Numerical study on the hydrodynamics of agglomerates at intermediate Reynolds numbers

The flow pattern and hydrodynamics of a heterogeneous permeable agglomerate in a uniform upward flow at intermediate Reynolds numbers(1–40) are analyzed from three-dimensional(3 D) computational fluid dynamics simulations. Different from the homogeneous or stepwise-varying permeability models used in previous papers, a continuously radially varying permeability model is used in the present study. The effects of two dimensionless parameters, the Reynolds number and the permeability ratio, on the flow field and the hydrodynamics were investigated in detail. The results reveal that unlike the solid sphere, a small recirculating wake initially forms inside the agglomerate. The critical Reynolds number for the formation of the recirculating wake is lower than that of the solid sphere and it decreases with the increase of permeability ratio. A correlation of drag coefficient as a function of the Reynolds number and permeability ratio is proposed. Comparisons of drag coefficients obtained by different permeability models show that at intermediate Reynolds numbers(1–40),the effect of radially varying permeability on the drag coefficient must be considered.     

稳定性条件驱动的结构演化:探索气固和气液系统的内在相似性(英文)

As the core of the Energy-Minimization Multi-Scale(EMMS) approach,the so-called stability condi-tion has been proposed to reflect the compromise between different dominant mechanisms and believed to be in-dispensable for understanding the complex nature of gas-solid fluidization systems.This approach was recently ex-tended to the study of gas-liquid bubble columns.In this article,we try to analyze the intrinsic similarity between gas-solid and gas-liquid systems by using the EMMS approach.First,the model solution spaces for the two systems are depicted through a unified numerical solution strategy,so that we are able to find three structural hierarchies in the EMMS model for gas-solid systems.This may help to understand the roles of cluster diameter correlation and stability condition.Second,a common characteristic of gas-solid and gas-liquid systems can be found by comparing the model solutions for the two systems,albeit structural parameters and stability criteria are specific in each system:two local minima of the micro-scale energy dissipation emerges simultaneously in the solution space of structure parameters,reflecting the compromise of two different dominant mechanisms.They may share an equal value at a critical condition of operating conditions,and the global minimum may shift from one to the other when the oper-ating condition changes.As a result,structure parameters such as voidage or gas hold-up exhibit a jump change due to this shift,leading to dramatic structure variation and hence regime transition of these systems.This demonstrates that it is the stability condition that drives the structure variation and system evolution,which may be the intrinsic similarity of gas-solid and gas-liquid systems.     

三维混合层中大涡结构与扩散颗粒的相互作用

In order to understand the interaction between large-scale vortex structure and particles, a two-way coupling temporal mixing layer laden with particles at a Stokes number of 5 with different mass loading planted initially in the upper half region is numerically studied. The pseudospectral method is used for the flow fluid and the Lagrangian approach is employed to trace particles. The momentum coupling effect introduced by a particle is approximated to a point force. The simulation results show that the coherent structures are still dominant in the mixing layer, but the large-scale vortex structure and particle dispersion are modulated. The length of large-scale vortex structure is shortened and the pairing is delayed. At the same time, the particles are distributed more evenly in the whole flow field as the mass loading is increased, but the particle dispersion along the transverse direction differs from that along the spanwise direction, which indicates that the effect by the addition of particle on the suanwise large-scale vortex structure is different from the streamwise counterpart.     

轻质分散相液-液水力旋流器迁移率的计算方法

Based on Bloor & Ingham's approach for determining the fluid field and on the analyses of loci of fluid particles inside hydrocyclones, analytical models are developed for calculating the migration probability of single-cone and two-cone hydrocyclones separating light dispersions. The calculated results are in good agreement with Thew's correlation at different flow rate, split ratio or fluid properties if the structural parameters keep the same as those of Thew's 35 mm hydrocyclone. The difference between predictions according to two-cone model and single-cone model is nearly negligible, which is very close to Thew's original idea that major separation happens in the small cone-angle zone. Calculated results indicate that split ratio has little effects on reduced migration probability at least for F ≤ 20%, which is consistent to the conclusion drawn from Thew's correlation that reduced migration probability will remain constant when split ratio changes. Because no simplifying hypothesis is imposed on s     

