生物油热解及燃烧特性分析

对由木粉热解所得的生物油样品分别进行了氮气与氧气气氛下不同升温速率的热重分析试验.结果表明:生物油的热解分为两个阶段,第一阶段为生物油中低沸点有机物的挥发以及各组分间反应生成各类产物的过程,第二阶段为各种重组分的裂解过程;生物油的燃烧分为3个阶段,即前期的挥发与裂解和最后焦炭的燃烧过程.提高升温速率使氮气气氛中生物油样品的初始失重温度、失重峰值温度及对应的最大失重速率均有所增大,且在较高升温速率(20℃min)下,较少含炭残余物形成.随升温速率升高,生物油着火温度提高,最终失重率无变化.最后根据热重数据对热解与燃烧各段反应进行了动力学拟合.     

几种生物质的TG-DTG分析及其燃烧动力学特性研究

采用热重分析技术对木屑、麦秆、玉米秆和玉米芯4种生物质的燃烧特性进行了研究,考察了其着火、燃尽特性和综合燃烧特性,研究了升温速率对生物质燃烧特性的影响,同时在热天平上对其进行了动力学试验研究.研究表明:生物质燃烧过程大致可以分为3个阶段,即水分析出阶段、挥发分析出燃烧阶段、固定碳燃烧与燃尽阶段:生物质具有着火温度低、燃尽温度低、燃尽率高等优点;随着升温速率的提高,着火温度、各试样挥发分最大释放速率、燃尽温度均呈升高趋势,燃烧特性随升温速率的提高而变好.采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,生物质具有较低的活化能,有利于点燃.     

污水污泥热解和燃烧特性的实验研究

采用热分析的方法研究了2种污泥的热解和燃烧特性。实验结果表明,热解和燃烧都可以划分为3个阶段。第1阶段是水分析出阶段。第2个阶段是污泥失重的主要阶段,燃烧失重是由于有机物的分解燃烧和固定碳的燃烧引起,热解失重是由于有机物的分解引起。第3阶段中,燃烧过程失重主要是无机物引起,热解过程失重是由于无机物和残余有机物引起。在燃烧和热解主要阶段(第2阶段)内,污泥燃烧的反应速率总体上大于热解的反应速率。污泥热解和燃烧在第2和第3阶段是放热过程。     

干燥前后稻壳的热解及其动力学特性

为研究热风干燥预处理对热解过程的影响,采用热重分析法在不同升温速率下对干燥前后的稻壳进行了热解实验。结果表明:稻壳失重过程可以分为4个阶段,随着升温速率的提高,热重曲线向高温处移动,最大热解速率明显提高。组分分析、FTIR分析和扫描电镜结果表明:干燥对稻壳的组分和化学结构没有影响,但改变了稻壳的表面结构,干燥有利于挥发分的生成。最后对稻壳热解动力学特性进行了研究,获得了反应活化能、频率因子等热解动力学参数。     

生物质热解与燃烧特性试验研究

对稻秆的热解特性和燃烧特性进行了热重分析(TG)和差分热重分析(DTG)研究.热解试验中采用高纯氮气作为保护气体.采用升温速率为15 ℃/min、40 ℃/min、100 ℃/min,加热终温800 ℃.燃烧试验在干燥热空气气氛下进行,升温速率40 ℃/min.通过对稻秆热解和燃烧特性的TG和DTG曲线,深入分析稻秆热解、燃烧的基本过程和基本特征.并通过动力学分析获得了不同升温速率下热解和燃烧的活化能和频率因子动力学参数.     

