中国制冷学会第一批资深会员名单

洪朝生、孟崇春、周　远、潘秋生、吴元炜、梁惊涛、赵玉侠、郎四维、何邦模、刘彦元、李绍荣、孙隆荣、彦启森、王维城、江　亿、王　浚、那景成、赵文德、郭予信、郭孝礼、应志增、徐庆磊、曹德胜、史美琅阝、杨炎如、庄琴南、边增林、郭庆堂、孙瑞璋、刘作斌、汪声恒、章崧英、章立源、周山涛、李书桂、孙桂初、费人杰、申传文、林修钺、尉迟斌、姜尔宁、董天禄、谢晋康、邱嘉昌、陈沛霖、范存养、缪道平、韩鸿兴、顾安忠、华泽钊、蒋能照、陆　震、周启瑾、冯志哲、徐世琼、卢士勋、龙惟定、郑贤德、周光钊、刘宪英、张永铨、何绍书、张…     

历届国际计量大会梗概(续)

第十一届 国际计量大会 （CGPM 巴黎 1960年10月11日-20日） 国际计量局局长：C．Volet,沃拉特 瑞士 米制公约成员国：苏联、意大利、日本、挪威、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、阿根廷、奥地利、比利时、丹麦、法国、民主德国、联邦德国、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、英国、美国、委内瑞拉、墨西哥、加拿大、保加利亚、智利、泰国、乌拉圭、巴西、波兰、捷克斯洛伐克、爱尔兰、芬兰、匈牙利、荷兰、南斯拉夫、澳大利亚、多米尼加、印度、印度尼西亚、韩国，共39个国家。     

埃及对进口品质量规定趋严

埃及经济和外贸部所属之进出口管制机构最近根据该国政府法令,从严执行进出口货品质量管理工作。新规定包括:乳制品、食品、油墨、复写纸、胶水、包装箱(袋)、纸类、香水、香皂、清洁剂、韧化皮革、消防水管、木材、花岗石、油漆、卫浴瓷器设备、玻璃容器结构钢棒管、铸件、压缩气体瓦斯筒、锉刀、刮胡刀、螺丝(帽)、弹簧、链条、炉具、刀叉等餐具、锁具、焊条、锅炉、引擎零件、空调机、冰箱、家用热水器、洗衣机、电梯、灭火器、过滤器、日光灯启辉器、电机设备(变压器等)、家用搅拌机、水龙头、加热器(电熨斗等)、收音机等接收器、电源开关、插头、电灯、铜电缆线、汽车及其零件、摩托车、自行车、拖车、传动皮带、内外胎、电瓶、安全玻璃、眼镜、钟表、木或金属制家具、床垫、牙刷、圆珠笔、铅笔、打火机、高压锅等,均须按照埃及标准一一检验,无适当标准规范的,须经该国经     

第十七届中国制冷展在上海新国际博览中心成功举办

由中国国际贸易促进委员会北京市分会、中国制冷学会、中国制冷空调工业协会、上海市制冷学会、上海冷冻空调行业协会共同主办的第十七届“国际制冷、空调、供暖、通风及食品冷冻加工展览会”（中国制冷展）于2006年4月11日至13日在上海新国际博览中心成功举办。参加本届展会的来自德国、印度、韩国、泰国、美国、澳大利亚、比利时、巴西、加拿大、丹麦、埃及、芬兰、法国、印度尼西亚、意大利、日本、马来西亚、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、瑞典、瑞士、新加坡、西班牙、土耳其、阿联酋、     

中国制冷学会第三届理事会名单

理事长:傅立民副理事长:孟崇春、洪朝生、吴元炜、赵玉侠、陈鉴远、何邦模。秘书长:孟崇春(兼)副秘书长:曹德胜、邱忠岳常务理事:王长生、孙振池、孙隆荣、昊元炜、李书桂、冷庆、吴来峰、何邦模、苏 宗猛、牟锡华、周远、范垂洪、孟崇春、金骏、陈远、赵玉侠、彦启 森、洪朝生、费人杰、傅立民、戴永庆理事:于泽敏、于敏珠、毛玉柱、、王长生、王英若、王魁武、王德魁、卢1勋、 申传文、周山涛、石祥林、边增林、刘东、李永康、朱志仁、刘运章、刘 作斌、,刘承泽、刘国汉、李金玉、刘彦华、孙桂初、孙振池、李建坤、刘 斯、孙隆荣、牟锡华…     