用改进的单元胞模型数值模拟液体穿过球形颗粒群的流动

The cell model developed since 1950s is a useful tool for exploring the behavior of particle assemblages,but it demands further careful development of the outer cell boundary conditions so that interaction in a particle swarm is better repressented.In this paper,the cell model and its development were reviewed,and the modifications of outer cell boundary conditions were suggested.Athe cell outer boundary,the restriction of uniform liquid flow was removed in our simulation conducted in the reference frame fixed with the particle.Zero shear stress condition was used to evaluate the outer boundary value of the stream function.Boundary vorticity was allowed to evolve to values compatible to existing stream function at the free shear outer boundary.The fore-aft symmetry of vorticity distribution at the outer boundary is thought critical to ensure the continuity of inflow and outflow between touching neighbor cells,and is also tested in the modified cell model.Numerical simulation in terms of stream function and vorticity based on the modified cell models was carried out to shed light on the interaction between liquid and particles.Lower predicted drag coefficient by the modified cell models was interpreted with the feature of flow structure.The drag coefficient from the simulation was also compared with correlations of drag coefficient reported in literature.It is found that the modified cell model with the uniformity of external flow relaxed and the fore-aft symmetry of boundary vorticity enforced was the most satisfactory of the overall performance of prediction.     

流向变换强制周期操作合成甲醇反应器的模型化

An accurate one-dimensional,heterogeneous model taking account of axial dispersion and heat transfer to the reactor wall,and heat conduction through the reactor wall for methanol synthesis in a bench scale reactor under periodic reversal of flow direction is presented.Adjustable parameters in this model are the effectiveness factors for each of the three reactions occurring in the synthesis and a factor for the bed to wall heat transfer coefficient correlation.Experimental data were used to evaluate these parameters and reasonable values of these parameters were obtained.The model was found to closely predict the reactor performance under a wide range of parameters were obtained.The model was found to closely predict the reactor preformance under a wide range of operating conditions,such as carbon oxide concentrations,volumetric flow rate,and cyclic period.     

Prediction of mass transfer coefficients in an asymmetric rotating disk contactor using effective diffusivity

Mass transfer characteristics have been investigated in a 113 mm diameter asymmetric rotating disk contactor of the pilot plant scale for two different liquid–liquid systems. The effects of operating parameters including rotor speed and continuous and dispersed phase velocities on the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients are investigated. The results show that the mass transfer performance is strongly dependent on agitation rate and interfacial tension, but only slightly dependent on phase flow rates. In this study, effective diffusivity is used instead of molecular diffusivity in the Gr?ber equation for estimation of dispersed phase overall mass transfer coefficient.The enhancement factor is determined experimentally and there from an empirical expression is derived for prediction of the enhancement factor as a function of Reynolds number. The predicted results compared to the experimental data show that the proposed correlation can efficiently predict the overall mass transfer coefficients in asymmetric rotating disk contactors.     

基于流体诱发振动的非接触式湿气流流型识别(英文)

A novel noninvasive approach, based on flow-induced vibration, to the online flow regime identification for wet gas flow in a horizontal pipeline is proposed. Research into the flow-induced vibration response for the wet gas flow was conducted under the conditions of pipe diameter 50 mm, pressure from 0.25 MPa to 0.35 MPa, Lockhart-Martinelli parameter from 0.02 to 0.6, and gas Froude Number from 0.5 to 2.7. The flow-induced vibration signals were measured by a transducer installed on outside wall of pipe, and then the normalized energy features from different frequency bands in the vibration signals were extracted through 4-scale wavelet package transform. A “binary tree” multi-class support vector machine(MCSVM) classifier, with the normalized feature vector as inputs, and Gaussian radial basis function as kernel function, was developed to identify the three typical flow regimes in-cluding stratified wavy flow, annular mist flow, and slug flow for wet gas flow. The results show that the method can identify effec-tively flow regimes and its identification accuracy is about 93.3%. Comparing with the other classifiers, the MCSVM classifier has higher accuracy, especially under the case of small samples. The noninvasive measurement approach has great application prospect in online flow regime identification.     

