气固可压缩湍射流中颗粒扩散的直接数值模拟

A numerical method was developed to directly simulate the compressible, particle-laden turbulent jets.The fourth order compact finite difference schemes were used to discretize the space derivatives. The Lagrangian method was adopted to simulate the particle motion based on one-way coupling. It is found that the turbulent intensity profiles attain self-similar status in the jet downstream regions. At the Stokes number of 1, particles are concentrated largely in the outer boundaries of the large-scale vortex structures with the most uneven distribution and the widest dispersion in the lateral direction. Particles at the much smaller Stokes numbers are distributed evenly in the flow field, and the lateral dispersion is also considerable. Distribution of particles at much larger Stokes numbers is more uniform and the lateral dispersion becomes small. In addition, the inflow conditions have different effects on the particle dispersion. The direct numerical simulation (DNS) results accord with the previous experiments and numerical studies.     

下行床反应器中惰性颗粒射入对结焦抑止和颗粒速度均匀化的影响

The coking observation and particle flow behaviour in both thermal plasma and cold plexiglas downers were investigated in a binary particle system formed by injecting coarse inert particles （carrying coke away and scouring wall） and fine coal powders into the downer reactor. The results demonstrate that this scheme is a rational selection to prevent coking on downer walls and improve particle velocity distribution along the radial direction. When injected coarse particles mixed with fine powders in downers, the fluctuation of local particle velocity in the radial direction becomes smaller and two peaks in the radial distribution of local particle velocity occur due to the improved dispersing character and flow structure, which are beneficial to the thermo-plasma coal cracking reaction and coking prevention.     

考虑颗粒凝并情况下充分发展圆管湍流场中的纳米颗粒的迁移(英文)

Numerical simulations of nanoparticle migration in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow are performed.The evolution of particle number concentration,total particle mass,polydispersity,particle diameter and geometric standard deviation is obtained by using a moment method to approximate the particle general dynamic equation.The effects of Schmidt number and Damkhler number on the evolution of the particle parameters are analyzed.The results show that nanoparticles move to the pipe center.The particle number concentration and total particle mass are distributed non-uniformly along the radial direction.In an initially monodisperse particle field,the particle clusters with various sizes will be produced because of coagulation.As time progresses,the particle cluster diameter grows from an initial value at different rates depending on the radial position.The largest particle clusters are found in the pipe center.The particle cluster number concentration and total particle mass decrease with the increase of Schmidt number in the region near the pipe center,and the particles with lower Schmidt number are of many dif-ferent sizes,i.e.more polydispersity.The particle cluster diameter and geometric standard deviation increase with the increase of Damkhler number at the same radial position.The migration properties for nano-sized particles are different from that for micro-sized particles.     

气固并流向上流动中颗粒聚集的机理

Two-dimensional unsteady cocurrent upward gas-solid flows in the vertical channel are simulated and the mechanisms of particles accumulation are analyzed according to the simulation results. The gaseous turbulent flow is simulated using the large eddy simulation （LES） method and the solid phase is treated using the Lagrangian approach, and the motion of the gas and particles are coupled. The formation of clusters and the accumulation of particles near the wall in dense gas-solid flows are demonstrated even if the particle-particle collisions were ignored. It is found that a cluster grows up by capturing the particles in the dilute phase due to its lower vertical velocity. By this way the small size clusters can evolve to large-scale clusters. Due to the interaction of gas and particles, the large-scale vortices appear in the channel and the boundary layer separates from the wall, which results in very high particle concentration in the near wall region and a very large-scale cluster formed near the separation point.     

内构件存在时提升管内流动及颗粒混合行为研究

he hydrodynamics and solids mixing behavior in a riser with blunt internals are studied. A uniform radial distribution for solids fraction and particle velocity achieves near the internals. The turbulent velocity of particles near the wall increases with the addition of the internals, with the lateral solids mixing enhanced significantly. Probability density distribution of particle velocity is bimodal in the riser with internals, which is similar to that in the conventional riser, indicating that no significant difference in the micro flow structure exists between the riser with internals and the conventional riser. At the same time, the axial solids mixing behavior changes insignificantly with the addition of internals. These results indicate that the micro flow structure in the riser is very stable, which changes insignificantly with the change of the bed structure.     