《制冷》1989年总目录

‘、、J护、少、户、了、沙、产、产、了、7、工1 913161813-凌9户.、了t Jt、护‘、了、夕叮、了几Jr‘沙‘、口‘、了、11‘1 2 2 3 8 3 4 44蒸汽喷射器在冷库制冷系统中应用的探讨、少、矛︸、产、,、夕、,、声、声、尹、了、声、声、、J︸62111始20 2124犯舫11比玛24尹‘、产.、了、了‘J吸尸‘、‘了、r、护气矛‘‘了‘J.、矛‘︸1 1 2 2 23 8 8 8 4 4 44、.了、J‘、I、.产、少、,碑、J、少、、了‘、夕、产、了‘、尸、1口、J.、.J、刀夕、产、了、声、尹、.声、户‘、矛22 373318“4345钧50肠29犯36,0,5 495152 394347505355…     

世界纸钞中出现次数最多的人：英国女王伊丽莎自二世

英国女王伊丽莎白二世曾经出现在34个国家或地区的纸钞上,这些国家或地区有：澳大利亚、巴哈马、伯利兹、百慕大、东非、东加勒比国家、斐济、福克兰岛、格恩西、加拿大、开曼岛、罗得西亚、罗得西亚及尼亚萨兰、马恩岛、马耳他、马来亚及英属婆罗洲、毛里求斯、南罗得西亚、塞浦路斯、塞舌尔、圣赫勒拿、苏格兰、所罗门、     

中国新包装三十年大事记

一、三十年来党和国家领导关心《中国新包装》的进步,题词、批示52次。有江泽民、吴邦国、李鹏、朱镕基、王兆国、李岚清、王忠禹、田纪云、宋健、邹家华、钱其琛、陈慕华、王光英、张劲夫、郝建秀、张震、叶选平。     

黄长雄高工：粉体工业和粉体技术以及碳酸钙工业情况

粉体无处不在，如：面粉、奶粉、金属粉、非金属粉、水泥．农药、磨料、催化剂．陶瓷原料、化肥、饲料、涂料、染料、药粉、纳米粉、灰尘、泥沙等等都是粉体，它们分属国民经济各个工业领域：冶金、矿业、机械、化工、建材、轻工、食品、医药、环保、军工和高新技术等。     

北京小吃种类

蒸煮类 大蜂糕、果料糖蜂糕、碗糕、花糕、藉糕、榆钱糕、寿桃、小窝头、枣荷叶、银丝卷、肉丁镘头、菠菜篓、烫面饺、烧麦、羊眼包子、倒僧帽、豌豆包、开花馒头、千屋饼、扒糕、铬恪、莜面搓鱼子、芸豆饼、木樨小枣。     

Theoretical explanation of Ag/Cu and Cu/Ni nanoscale multilayers softening

Relationship between metallic multilayers hardness and monolayer thickness has been investigated and explained for electroplated Ag/Cu and Cu/Ni multilayers using a modified Thomas-Fermi-Dirac electron theory. Experiments reveal that the peak hardness of Ag/Cu multilayers occurs at the monolayer thickness of about 25 nm, while the peak hardness of Cu/Ni multilayers occurs at about 50 nm. Critical monolayer thickness corresponding to the peak hardness is approximated by the grain size limit of stable dislocations in Ag crystals for the Ag/Cu multilayers and in Cu crystals for Cu/Ni multilayers. Grains size limits are calculated based on a modified Thomas-Fermi-Dirac electron theory. Developed relationship between the critical monolayer thickness and the grains size limit helps understand nanoscale metallic multilayers softening.     

Ni80Fe20/Mo纳米多层膜的互扩散

针对Ni80Fe20/Mo纳米多层膜在实际应用中经常面临的热稳定性问题，研究了多层膜在343－683K温度范围内的互扩散行为，测定了其有效互扩散系数Dλ。小的激活焓来源于多层膜中存在的共格应变。当温度低于483K时，NiFe/Mo多层膜具有较强的抵制NiFe和Mo亚层间互扩散能力，这对NiFe/Mo多层膜今后的实际应用有重要意义。     

Aging and thermal stability of Mg/SiC and Mg/Y2O3 reflection multilayers in the 25-35 nm region

Reflection measurements in the 25-35 nm region were made for Mg/SiC and Mg/Y2O3 multilayers kept in a low-humidity atmosphere for 4 or 5 years. Aged Mg/SiC multilayers keep their reflectances, and the reflectance value at 31.2 nm is 0.44 at 10 degrees of the normal angle of incidence. Aged Mg/Y2O3 multilayers change reflectance as top layer materials, and the best value at 30.1 nm is 0.40 at 10 degrees. Reflection measurements are also made for Mg-based multilayers that are annealed from room temperature to 400 degrees C at 50 degrees C intervals. Both multilayers keep their reflectance at annealing temperatures of 200 degrees C. These results suggest that both Mg-based multilayers can be applied to practical optics.     

Oxidation behavior of TiN/ZrN multilayers annealed in air

Using reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering, TiN/ZrN multilayers were deposited on Si (111) substrates at 550 °C. The multilayers were annealed at different temperatures ranging from 500 to 1100 °C in air. The variation of the annealed multilayers has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. A layer-by-layer oxidation behavior is found in the multilayers annealed at temperatures below 900 °C. The oxidation mechanism of multilayers is discussed in the paper.     