CFD study of turbulent jet impingement on curved surface

The heat transfer and flow characteristics of air jet impingement on a curved surface are investigated with computational fluid dynamics(CFD)approach.The first applied model is a one-equation SGS model for large eddy simulation(LES)and the second one is the SST-SAS hybrid RANS-LES.These models are utilized to study the flow physics in impinging process on a curved surface for different jet-to-surface(h/B)distances at two Reynolds numbers namely,2960 and 4740 based on the jet exit velocity(U_e)and the hydraulic diameter(2B).The predictions are compared with the experimental data in the literature and also the results from RANS k-εmodel.Comparisons show that both models can produce relatively good results.However,one-equation model(OEM)produced more accurate results especially at impingement region at lower jet-to-surface distances.In terms of heat transfer,the OEM also predicted better at different jet-to-surface spacings.It is also observed that both models show similar performance at higher h/B ratios.     

Taylor流下微细颗粒增强CO2:吸收研究（英文）

The physical absorption of CO2 in water containing different types of particles was studied in a microchannel operated under Taylor flow.The maximum enhancement factors of 1.43 2.15 were measured for activated carbon (AcC) particles.The analysis shows that the enhancement effect can be attributed to the shuttle mechanism.Considering the separate contributions of mass transfer from bubble cap and liquid film,a heterogeneous enhancement model is developed.According to this model,the enhancement factors E Cap,E Film and E Ov are mainly determined by mass transfer coefficient KL (KL,Cap and KL,Film),adsorptive capacity of particles m,and coverage fraction of particles at gas-liquid interface ζ.With both effects of particle-to-interface adhesion and apparent viscosity included,the model predicts the enhancement effect of AcC particles reasonably well.     

Modeling of cluster structure-dependent drag with Eulerian approach for circulating fluidized beds

Flow behavior of gas and solids is simulated in combination the gas-solid two-fluid model with a cluster structure-dependent (CSD) drag coefficient model. The dispersed phase is modeled by a Eulerian approach based upon the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) including models for describing the dispersed phase interactions with the continuous phase. The drag forces of gas-solid phases are predicted from the local structure parameters of the dense and dilute phases based on the minimization of the energy consumed by heterogeneous drag. The cluster structure-dependent (CSD) drag coefficients are incorporated into the two-fluid model to simulate flow behavior of gas and particles in a riser. Simulation results indicate that the dynamic formation and dissolution of clusters can be captured with the cluster structure-dependent drag coefficient model. Simulated solid velocity and concentration of particles profiles are in reasonable agreement with experimental results.     

颗粒相壁面条件对提升管内气固流动模拟的影响

引言提升管是非均匀结构显著的气固两相流动体系,其流动特性主要表现为轴向空隙率的"S"形分布、径向的"环-核"结构以及团聚物的生成和破碎等。近年来,国内外学者致力于数值计算方法的研究增多,其中双流体模型的应用最为广泛;颗     

耦合EMMS曳力与简化双流体模型的气固流动模拟

提出了一种耦合EMMS曳力的简化双流体模型,该模型忽略固相黏度,用简单的经验关联式来计算固相压力,并且耦合考虑了介尺度结构的EMMS曳力模型来计算气固相间作用力。采用简化双流体模型成功模拟一个三维实验室尺度鼓泡流化床,数值模拟结果与完整双流体模型以及实验测量结果进行了比较,结果表明耦合EMMS曳力的简化双流体模型模拟结果与完整双流体模型耦合EMMS曳力的模拟结果基本相当,并且都与实验结果吻合良好,然而简化双流体模型的计算速度是完整双流体模型的两倍以上。这表明曳力模型在气固模拟中起着主导作用,而固相应力的作用是其次的,耦合EMMS曳力的简化双流体模型在实现工业规模气固反应器快速模拟中具有巨大潜力。     

