镍基单晶合金紧凑拉伸试样高温断裂特性的实验研究

采用紧凑拉伸（CT）试样对三种晶体取向[001]，[011]，[111]的镍基单晶合金DD3在950，850℃和760℃下的拉伸以及950℃时的蠕变和疲劳性能进行了实验研究。应用光学显微镜（OM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分别对单晶体裂纹扩展路径和断口表面进行了观察和分析。拉伸实验结果表明：单晶体裂纹扩展路径沿着特定的晶体学矢量方向扩展而在试样自由表明呈现Z字型外观，其扩展方向及形状取决于晶体取向。温度对试样的断裂形式影响较为显著，760℃时的断裂特征为剪切型脆性断裂，断裂平面为沿滑移面的光滑斜断口；950℃下试样断裂逐渐转变为微孔聚集型韧性断裂，断口由粗糙的剪切唇和纤维区构成。蠕变和疲劳实验结果表明：镍基单晶具有明显的蠕变和疲劳性能各向异性，蠕变寿命以[011]，[111]，[001]顺序依次减小，疲劳寿命以[111]，[011]，[001]顺序依次减小；蠕变及疲劳裂纹扩展路径均与加载方向垂直，断裂表面均为光滑的平断口。试样断口细观分析显示，蠕变试样断口由杯锥状韧窝组成，而疲劳试样断口则由疲劳裂纹组成。疲劳损伤比蠕变损伤更有利于裂纹的扩展。     

DD6单晶合金蠕变特性及断裂机理

在500MPa、900℃和300MPa、1000℃两种环境条件下,通过实验研究了[001]、[011]、[111]三种取向的镍基单晶合金DD6的蠕变特性及断裂机理。结果表明:DD6单晶高温合金蠕变性能具有明显的晶体取向相关性,在相同的温度和应力条件下,三种取向的单晶合金寿命差别很大,温度是影响[001]取向单晶合金蠕变寿命的主要因素,而应力则是影响[011]和[111]取向单晶合金蠕变寿命的主要原因。同时,晶体取向和实验条件的不同,都会使最小蠕变率发生变化,随着温度的升高,不同取向晶体的各向异性减弱,相同条件下,[111]取向最大蠕变量最大,[001]取向次之,[011]取向最小。而晶体取向对断裂机理有直接的影响,[001]、[111]取向DD6单晶合金的断裂是由微孔引起的断裂,[011]取向的DD6单晶合金在900℃、500MPa条件下的蠕变断裂为滑移断裂,1000℃、300MPa条件下的断裂为滑移面断裂和韧窝断裂二者兼有的混合型断裂。     

镍基单晶高温合金晶体取向的选择及其控制

镍基单晶高温合金是航空发动机和燃气轮机叶片的重要材料,该合金具有<001>的择优取向。回顾了镍基单晶高温合金晶体取向与单晶铸件高温力学性能的关系,不同取向单晶的高温拉伸性能、抗蠕变、低周疲劳等性能均明显不同。<001>方向具有较高的综合力学性能。结合作者在本领域的研究,发现不同取向的枝晶生长规律不同,<011>取向的枝晶在纵截面上枝晶干呈"V"或"W"形状,横截面上枝晶干呈直线排列,同时不同取向的枝晶间距和溶质元素偏析程度不同。总结了选晶过程中引晶段和螺旋段在单晶制备中的作用,晶体取向决定于引晶段的选晶效果,螺旋段的主要作用为确保获得单一的晶粒;分析了籽晶法单晶制备过程中晶体取向对晶体生长的影响及造成取向偏离的一些因素。展望了镍基单晶高温合金晶体取向的研究发展方向。     

镍基单晶涡轮叶片弹塑性应力晶体取向优化

对镍基单晶涡轮叶片的晶体取向进行弹塑性优化分析,结果显示叶片考核点的应力应变为晶体取向的函数。通过对晶体取向的优化,对给定叶片考核点的等效应力最多可下降约8%。单晶叶片应力应变与晶体取向相关,充分利用晶体取向对单晶叶片力学性能的影响,合理控制晶体铸造取向,能够较大地提高单晶涡轮叶片力学性能。通过控制晶体的生长方向可以降低涡轮叶片关键部位的应力和应变,延长其使用寿命。     

