological model. The surfaces and lubricant temperature distributions are determined using the simplified Houpert's method, applied to the inlet contact zone, and the thermal method proposed by Tevaarwerk is applied in the high pressure contact zone.The non-Newtonian thermal EHD model is applied to the analysis of a contact lubricated with MIL-L-23699 oil. Significant results are obtained for the centre and minimum film thickness, for the inlet shear heating and film thickness reduction factor (φ_T), for the temperature rise of the lubricant and of the surfaces and for the friction coefficient inside the contact, considering wide ranges of the operating conditions (maximum Hertzian pressure, inlet oil temperature, rolling speed and slide-to-roll ratio).Finally, the numerical traction curves determined are compared with the corresponding experimental results, showing very good correlation.