循环硫化床上升管中动态行为的拟流体模拟

The kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) is modified to fit the Einstein′s equation for effective viscosity of dilute flow. A pseudo-fluid approach based on this modified KTGF is used to simulate the dynamic formation and dissipation of clusters in a circulating fluidized bed riser. The agglomeration of particles reduces slip velocity within particle clusters, and hence results in two reverse trends: discrete particles are lifted by air while particle clusters fall down along the wall. The dynamic equilibrium of these two types of motion leads to the characteristic sigmoid profile of solid concentration along the longitudinal direction. The predicted solid velocity, lateral and longitudinal profiles of solid volume fraction and annulus thickness are in reasonable agreement with experimental results.     

Features of the motion of gel particles in a three-phase bubble column under foaming and non-foaming conditions

Features of the motion of gel particles in a three-phase bubble column with non-foaming and foaming gas–liquid systems,determined by using experiments of radioactive particle tracking(RPT),have been compared.The tracer used is a gel particle which resembles typical immobilized biocatalyst.The tracer trajectory is analyzed to extract relevant information for design purposes.The solid velocity field,turbulence parameters,dispersion coefficients,mixing times and flow transitions are determined and compared.The presence of foam significantly affects many quantified parameters,especially within the heterogeneous flow regime.The hydrodynamic stresses are reduced in the presence of foam,especially close to the disengagement.The dispersion coefficients also decrease,and the solid mixing time is only slightly affected by the presence of foam.Gas holdup,inferred both from RPT experiments and from gamma ray scanning,is higher for foaming systems and leads to a shift in the transition gas velocity towards higher values.     

Fundamental studies on the hydrodynamics and mixing of gas and solid in a downer reactor

The effect of flow direction on hydrodynamics and mixing in the upflow and downflowcirculating fluidized beds is discussed in details.Similar profiles of gas and solids velocities andsolids concentration are found in both risers and downers.When the flow is in the direction ofgravity(downer),the radial profiles of gas and particle velocity are more uniform than that inthe riser,the solids mixing is very small and the flow pattern approaches plug flow,while theflow is against gravity(riser),the solids backmixing significantly increase and the flow pattern isfar from plug flow.Among many of factors the flow direction has the largest influence onhydrodynamics and axial mixing of gas and solids.     

Multi-fluid Eulerian simulation of binary particles mixing and gas–solids contacting in high solids-flux downer reactor equipped with a lateral particle feeding nozzle

The performance of binary particles mixing and gas-solids contacting,which is considered qualitatively to have a significant influence on the heat transfer in internal heated circulating fluidized beds,is carefully investigated by means of a numerical approach in the newly developed high solids-flux downer lignite pyrolyzer(φ0.1 m × 6.5 m).Since binary particles are used in this system,a reasonably validated 3 D,transient,multi-fluid model,in which three heat transfer modes relating to the convection,conduction and radiation are considered,is adopted to simulate the flow behavior,temperature profiles as well as volatile contents.The simulation results showed that the solids stream impinges the left wall surface initially and turns towards the right wall in the further downward direction and then shrinks during this process resulting in that the solids concentrate a little more at the central region.In the further downward section of the downer,the particle flow disperses near the right wall and develops uniformly.Meanwhile,the coal phase is slowly heated in the downer and it is found that most of the heat absorbed by the coal is from the convection heat transfer mode.To explore the heat transfer mechanism more quantitatively,two indexes(mixing index and contacting index) are proposed,and it is found that the mixing index initially increased fast and later remained at a relatively flat state.For the contact index,it shows a trend with a first rising and then falling,finally rising continuously.Also,it is found that the convection heat transfer is closely correlated to the contacting status of gas-coal which indicates that the improving of the gas-coal contacting efficiency should be an effective way to strengthen the coal particle heating process.     