Microstructure and In-plane Resistivity of Cu/Ni Multilayers

1.IDtroductiGnInrecellty6ars,interesthasgrowninmodulatedcompositestructurescomposedofperiodicallychang-inglayersoftwodifferentmaterials.Itwasshownthatthematerialsmayacquireimprovedqualitiestothoseofcorrespondingpuremetalswhenthemodu-lationwavelengthisverythinatafewnanometersinthickness.ItiswellknownthattheCu/Nimultilayershavebeenstudiedalotbecauseofitsabnormalphysicalproperties,includingelectricalresistivity[1,2],elasticmoduli[3],magneticproperties['l.Asthethicknessofanindividuallayerinmulti…     

Supermodulus effect by grain-boundary wetting in nanostructured multilayers

The effect of thermal treatments on mechanical properties was systematically investigated in Ni/Mo multilayers with a constant modulation period(160 nm)prepared by magnetron sputtering deposition.A supermodulus effect was found in the annealed multilayers as compared to the as-deposited state.A large tensile stress development was observed in the multilayers.The evolution of grain-boundary(GB)wetting was observed at the interfaces of the multilayers,which results in an enhanced modulus based on the mechanism of GB-wetting-induced interfacial stress/strain.The GB wetting phenomenon was further supported by a thermodynamic calculation.The results not only bring clear evidence of the important role of interfacial structures in governing the elastic behavior of metallic multilayers,but also allow designing the multilayers with special properties through atomic diffusion and wetting at the interfaces based on the thermodynamic calculation.     

磁控溅射技术制备硅纳米晶多层膜及微观结构表征

在室温下,分别利用常规磁控溅射和反应磁控溅射技术交替沉积Si薄膜和Si1-xNx薄膜在单晶硅基体上制备了Si/Si1-xNx纳米多层膜。接下来,在高温下对Si/Si1-xNx多层膜进行退火诱发各层中形成硅纳米晶。研究了Si1-xNx层厚度和N2流量沉积对Si/Si1-xNx多层膜中Si量子点形成的影响。TEM检测结果表明,N2流量为2.5mL/min时沉积的多层膜退火后形成了尺寸为20～30nm的等轴Si3N4纳米晶;N2流量为5.0mL/min时沉积的多层膜退火后在Si层和Si1-xNx多层中均形成了硅纳米晶,而在7.5mL/min N2流量下沉积的Si/Si1-xNx多层膜退火后仅在Si层中形成了硅纳米晶。     

二元系纳米多层薄膜非线性互扩散研究

采用非均匀体系非线性动力学离散模型计算AB二元系纳米多层薄膜的非线性互扩散,研究了A、B原子间作用力之差VBB-VAA和有序能V对纳米多层薄膜浓度分布和界面结构的影响.对于V≤0的纳米多层薄膜,随着VSS-VAA由0减小到-0.05eV,扩散过程中多层薄膜浓度偏离对称分布,界面由宽化向平直转变,有序能V由0减小到-0.025eV,导致多层薄膜的扩散速度加快.当V>0时,扩散过程中多层薄膜出现相分离趋势导致的上坡扩散,初始宽化互混的界面变得平直,且随着VBB-VAA由0减小到-0.05V,多层薄膜扩散过程中形成的浓度起伏长大成为新的亚层.AB二元系纳米多层薄膜扩散过程中的浓度分布和界面结构演变与扩散非对称性系数m'、有序能V和初始时刻的浓度梯度有关.     

电化学沉积纳米金属多层膜简述

总结了近年来国内外纳米多层膜的研究现状,列举了纳米多层膜的力学性能、磁性能、电化学性能及光学性能,分析了纳米多层膜的发展趋势.     

Coherent growth and superhardness effect of AlN/TiN nanomultilayers

The formation of metastable cubic AlN (c-AlN) and its effect on the mechanical properties of AlN/TiN nanomultilayers were studied. A series of AlN/TiN multilayers with different modulation periods were prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering. The microstructure and mechanical properties of multilayers were characterized with low-angle X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and a microhardness tester. The results show that AlN exists as a metastable cubic phase in multilayers at small modulation periods due to the “template effect” of TiN layer and forms superlattice with TiN through coherent epitaxial growth. Correspondingly, multilayers show the superhardness effect with the enhancement of hardness at small modulation periods. With the increase of modulation periods, AlN layer grows as c-AlN firstly and then its stable hexagonal structure (h-AlN) appears and grows on the already formed c-AlN. Correspondingly, the hardnesses of the multilayers decrease. The change of properties with the formation of c-AlN and the alternative strain field resulting from coherent growth of c-AlN and TiN are likely reasons for the superhardness effect of AlN/TiN multilayers.