三维多孔颗粒中一级扩散和反应过程的蒙特卡罗模拟

The Monte Carlo method was employed to simulate diffusion and reaction processes within three-dimensional porous catalyst pellets. The porous pellets used were represented by a Menger sponge and a uniform-pore structure respectively. Results obtained from the fractal pellet showed an intermediate low-slope asymptote in the logarithmic plot of reaction rate and reaction probability. However, the low-slope one did not appear when the reaction occurred within the uniform pellet. Moreover, it was certified that the fractal structure not only generated a new asymptote, but also reduced diffusion resistance of reactants and products.     

三维偏心蝶阀的结构与运动干涉的关系分析

论述了三维偏心蝶阀的密封结构、尺寸与运动干涉的相应关系,对其结构及尺寸对运动干涉的影响进行了分析,提出了在保证密封的条件下对密封结构的处理,推导出不产生运动干涉的判定条件和要求。     

平面冲击射流场中纳米颗粒凝结和扩散的矩积分方法

A computational model combining large .eddy simulation with quadrature moment method was em-ployed to study nanoparticle evolution in a confined impinging jet. The investigated particle size is limited in the transient regime, and the particle collision kernel was obtained by using the theory of flux matching. The simulation was validated by comparing it with the experimental results. The numerical results show coherent structure acts to dominate particle number intensity, size and polydispersity distributions, and it also induce particle-laden iet to be diluted by .the ambient.The evolution of particle dynarnics in.the impinging jet flow are strongly related to the Rey-nolds number and nozzle-to-plate distance, and their relationships were analyzed.     

翼型桨叶片尾涡结构的PIV实测与LES模拟研究

在塔径383 mm、高径比为1的翼型桨搅拌反应器内,采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术和大涡模拟(LES)研究了一种翼型桨的叶片尾涡结构. 对比二维PIV技术测定的翼型桨搅拌反应器平均速度场数据,验证了LES方法的可靠性. 并通过叶片端的速度矢量场、叶片区内的涡量大小及湍动能分布清楚地识别了翼型桨叶片尾涡结构. 发现该叶片尾涡为单涡结构,其尾涡轴心轨迹几乎就在桨叶尖划过的圆柱面上. 此外,还探讨了叶片尾涡对湍动能分布、湍流特性等的影响,表明最大无因次湍动能k/Vtip2约为0.04~0.06,其位置约在0.5相似文献   

布置成涡结构微混合器内的流动与混合特性

基于成涡结构强化混合原理设计了一种改进型的平面被动式微混合器。采用商业软件CFD-ACE+对该结构微混合器的混合特性进行了三维数值模拟和结构优化,进一步揭示该微混合器结构对通道内流体流动与混合特性的影响。结合混合通道内流体的浓度和流型分布的数值和实验结果可知,该新型微混合器在布置成涡结构的弯曲通道内形成了扩展涡、分离涡和Dean涡,实现了涡系的叠加和强化,加大了流体间的扰动,从而增加了流体的接触面积强化混合;在综合考虑流体混合强度和压降分布等因素下,成涡结构正向布置且缝宽比W_d/W=1/4,厚宽比B/W=3/10,布置角度θ_a=120°的该微混合器在较广Re范围内的混合效果显著。     

三种多分支结构坑道内油气爆炸过程的大涡模拟

多分支结构坑道在石油化工、天然气工业中应用十分广泛。研究多分支结构坑道内的油气爆炸过程,对避免或减小人员伤亡和财产损失、提高多分支结构坑道的安全防护水平具有重要意义。针对三种多分支结构坑道(一字分布型、交错分布型、相对分布型),采用WALE湍流模型和Zimout预混燃烧模型对上述三种坑道内的油气爆炸过程迚行了模拟分析,重点研究了火焰传播速度、火焰面积、超压峰值、超压上升速率等爆炸过程的关键参数。数值模拟结果表明:总容积不变时,一字分布型和交错分布型坑道内的火焰速度、升压速率均大于相对分布型坑道;支坑道数量不变时,一字分布型和交错分布型火焰传播规律相似,但交错型分布坑道内较一字型分布作用更强;数值分析结果表明,火焰传播速度、火焰面积与爆炸超压特性关系密切,三者之间相互耦合、相互激励,存在显著的正反馈机制。     