污泥与木屑共热解特性研究

文章采用污泥、木屑为原料,在氮气气氛下进行热重实验,研究了升温速率和木屑添加量对污泥与木屑共热解特性的影响规律,并进行动力学分析。研究结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,样品挥发分析出阶段向高温方向移动,最大失重速率增加;随着木屑添加量的增加,样品总失重量及最大失重速率均显著增加。动力学分析认为:污泥热解的反应机理为三维扩散,机理函数为Z-L-T函数;污泥与木屑共热解的反应机理为成核和生长,机理函数为Avrami-Erofeev函数。污泥热解活化能为287.29～390.57 kJ/mol,污泥与木屑共热解活化能为170.16～277.05 kJ/mol,木屑的加入降低了污泥的热解活化能。     

基于TG和Py-GC-MS的污泥热裂解特性研究

利用热重分析法和热裂解-气相色谱-质谱方法(Py-GC-MS)对某市政污水处理厂污泥的热解特性进行了分析。污泥热解过程可以分为水分析出、挥发分析出和矿物质及焦炭分解三个阶段,提高升温速率可以促进污泥的热解转化效率,同时对挥发分析出温度、最大失重速率等热解特性参数有显著的影响。升温速率越高,污泥的最大失重速率越大,对应的失重峰宽增大。采用Py-GC-MS方法对污泥热裂解产物进行了分析,其中主要气体产物是CO_2,其余产物主要包括苯类及其化合物、含氮化合物、杂环化合物、酯类化合物、羧酸、含硅化合物和醚类化合物等。     

印染污泥与木屑混燃特性及动力学

采用综合热重分析法,在不同升温速率及印染污泥与木屑不同比例混合条件下,对印染污泥、木屑及其混合物的燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,印染污泥的热重曲线存在4个明显的失重峰,分别与水分的析出、两个挥发分的析出以及固定碳的燃烧阶段相对应.混合试样燃烧过程中,污泥和木屑基本保持各自的挥发分析出特性,其燃烧曲线位于污泥和木屑燃烧曲线之间,且混合试样微熵热重曲线的变化趋势与组成比例较大的成分DTG曲线变化趋势较为接近.污泥与木屑混合后其综合燃烧特性指数SN有所增大,说明挥发分含量越高对应的燃烧特性越好;采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各阶段燃烧反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数,分析表明单一印染污泥燃烧的活化能较低,活化能的大小与试样的燃烧阶段是相对应的.     

油泥-煤混合热解挥发分析出特性

利用热重分析的方法对含油污泥、煤及其混合试样的挥发分析出特性进行研究,分析了含油污泥、煤的混合比例及升温速率对含油污泥-煤混合热解过程的化学动力学参数和挥发分析出特性参数的影响规律.实验结果表明,随着混合试样中含油污泥含量的增加,挥发分析出份额越大,混合试样总失重量增加;混合试样的热解反应整体活化能要小于两种单一组分;煤中加入少量的含油污泥就可以使挥发分初析温度显著降低,挥发分析出的温度区间在含油污泥质量分数为33%左右时达到最大;当混合试样中含油污泥质量分数超过33%时,挥发分析出高峰时的温度接近含油污泥,且挥发分最大析出速度、挥发分析出特性指数随含油污泥含量的增加而增大,增加含油污泥对混合试样挥发分的析出有明显的促进作用;在10～30,℃/min的变化范围内,热解曲线随升温速率的增大向高温方向偏移,挥发分析出特性指数随升温速率的增加略有增大,升温速率的增大对于挥发分的析出略有促进作用.     

废菌棒燃烧特性研究

本文利用热重分析仪对废菌棒的燃烧特性进行了相关研究,分析了废菌棒的热解过程、升温速率对热解过程的影响、挥发分热力特性和氮释放特性,得出了废菌棒热解表观活化能,并研究了典型煤种掺混废菌棒后的着火特性。     