镍基单晶合金低周机械疲劳寿命模型评述

航空发动机叶片等先进动力推进系统涡轮叶片长期服役于高温、高压、高离心力的工作环境,对叶片材料的性能有很高的要求。普通多晶合金材料存在晶界,晶界处较为脆弱,裂纹易滋生于晶界并沿晶界扩展。采用定向凝固工艺的镍基单晶合金消除了晶界组织,具有较高的高温强度、良好的蠕变与疲劳抗力、优异的热稳定性,长久以来一直作为涡轮叶片材料使用。镍基单晶材料的疲劳损伤是直接影响叶片服役时间的一个重要因素,疲劳损伤的评估依赖于合理有效的疲劳寿命模型。镍基单晶材料的疲劳模型涉及范围很广泛。一方面,材料的工作环境复杂,涉及的疲劳问题包括机械疲劳、热疲劳、热机械疲劳以及蠕变疲劳等。另一方面,单晶材料本身的各向异性带来了疲劳性能的各向异性,取向偏离这一铸造缺陷决定了单晶材料的实际使用取向并非材料性能的择优取向。目前,研究者们主要从复杂环境带来的复杂疲劳状态和单晶本身的各向异性方面进行疲劳寿命模型的探究。针对复杂的疲劳状态,目前的疲劳模型从基本机械疲劳出发,向各个侧重探究方向延伸,尚没有广泛适用且机理清晰的模型。机械疲劳模型的探究仍处于前列。在针对材料本身各向异性的研究方面,学者们提出了不同的各向异性疲劳性能的处理方式,如基于单晶体弹性模量各向异性的取向因子类模型,这类模型因操作简单而适合工程应用,但其预测能力缺乏评估。由于复杂疲劳状态涉及范围太广,本文立足于低周机械疲劳,分类整理了其疲劳模型,按照疲劳损伤参量的定义思路将模型分为宏观损伤参量模型和微观损伤参量模型两大类,论述了各类模型的建模原理。同时收集了五种镍基单晶材料的11组疲劳试验数据,对典型模型进行了评估,以期为进一步探究镍基单晶的疲劳寿命模型提供参考。     

镍基单晶高温合金的再结晶

镍基单晶高温合金作为先进发动机叶片的主要用材,其再结晶问题日益受到重视.本文综述了热处理温度、热处理时间、变形程度及合金成分等多种因素对镍基单晶高温合金再结晶的影响规律,分析了镍基单晶高温合金再结晶对其蠕变和疲劳性能的影响,并讨论了回复处理及浸蚀直接去除表面变形层、渗碳和表面涂层等控制再结晶的方法.最后,指出了镍基单晶...     

单晶镍基合金高温蠕变期间的组织结构及演化

通过测定［００１］取向单晶镍基合金的蠕变曲线，结合ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ观察表明，合金中组织结构的变化对蠕变抗力有明显影响。蠕变Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段，蠕变的微观机制是位错的攀移；蠕变第三阶段，位错大量切入筏状γ相中，降低了合金的蠕变抗力，发现交替滑移使筏状γ相扭曲，致使γ／γ两相界面产生空穴或微裂纹，是蠕变断裂的直接原因。     

单晶镍基合金高温烃期间的组织结构及演化

通过测定［００１］取向单晶镍基合金的蠕变曲线，结合ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ观察表明，合金中组织结构的变化对蠕变抗力有明显影响。蠕变Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段，蠕变的微观机制是位移的攀移；蠕变第三阶段，位错大量切入筏状γ＇相中，降低了合金的蠕变抗力，发现交替滑移使筏状γ＇相扭曲，致使γ＇／γ两相界面产生空穴或微裂纹，是蠕变断裂的直接原因。     

镍基单晶高温合金凝固缺陷研究进展

镍基单晶高温合金的凝固缺陷对其力学性能有很大的影响,减少和控制凝固缺陷对提高合金性能和降低成本具有重要意义。综述了镍基单晶高温合金定向凝固过程中可能出现的几个重要缺陷,包括缩松、雀斑、晶体取向的偏离和杂晶,重点讨论了这些缺陷的特点和产生的机理,并从合金成分、工艺参数、铸件结构等方面分析了凝固缺陷的影响因素,指出了减少单晶高温合金凝固缺陷的措施。     