三维编织复合材料的细观结构与力学性能

归纳、梳理了三维编织复合材料细观结构表征方面较有代表性的单胞模型,分析、比较各结构模型的优缺点,从理论分析与试验测试两方面总结三维编织复合材料刚度和强度性能的研究成果与进展,探讨了细观结构表征与力学性能预报中存在的主要问题,并展望今后的研究重点与发展方向。     

Keggin结构三维有序大孔PMo_(12)-SiO_2材料的制备与表征

以三维有序大孔SiO2为载体,采用等体积浸渍法将Keggin结构的12-磷钼酸(PMo12)固载化,制备了三维有序大孔PMo12-SiO2材料,利用IR、TG-DTA、XRD、SEM及低温N2吸附等测试手段对制备的样品进行了表征。结果表明,负载后磷钼酸的热稳定性显著提高,经500℃焙烧后,其Keggin结构依然保持;负载后,样品具有三维有序的大孔结构;磷钼酸以微晶形式高度分散在载体的孔隙中,其对孔隙的填充作用使载体的比表面积由125.4 m2/g下降到24.4 m2/g。     

黄粉虫纤溶酶的三维结构模拟与序列分析

为了深入研究黄粉虫纤溶酶的纤溶机理,用生物信息学方法对黄粉虫纤溶酶进行了三维结构模拟与序列分析。首先找到了其活性中心,利用Biosun软件的同源模建技术,模拟了黄粉虫纤溶酶的三维结构;利用Goldkey软件,对黄粉虫纤溶酶的氨基酸序列进行了分析,重点讨论了其等电点、亲水性、柔性与催化活性之间的关系,最后对纤维蛋白水解部位结构进行了分析。结果表明,黄粉虫纤溶酶的活性中心是组氨酸、丝氨酸和天冬氨酸三个氨基酸残基,位于球蛋白中心凹穴处,底物结合部位是丝氨酸、天冬氨酸和甘氨酸。从微观分子水平上阐述了该类酶水解纤维蛋白的机理是催化精氨酸-赖氨酸肽键水解,与报道的纤维蛋白的溶解机理相符。     

三维分级结构二氧化钛纳米材料的可控合成与应用研究进展

由低维度纳米尺寸单元构建组成的三维分级结构纳米材料具有优异的物理和化学特性。三维分级结构对TiO₂纳米材料的光、电、化学等性质有着显著的优化作用,TiO₂作为一种重要的宽禁带半导体材料在光催化、电化学等领域得到了广泛的研究。本文综述了各种不同维度基本组成单元构建而成的三维分级TiO₂纳米材料的合成方法,不同的合成方法得到了由纳米线、纳米片、纳米棒以及二维结构组装而成的各种不同形貌的三维分级结构TiO₂纳米材料。同时还介绍了三维分级结构TiO₂纳米材料在染料敏化太阳能电池、锂离子电池和光催化等应用领域中的最新研究进展,并对其可控合成进行了展望。     

Modelling of heavy and buoyant particle dispersion in a two-dimensional turbulent mixing layer

Heavy and buoyant particle dispersion in the turbulent mixing layer was investigated numerically using a two-phase flow discrete vortex modelling. It was revealed from the modelling that inclusion of two-way momentum coupling is essential for properly modelling heavy particle dispersive transport in turbulent free shear flows. For heavy particles with small Stokes numbers, the dispersion is predominated by the large-scale vortex structures and they exert small influence on the carrier fluid flow. Heavy particles with large St directionally align along the braid region between the neighbouring vortices. However, the lateral dispersion of particles of large St is smaller than that of particles of small St.For buoyant particles with the density being slightly greater than that of the carrier fluid, numerical simulation revealed that the buoyant particles scatter over the whole vortex core rather than collect along the fringes of the vortex. The Lagrangian statistics calculation of buoyant particle dispersion showed that both the inertial and crossing-trajectory effects affect the particle dispersion behaviour and particle eddy diffusivity. The dispersion behaviour of buoyant particles is highly associated with the particle Stokes number. Large St buoyant particles exhibit a larger dispersion. It was also indicated from the numerical simulation that buoyant particles might disperse larger than the fluid tracers. The correlation between the buoyant particle and fluid tracer velocities was affected by including the coupling effect.     