用新的矩方法研究弯管中纳米颗粒的输运与凝结(英文)

Transport of nanoparticles and coagulation is simulated with the combination of CFD in a circular bend. The Taylor-expansion moment method (TEMOM) is employed to study dynamics of nanoparticles with Brownian motion, based on the flow field from numerical simulation. A fully developed flow pattern in the present simulation is compared with previous numerical results for validating the model and computational code. It is found that for the simulated particulate flow system, the particle mass concentration, number concentration, particle polydispersity, mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation over cross-section increase with time. The distribution of particle mass concentration at different time is independent of the initial particle size. More particles are concentrated at outer edge of the bend. Coagulation plays more important role at initial stage than that in the subsequent period. The increase of Reynolds number and initial particle size leads to the increase of particle number concentration. The particle polydispersity, mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation increase with decreasing Reynolds number and initial particle size.     

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VORTEX STRUCTURES AND PARTICLE DISPERSION IN TURBULENT FREE SHEAR FLOWS

In order to provide references for the study of jets from combustor and associated industrial applications, direct numerical simulation was employed to study a three-dimensional temporally evolving plane mixing layer laden with particles in the upper region initially. The coherent structures in the mixing layer between two parallel streams were simulated using a pseudo-spectral method. Particles with different Stokes numbers were traced using the Lagrangian approach based on one-way coupling between the continuous and the dispersed phases. Both the large-scale vortex structures and the particle dispersion patterns with different Stokes numbers were investigated. The results clearly showed that particle dispersion is closely related to the large-scale organized structures and the three-dimensionality. Particles with Stokes number of the order of unity were found to have the largest concentration on the outer edges of the large-scale vortex structures, and the variation of particle concentration along the spanwise direction increased with the development of the three-dimensionality, which was mainly due to the presence of the streamwise large-scale structures. When the counter-rotating “rib” large-scale vortices paired, part of the particles were thrown out from the high concentration area in the upper region to the lower region of the mixing layer and finally developed into a “mushroom” pattern of the particle distribution along the spanwise direction.     

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VORTEX STRUCTURES AND PARTICLE DISPERSION IN TURBULENT FREE SHEAR FLOWS

In order to provide references for the study of jets from combustor and associated industrial applications, direct numerical simulation was employed to study a three-dimensional temporally evolving plane mixing layer laden with particles in the upper region initially. The coherent structures in the mixing layer between two parallel streams were simulated using a pseudo-spectral method. Particles with different Stokes numbers were traced using the Lagrangian approach based on one-way coupling between the continuous and the dispersed phases. Both the large-scale vortex structures and the particle dispersion patterns with different Stokes numbers were investigated. The results clearly showed that particle dispersion is closely related to the large-scale organized structures and the three-dimensionality. Particles with Stokes number of the order of unity were found to have the largest concentration on the outer edges of the large-scale vortex structures, and the variation of particle concentration along the spanwise direction increased with the development of the three-dimensionality, which was mainly due to the presence of the streamwise large-scale structures. When the counter-rotating “rib” large-scale vortices paired, part of the particles were thrown out from the high concentration area in the upper region to the lower region of the mixing layer and finally developed into a “mushroom” pattern of the particle distribution along the spanwise direction.     

Modelling of heavy and buoyant particle dispersion in a two-dimensional turbulent mixing layer

Heavy and buoyant particle dispersion in the turbulent mixing layer was investigated numerically using a two-phase flow discrete vortex modelling. It was revealed from the modelling that inclusion of two-way momentum coupling is essential for properly modelling heavy particle dispersive transport in turbulent free shear flows. For heavy particles with small Stokes numbers, the dispersion is predominated by the large-scale vortex structures and they exert small influence on the carrier fluid flow. Heavy particles with large St directionally align along the braid region between the neighbouring vortices. However, the lateral dispersion of particles of large St is smaller than that of particles of small St.For buoyant particles with the density being slightly greater than that of the carrier fluid, numerical simulation revealed that the buoyant particles scatter over the whole vortex core rather than collect along the fringes of the vortex. The Lagrangian statistics calculation of buoyant particle dispersion showed that both the inertial and crossing-trajectory effects affect the particle dispersion behaviour and particle eddy diffusivity. The dispersion behaviour of buoyant particles is highly associated with the particle Stokes number. Large St buoyant particles exhibit a larger dispersion. It was also indicated from the numerical simulation that buoyant particles might disperse larger than the fluid tracers. The correlation between the buoyant particle and fluid tracer velocities was affected by including the coupling effect.     