A bubble-based EMMS model for gas–solid bubbling fluidization

An EMMS/bubbling model for gas–solid bubbling fluidized bed was proposed based on the energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) method (Li and Kwauk, 1994). In this new model, the meso-scale structure was characterized with bubbles in place of clusters of the original EMMS method. Accordingly, the bubbling fluidized bed was resolved into the suspending and the energy-dissipation sub-systems over three sub-phases, i.e., the emulsion phase, the bubble phase and their inter-phase in-between. A stability condition of minimization of the energy consumption for suspending particles (N_s→min) was proposed, to close the hydrodynamic equations on these sub-phases. This bubble-based EMMS model has been validated and found in agreement with experimental data available in literature. Further, the unsteady-state version of the model was used to calculate the drag coefficient for two-fluid model (TFM). It was found that TFM simulation with EMMS/bubbling drag coefficient allows using coarser grid than that with homogeneous drag coefficient, resulting in both good predictability and scalability.     

非均匀气固两相系统中多尺度传质模型

建立了适用于气固循环流化床的多尺度传质模型 .从过程与尺度的角度出发 ,将非均匀气固两相流中的传质过程分解为静态与动态的过程 ,并将前者分解为稀相内、密相内以及稀密相间 3个尺度下的传质 ;在用多尺度能量最小 (EMMS)模型求解已知物系性质和操作条件的非均匀气固两相流体动力学参数的基础上 ,借助于前人的研究结果 ,利用相对滑移速度、空隙率等参数求解传质系数 ,求得轴向的浓度场分布 ,并讨论非均匀两相流动结构对传质效率的影响     

基于MP-PIC方法改进EMMS/DP曳力模型

改进了面向离散粒子法的能量最小多尺度曳力模型(EMMS/DP)的颗粒参数生成方式,并将非均匀因子(HD)与固相浓度和滑移速度关联以考虑介尺度结构动态效应的影响,用改进的EMMS/DP模型与多相流质点网格模型(MP-PIC)耦合模拟气固两相流提升管系统,模拟结果与实验值吻合很好,考察了MP-PIC方法的网格无关性和粗粒化模型参数.     

Simulation of gas–solid flows in riser using energy minimization multiscale model: Effect of cluster diameter correlation

Reduced effective drag is observed in gas–solid riser flows due to formation of clusters. Thus cluster diameter correlation has direct impact on the calculated drag and the hydrodynamics predictions. However, its effect has not been studied. Therefore in this study, the effect of cluster diameter correlations on the drag coefficient and simulation predictions is evaluated. A structure-based drag is derived using the EMMS model, and is used to carry out computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for low solid flux fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) risers. The results are compared with those using the Gidaspow drag model, as well as experimental data and previous simulation results. The time-averaged axial and radial profiles of voidages are compared with the experimental data. The comparison shows that only EMMS model is able to capture the axial heterogeneity with the dense bottom and dilute top sections. The radial profiles using both drag models shows only qualitative agreement with the experimental data. The results using the EMMS and Gidaspow drag model show a reasonable agreement near the wall and the centre, respectively. In order to improve the quality of the results obtained by the EMMS model, simulations are conducted using calculated drag coefficients from different cluster diameter correlations. The cluster diameter correlation proposed by Harris et al. (2002) gives reasonable qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental data for axial voidage profile, particularly in the dense bottom section; however, the quantitative disagreements in the radial profiles persists.     

Numerical investigation for the suitable choice of bubble diameter correlation for EMMS/bubbling drag model

Mesoscale bubbles exist inherently in bubbling fluidized beds and hence should be considered in the constitutive modeling of the drag force. The energy minimization multiscale bubbling(EMMS/bubbling) drag model takes the effects of mesoscale structures(i.e., bubbles) into the modeling of drag coefficient and thus improves the coarse-grid simulation of bubbling and turbulent fluidized beds. However, its dependence on the bubble diameter correlation has not been thoroughly investigated. The hydrod...