Experimental profiles of lateral mixing of feed particles in a three‐dimensional fluidized bed

Solids mixing data of high quality is one of the most crucial steps for quantitative studies, but it is a difficult task to obtain in a fluidized bed especially with a 3D configuration. Therefore a novel sampling technique is developed with bed collapse method, for measuring lateral mixing of feed particles in a 3D fluidized bed. The sampling tool is designed using a “bottom‐to‐top sampling” idea. Its development, configuration and measurement repetition are discussed in detail. The effects of mixing time, fluidizing gas velocity, and particle size of bed material on the tracer distribution are investigated. A quantitative comparison of lateral dispersion coefficient shows that our results agree fairly well with measurements and predictions of correlations for lab‐scale fluidized systems in previous studies. The presented 2D profiles of the lateral mixing can be used to validate fundamental solids mixing models or verifying convenient measurement techniques. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

圆湍射流中的拟序结构和颗粒弥散

引言 气固两相圆射流广泛存在于各种工程应用当中.仅以能源工程领域来说,煤粉的输送、分离、燃烧效率及污染物的生成控制等过程都跟煤粉颗粒在湍流气流中的弥散方式有关.预测并控制颗粒在气流中的弥散对于实现稳定燃烧、强化传热、降低噪声等有十分重要的意义.为此,需要深入理解气固两相射流中拟序结构的演化特性和不同颗粒的弥散规律.     

Mixing and segregation in a liquid fluidized bed of particles with different size and density

Experimental studies have been carried out on fluidization of irregular particle mixtures of different size and density. The mixing and segregation phenomena could be interpreted on the basis of the diffusion model of Kennedy and Bretton. The dependence of computed particle dispersion coefficient on liquid velocity, particle density and size has been discussed.     

Interaction between bubbles and fibre optic probes in a bubble column

Spherical bulb fibre optic probes, developed and applied for bubble characterization in a bubble column and a slurry bubble column at high temperature, were investigated. The principle of operation of these new optical fibre probes is based on the difference in refractive indices between the gas and the liquid phases. The interaction between the gas bubbles and the fibre optic probes in a bubble column was studied using photographic techniques. The first objective of these experiments was to study the response of the sensors upon contact with gas bubbles of various sizes. The second objective of this study was to establish, under controlled situations, the optical probe bubble detection performance and ability for local quantitative measurements of the bubble rise velocity and the gas hold-up.     

Mass transfer between solid particles and liquid in a three phase fluidized bed

Particle-liquid mass transfer in a co-current three-phase fluidized bed of glass beads, water and air was studied with two measurement techniques. Both techniques measured the weight loss of a few particles coated with benzoic acid in a bed of inert glass beads. The effects of liquid and gas velocities, gas distribution and surface active agents on particle-liquid mass transfer in a three-phase fluidized bed were thus determined. In the absence of surface active agents in the liquid, particle-liquid mass transfer rates in a three-phase fluidized bed were up to 30% higher than in the corresponding liquid fluidized bed. When surface active agents were added to the liquid, the particle-liquid mass transfer rate was increased by up to about 100% in the three-phase fluidized bed, relative to the liquid fluidized bed. The particle-liquid mass transfer coefficient was found to be inversely proportional to the liquid hold-up in the three-phase fluidized bed.     