Numerical Simulation of Particle Dispersion in the Wake of a Circular Cylinder

In this article, numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations was performed for the large-scale structures of a two-dimensional temporally developing cylinder flow and the associated dispersion patterns of particles were simulated. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations were integrated in time using a mixed explicit-implicit operator splitting rules. The spatial discretization was processed using spectral-element method. Non-reflecting conditions were employed at the outflow boundary. Particles with different Stokes numbers were traced by the Lagrangian approach based on one-way coupling between the continuous and the dispersed phases.

The simulation results of the flow field agree well with experimental data. Due to the effects of the coherent structures, the particles demonstrate a more organized dispersion process in the space and a periodic dispersion characteristic in the time. Particle dispersion increases with the flow Reynolds number and so does for particle concentration, which is independent of particle size. However, for particles at different Stokes numbers, the dispersion patterns are different. The particles at smaller Stokes number congregate mainly in the vortex core regions and the particles at larger Stokes number disperse much less along the lateral direction with the even distribution. The higher density distribution at the outer boundary of large-scale vortex structure characterizes the dispersion pattern of particles at the Stokes numbers of order of unity. Furthermore, these particles disperse largely along the lateral direction and show the nonuniform distribution of concentration.     

Two-way coupled bubble laden mixing layer

A discrete vortex model is used to approximate adequately large eddy features in turbulent free shear flows and the effects of two-way mass and momentum coupling on Lagrangian bubble trajectories and dispersion in such eddy structures are investigated. The number of bubbles introduced into the flow is sufficiently large enough for cumulative effects of bubbles to influence the flow but is still small enough so that bubble-bubble interactions can be neglected. It is demonstrated that for two-way coupling case, a reduction in the magnitude of the vorticity and pressure gradients around the large-scale vortex centre is observed. In addition to modification of the vortex structures, it is found that the tendency of the accumulation of bubbles becomes weaker in comparison to the one-way coupling case. In seeking quantification of the bubble dispersion, the Eulerian approach based on the bubble number fluxes at different downstream cross-sections of the mixing layer in terms of ensemble trajectory statistics and Lagrangian approach based on the bubble mean square displacement are adopted. It is observed that the ensemble average flux profiles of bubbles for two-way coupling case are farther skewed towards the high-speed stream of the shear layer in contrast to its one-way coupling case.     

Direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional particle laden plane mixing layer considering inter-particle collisions

To investigate the behavior of inter-particle collision and its effects on multiphase flow, the direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional gas–solid two-phase plane mixing layer is conducted. The flow is assumed to be temporally evolving and incompressible. The particle trajectories are traced by the one-way or two-way coupled Lagrangian method separately. The deterministic hard-sphere model is used to describe the inter-particle collision. Calculations are performed for a particle Stokes numbers of 3. The results show that the preferential concentration phenomenon of particles is found after the beginning of the rolling up of the large-scale vortex structures due to the influence of the vortex. It is also found that the inter-particle collision occurs frequently in the local regions with higher particle concentration of the flow field. The evolution of inter-particle collision can be divided into 3 stages under the influence of the growth of the vortex and the particle dispersion. The results under the two-way coupling show that the particle distribution is more uniform. The modifications of the mixed fluid thickness, the Reynolds stresses, and the mean stream-wise velocity of two phases due to inter-particle collision are quantitatively investigated.     