不同粒径棉花秆粉末压制成型颗粒燃烧动力学特性

为掌握不同粒径棉花秆粉末压制的成型颗粒燃烧的动力学特性,开展不同粒径粉末的热重分析,并将粉末压制为质量相当的成型颗粒,开展成型颗粒燃烧失重实验,并采用等温热分析的双对数方法进行动力学分析。结果表明:棉花秆粉末粒径较大时,灰分也较高,在较低温度下燃烧可形成骨架,有利于挥发分和氧气的扩散,促进燃烧速率。压制成型颗粒时,棉花秆粉末粒径越小,粉末间结合越紧密,压制的成型颗粒密度越大,相同条件下的燃烧失重速率明显降低,表现活化能从77.71 kJ/mol逐渐降至69.44 kJ/mol。成型颗粒的高温燃烧过程可分为2个阶段,首先是水分和挥发分全部析出,而后为焦炭燃烧阶段。燃烧温度可显著加快水分和挥发分的析出速度。     

燃煤过程有害微量元素挥发与其赋存状态及燃烧温度的关系

煤在燃烧过程中，部分微量元素从燃烧炉中挥发，进入大气，污染环境，分析了有害微量元素挥发性与燃烧温度、有害微量元素赋存状态之间的关系，通过不同温度下煤的燃烧实验及其微量元素挥发性计算，得出燃烧过程中有害微量元素的挥发性受燃烧条件的制约，温度越高，则其挥发性越高；微量元素的挥发性与其在煤中的存在状态有密切的关系，以有机质存在的有害微量元素，在燃烧时，其结构分子易被破坏且易挥发，以无机态结合的微量金属元素的挥发性较弱。     

Chemical looping combustion of Victorian brown coal using NiO oxygen carrier

This study is part of a program assessing the suitability of chemical looping for direct combustion of Victorian brown coal. The performance of NiO as an oxygen carrier in presence of a dried Victorian brown coal was assessed during five alternating cycles of reduction and oxidation in a CO₂ environment using a TGA. The experiments indicate a 4.4-7.5% weight loss of the oxygen carrier per cycle. Preliminary SEM-EDX and FACTSAGE predictions also indicate weight loss, but not to the same extent. The percentage of combustion of coal achieved at the 5th cycle was approximately 67%. Cycle 2 showed maximum reactivity (during reduction) with a decreasing trend during the subsequent cycles. These initial experiments did not reveal much agglomeration between ash and NiO although longer duration experiments are required to explore this issue further.     

弱氧条件下橡胶的燃烧机理

应用TGA／FTIR研究了橡胶的三种单体：天然橡胶（Nr)、丁苯橡胶（Sbr)和顺丁橡胶（Br)在N2和O2的体积分数为2％的气氛中的燃烧特性。橡胶单体的热解可分为2－3个阶段,其中Sbr的初始失重温度和Nr完全失重的温度最低,在失重过程中析出气体的燃烧和橡胶热解相对量的变化引起吸热与放热现象的交替变化;热解与燃烧产物主要为CO、CO2和CHn,它们的生成速率随升温速率的升高而增加,其总量保持不变,最后应用Phadin提出的方法计算了动力学参数和确定了反应机理,指出在弱氧条件下橡胶的燃烧主要受扩散控制。     

垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的燃烧特性研究

采用热重技术对垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的燃烧过程进行了,探讨了RDF的燃烧特性,并由它们的微分热重曲线计算出它们的反应动力学参数并对影响反应常数的因素进行了研究,研究结果表明RDF的燃烧过程包括三个失重过程,第二失重段包括RDF中的钙化物与第一失重段燃烧释放的气体反应的过程,第三失重段为第三失重过程中生成的钙化物热分解的过程,空气流速的不同使得第三失重段的机理发生变化,而钙化物的不同也引起不同的分解温度区域,导致不同的第三失重段,RDF的燃烧过程可由三个一级反应来描述,RDF中的氢氧化钙添加量的不同导致RDF燃烧过程中第二失重过程的燃烧速率的不同,RDF燃烧过程中释放的氯大部分被RDF中的钙化物所捕获,CaCl2是RDF在燃烧过程中自身脱氯的产物。     

Comparison of CuO and NiO as oxygen carrier in chemical looping combustion of a Victorian brown coal