Acoustic analysis of composite soft materials. I. Characterization of the core and boundary layer from compressibility of core/shell particles dispersed in poly(vinyl chloride)

The sound velocity of butyl acrylate rubber particles modified by poly(methyl methacrylate) in poly(vinyl chloride) was measured as a function of particle concentration. A model for estimating the adiabatic compressibility of the particle and the boundary layer was proposed. From the model, the partial specific adiabatic compressibility of the particles and the rubber core were evaluated. The adiabatic compressibility of the rubber core was estimated as 3.82 × 10⁻¹⁰ Pa⁻¹. The adiabatic compressibility of the poly(methyl methacrylate) shell is discussed based on the modified model. The study indicates that the shell, including the boundary layer between butyl rubber and poly(methyl methacrylate), is perturbed by the butyl acrylate molecules and is so soft as to be comparable to the rubber. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2089–2094, 2001     

填充床中气体流动与气固反应的相互作用

对界面化学反应和粒内扩散联合控制的气固反应,考虑到反应造成的混合气体质量和密度的变化,研究了填充床中等温条件下的快速气固反应和气体运动的相互作用,建立了相应的数学模型.数值分析表明,按耦合分析和非耦合分析得到的混合气体速度完全不同;忽略反应造成的混合气体密度变化,相当于增加一个额外的源项或汇项,因此当反应气体与惰性气体摩尔质量相差较大时,不能忽略反应造成的混合气体密度变化;按耦合分析和非耦合分析得到的浓度场也有很大差别,反应气体浓度波(物质波)阵面的差别也很大;化学反应明显地阻滞反应气体浓度波的推进;当平均压力降和其他条件相同时,反应器越长波阵面推进的量纲1距离越短;反应活跃区的发展对速度场的影响极大.     

No Association between HMOX1 and Risk of Colorectal Cancer and No Interaction with Diet and Lifestyle Factors in a Prospective Danish Case-Cohort Study

Red meat is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). We wanted to evaluate whether a functional polymorphism in the HMOX1 gene encoding heme oxygenase modifies risk of CRC or interacts with diet or lifestyle factors because this would identify heme or heme iron as a risk factor of CRC. The HMOX1 A-413T (rs2071746) was assessed in relation to risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and interactions with diet (red meat, fish, fiber, cereals, fruit and vegetables) and lifestyle (use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and smoking status) were assessed in a case-cohort study of 928 CRC cases and a comparison group of 1726 randomly selected participants from a prospective study of 57,053 persons. No association between HMOX1 A-413T and CRC risk was found (TT vs. AA + TA; IRR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.98–1.36, p = 0.10 for the adjusted estimate). No interactions were found between diet or lifestyle and HMOX1 A-413T. HMOX1 A-413T was not associated with CRC risk and no interactions with diet or lifestyle were identified in this large, prospective cohort with high meat intake. The results reproduced the previous findings from the same cohort and did not support a link between heme or heme iron and colorectal cancer. These results should be sought and replicated in other well-characterized cohorts with high meat intake.     

Direct Measurement of the Affinity between tBid and Bax in a Mitochondria-Like Membrane

The execution step in apoptosis is the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, controlled by Bcl-2 family proteins. The physical interactions between the different proteins in this family and their relative abundance literally determine the fate of the cells. These interactions, however, are difficult to quantify, as they occur in a lipid membrane and involve proteins with multiple conformations and stoichiometries which can exist both in soluble and membrane. Here we focus on the interaction between two core Bcl-2 family members, the executor pore-forming protein Bax and the truncated form of the activator protein Bid (tBid), which we imaged at the single particle level in a mitochondria-like planar supported lipid bilayer. We inferred the conformation of the proteins from their mobility, and detected their transient interactions using a novel single particle cross-correlation analysis. We show that both tBid and Bax have at least two different conformations at the membrane, and that their affinity for one another increases by one order of magnitude (with a 2D-KD decreasing from ≃1.6μm−2 to ≃0.1μm−2) when they pass from their loosely membrane-associated to their transmembrane form. We conclude by proposing an updated molecular model for the activation of Bax by tBid.