受限空间内空心锥形喷雾-横流掺混规律

在自建的冷态横流-旋流喷雾两相掺混系统实验台上,采用PIV测量了掺混通道内气液两相掺混过程中液滴群的运动特性,获得了掺混流场中不同位置的液滴分布图像与流场结构特性。实验段结构为方腔（横截面尺寸为95 mm×95 mm）,喷嘴采用空心锥形雾化喷嘴。对影响掺混效果的主要参数（横流速度、喷嘴雾化压力、喷嘴雾化粒径）进行了详细研究,绘出了最佳掺混效果下各参数关系曲线。掺混过程主要受不同尺度的旋涡结构影响,液滴多富集于旋涡边缘,稳定的大尺度涡不利于掺混。提高掺混效果的途径即是避免流场中出现稳定的大尺度旋涡结构,采用喷嘴前倾布置、增加喷嘴个数、确定合适的横流速度均是提高掺混效果的有效途径。分析方法与研究结果为工程实际应用中掺混室结构的设计及掺混性能的改进提供了依据和参考。     

不同翼片扰流特性的PIV对比实验

利用粒子成像测速（PIV）技术对圆管内置梯形翼片后方流场进行了测量,分析了翼片迎流（UFW）和顺流（DFW）两种放置方式对流场的扰动特性。结果表明,迎流翼片形成的涡沿周向延展范围较大,持续性好,涡偶内侧为向壁流;顺流翼片形成的涡沿径向延展范围较大,在较短距离内扰动较为明显,涡偶内侧为背壁流。两种流动结构都能有效提高壁面附近的速度分量,促进主流和壁面附近流体的质量交换。随着Reynolds数增大,纵向涡的稳定性减弱,在Re=3000时,翼片的扰流效果均较好。     

The modifications of a plane mixing layer by condensed bubbles

Injecting superheated water vapour bubbles into a sub-cooled shear flow will induce heat and mass transfer in the form of condensation. Of particular interest is finding the characteristic role that the large-scale vortex structures play on bubble condensation. Because the heat transfer and condensation take place mainly due to convection, the bubble is expected to collapse at an earlier stage because of the trapping by large-scale vortices. The aim of this paper is to investigate two-way thermal and momentum interaction between bubbles and the large-scale coherent structures in a plane turbulent shear layer, focusing on the effect of bubble condensation on large-scale vortex structures embedded in plane, free shear layers. The parameters such as initial bubble temperature, bubble injection location, and carrier fluid temperature have been chosen to examine their effects on the condensation and dispersion of bubbles. Because superheated vapour bubbles immersed within a sub-cooled shear flow field experience heat transfer, the gas phase will certainly condense into liquid if these bubbles remain surrounded long enough by this same sub-cooled liquid. Accordingly, bubble condensation is evident within the shear layer and bubble dispersion is influenced by the large-scale vortex structures. The main driving force behind complete bubble condensation was the difference in temperature between the bubble vapour and the carrier fluid. It was revealed that the effect of the large-scale vortex structures is that the condensed bubbles acquire a larger dispersion than bubbles that were not subject to thermal coupling.     

Simultaneous numerical simulation of nano and fine particle coagulation and dispersion in a round jet

The discrete vortex method coupled with the particle-tracking and moment methods have been used to calculate the trajectories of individual nano and fine particles undergoing the coagulation and dispersion in a round jet. The results show that the Stokes number plays an important role in the dispersion of fine particles. The radial dispersion of fine particles for the wavenumber of 5 is the largest when an azimuthal perturbation is introduced to its flow. However, the width of particle dispersion is not always proportional to the amplitude of the azimuthal perturbation. As the round jet flow develops, the mass concentration of nanoparticles within the jet core decreases continuously. The number concentration of nanoparticle decreases rapidly near the jet exit, then decreases slowly in the far field until an asymptotic state is attained. Both the polydispersity and diameter of nanoparticle increase, the rate of increase for the former is the largest near the jet exit, and the largest particles are found near the jet core. The particle diameter is relatively constant across the width of the jet within and outside the jet core except the region near the interface of the jet and the outside. The standard deviation of nanoparticle size distribution increases at the jet exit, approaching slowly at an asymptotic value in the jet core. The minimum and maximum of standard deviation appear between the jet core and edge, and at the jet centerline, respectively. The region of mixing of nanoparticles becomes narrower, however, the particle number concentration grows with increasing Schmidt number. The particle size increases along the radial direction with increasing Damkohler number, and the standard deviation does not change when the Damkohler number is monotonous.