图像测量标定法及其应用

论述了图像测量标定法，并将其用于镍基单晶高温合金DD3的热机械疲劳断口结晶学小面取向的测定，发现断口结晶学小面取向为（111）时，材料具有较高的热机械疲劳寿命，而结晶学小面取向为（001）时，材料的热机械疲劳寿命较低。     

SiCw／LD2复合材料零错配应力温度及其调整

分析ＳｉＣｗ／Ａｌ复合材料热错配应力变化规律，建立零错配应力温度的概念及近似计算公式。对压铸和挤压态的ＳｉＣｗ／ＬＤ２材料，依次进行固溶时效及－７８℃￣－１９６℃处理。研究热错配应力随温度的变化规律，证实了零错配应力温度的存在。     

失配位错对Cu/Ni多层膜力学性能的影响

通过对Cu／Ni多层膜纳米压痕过程的二维分子动力学模拟,研究了失配位错对多层膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,失配位错网对滑移位错的阻碍作用使Cu／Ni多层膜得以强化,并且这种强化作用依赖于多层膜的调制波长(相邻两膜层的厚度之和)。当调制波长大于临界值λc时,失配位错的应力场随膜层厚度变化不大;当调制波长小于临界值λc时,失配位错的运动导致了界面处的应力集中,从而使多层膜的力学性能下降。为了优化多层膜的力学性能,临界调制波长要大于在单膜层内产生位错的深度。     

Development of novel thermoelectric materials by reduction of lattice thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity is one of the key parameters in the figure of merit of thermoelectric materials. Over the past decade, most progress in thermoelectric materials has been made by reducing their thermal conductivity while preserving their electrical properties. The phonon scattering mechanisms involved in these strategies are reviewed here and divided into three groups, including (i) disorder or distortion of unit cells, (ii) resonant scattering by localized rattling atoms and (iii) interface scattering. In addition, we propose construction of a ‘natural superlattice’ in thermoelectric materials by intercalating an MX layer into the van der Waals gap of a layered TX₂ structure which has a general formula of (MX)_1+x(TX₂)_n (M=Pb, Bi, Sn, Sb or a rare earth element; T=Ti, V, Cr, Nb or Ta; X=S or Se and n=1, 2, 3). We demonstrate that one of the intercalation compounds (SnS)_1.2(TiS₂)₂ has better thermoelectric properties compared with pure TiS₂ in the direction parallel to the layers, as the electron mobility is maintained while the phonon transport is significantly suppressed owing to the reduction in the transverse phonon velocities.     

Development of novel thermoelectric materials by reduction of lattice thermal conductivity

Abstract

Thermal conductivity is one of the key parameters in the figure of merit of thermoelectric materials. Over the past decade, most progress in thermoelectric materials has been made by reducing their thermal conductivity while preserving their electrical properties. The phonon scattering mechanisms involved in these strategies are reviewed here and divided into three groups, including (i) disorder or distortion of unit cells, (ii) resonant scattering by localized rattling atoms and (iii) interface scattering. In addition, we propose construction of a ‘natural superlattice’ in thermoelectric materials by intercalating an MX layer into the van der Waals gap of a layered TX₂ structure which has a general formula of (MX)_1+x(TX₂)_n (M=Pb, Bi, Sn, Sb or a rare earth element; T=Ti, V, Cr, Nb or Ta; X=S or Se and n=1, 2, 3). We demonstrate that one of the intercalation compounds (SnS)_1.2(TiS₂)₂ has better thermoelectric properties compared with pure TiS₂ in the direction parallel to the layers, as the electron mobility is maintained while the phonon transport is significantly suppressed owing to the reduction in the transverse phonon velocities.     

On the creep and phase stability of advanced Ni-base single crystal superalloys

The present article examines microstructure stability and creep resistance of a 5th generation superalloy, which has Cr content at 4.6 wt%, 6.4 wt% Re and 5.0 wt% Ru, in comparison with that of a 4th generation superalloy (3.2 wt% Cr, 5.8 wt% Re and 3.6 wt% Ru). The aim is to elucidate the implication of increasing Cr, Re and Ru contents for future alloy developments. Experimental results have concluded that high Re + Ru content could promote formation of hexagonal δ phase at 900 °C; additional Cr and Re could enhance the precipitation of TCP phase at 1100 °C. Although an increase in lattice misfit between γ and γ′ in the 5th generation superalloy could strengthen the alloy against creep deformation under conditions at high temperatures (≥1000 °C) and low stresses (≤245 MPa) whilst the microstructural stability remained, the tendency to raft should be avoided during creep at lower temperatures and higher stresses.     

The First-principles Study on the Occupation Behavior and the Ductility Mechanism of Zr in Ni-Ni3Al System with Lattice Misfit

The influence of lattice misfit on the occupation behavior and the ductility effect of Zr in Ni-Ni3Al alloys were explored. It is found in energy analysis that the preferable site of Zr between Ni sublattice and Al sublattice will change under different lattice misfit, however, the Zr prefers to segregate Ni phase rather than Ni3Al phase in all lattice misfit range, which makes it impossible for Zr to go into Ni3Al phase to occupy Al sublattice in Ni-Ni3Al system. Bond order （BO） analysis shows that the localized ductility effect of Zr differs in different region, and the comparison between Zr-free and Zr-doped BO analysis successfully explain the mechanism of the embrittlement of Ni-Ni3Al alloys and the ductility effect of Zr.     

On precipitation in an Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo-W-V-Nb-N alloy,following prolonged ageing at 650°C

The main existing intergranular phase in the alloy observed is thick lamellar and small plate-like M₆C. Owing to the presence of M₆C precipitates, intergranular M₂₃C₆ nucleates at these locations and coherently precipitates to form a thin lamellar and large-sized filmy single crystal. The misfit of M₂₃C₆ with M₆C obtained from the moiré pattern is 3%. Intragranular M₆C and M₂₃C₆ twin along their own planes (111), and the resulting twins keep a coherent relationship with austenite. The misfit of VC precipitated along dislocations with the matrix is smaller than that of dispersed VC with the matrix. Intragranular Laves phase together with intragranular M₆C and VC strengthens the alloy grains.     

纤维束张紧力缠绕复合材料飞轮的预应力简化分析

在纤维束缠绕时施加张紧力,使得固化成型后的飞轮内部形成一定的预加径向压应力,这是提高飞轮径向强度的有效方法之一。基于过盈配合的思想建立了计算张紧力缠绕导致的复合材料飞轮内部预应力和变形的简化模型和方法。通过算例分析发现:等张力缠绕产生的环向应力在半径方向上先减小后增大,径向压应力不断变小;变张力缠绕过程中,张紧力由小逐渐变大时,飞轮的径向压应力增大,径向强度提高;飞轮设计中仅仅依靠张紧力缠绕是不够的,还必须和固化成型后的厚壁筒之间的过盈套装一起来设计合理的径向预加压应力。     

GH2027铁基高温合金的第二相研究

运用电子显微分析和波谱分析等方法对ＧＨ２０２７合金的第二相进行了研究，结果表明，合金晶界相主要是片状Ｍ６Ｃ和薄膜状Ｍ２３Ｃ６，经波纹图样测得其错配度约为３％，晶内Ｍ６Ｃ和Ｍ２３     

氢在沉淀强化合金γ/γ′间占位的第一原理计算

本文针对沉淀强化奥氏体合金氢脆通常较单相奥氏体严重这一点,采用离散变分方法对氢在沉淀强化奥氏体合金中γ基体与γ′相之间占位进行了第一原理计算和分析。结果表明,氢原子在一般沉淀强化合金的γ与γ′相错配度范围内不会偏聚在相界,而是倾向进入基体中,错配度的微小变化对氢的占位没有影响。只有错配度大于3.7%左右,相当于有一定应变的条件下,氢才会有进入γ′相的倾向。在形变过程中进入γ′相的氢使得γ基体与γ′相界面原子成键的方向性增强,从而影响合金的氢脆性能。