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a novel process where an oxygen carrier, preferably oxides of metal, is used to transfer oxygen from the combustion air to the fuel. The outlet gas from the process reactor consists of CO₂ and H₂O, and concentrated stream of CO₂ is obtained for sequestration when water vapour is condensed. Chemical looping has been widely studied for combustion of natural gas; however its application to solid fuels, such as coal, is being studied relatively recently; no work has been done using Victorian brown coal which represents a very large resource, over 500 years at current consumption rate. In this study we carried out an experimental investigation pertaining to CLC of a Victorian brown coal from Loy Yang mine using NiO and CuO as oxygen carrier. The experiments were conducted using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) under CO₂ gasification environment with NiO and CuO. The reduction and re-oxidation of NiO in five repeated cycle operations were performed at 950 °C. However, the same cyclic operation for CuO was performed at 800 °C, as it was observed that at 950 °C CuO could not be re-oxidized to its original state due to sintering, which significantly altered the morphology. The extent of coal combustion and re-oxidation of metal oxides resulted in a 4.4-7.5% weight loss of NiO per cycle. No such weight loss was observed in case of CuO at 800 °C. The high reactivity of CuO was observed as compared to NiO during cyclic operation. The percentage of combustion at the end of the 5th cycle with CuO was 96% as compared to 67% with NiO. Fresh oxide particles and solid residues are characterized using SEM to understand surface morphological changes due to combustion. The energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) helped to get surface elemental information, albeit qualitative, of fresh and used metal oxide particles. The current study, for the first time, has generated practical information on the temperature range, approximate time, and percent combustion that can be achieved while using NiO and CuO as oxygen carriers during CLC with Loy Yang brown coal. Based on these results the ongoing work includes long duration experiments with Loy Yang and other Victorian brown coals.     

稻壳水热炭化学结构和燃烧特性及动力学分析

以稻壳为原料,利用水热碳化技术结合元素分析和热重法,考察水热反应强度对水热炭化学结构和燃烧特性及动力学的影响。结果表明：1）随着反应强度参数（lg R₀）的增大,水热炭整体挥发分和氧元素质量分数呈减少趋势,而C元素质量分数则逐渐增加,当水热反应强度lg R₀为4.90~6.19时,参数变化尤为显著,lg R₀为6.19时,C元素和O元素的质量分数分别为50.5%和21.3%,O/C和H/C原子比分别为0.32和1.21;2）相对于原料,水热炭的燃烧损失集中在固定碳和挥发分燃烧阶段,着火和燃尽温度均有小幅上升;3）当lg R₀由3.25增至6.49时,挥发分燃烧损失减小,固定碳燃烧损失增大,着火与燃尽温度呈整体向高温区转移的趋势,综合燃烧特性指数（S_N）呈先增加后减小的趋势;4）固定碳燃烧段活化能低于挥发分燃烧段,本次采用的动力学模型分析水热炭燃烧动力学结果可靠,相关系数（R²）均在0.92以上。     

基于草木灰修饰Fe基载氧体的化学链燃烧实验

采用草木灰对Fe基载氧体进行修饰,并在流化床反应器上进行了气体燃料化学链燃烧实验。研究了草木灰修饰对提高Fe基载氧体还原活性的可行性,讨论了草木灰种类、草木灰的无机组分对载氧体活性的影响。结果表明,草木灰修饰能有效提高Fe载氧体的反应活性,载氧体的反应活性由草木灰中K和Si的含量共同决定。随着修饰草木灰中的K含量提高,载氧体的活性逐渐提高;但在Fe3O4/FeO的转化阶段中,同时存在碱金属K对还原反应的催化作用和低熔点碱金属硅酸盐对还原反应的抑制作用。循环实验表明,草木灰中碱金属K对载氧体活性的提高效果始终明显,载氧体中负载的K在循环过程中出现了流失现象,而生成的碱金属硅酸盐类化合物,可抑制碱金属K的流失。     

On the occurrence of two-stage combustion in alkali metals

Pool combustion experiments have been conducted for three alkali metals, namely, lithium (Li), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Lithium and sodium are found to show a two-stage combustion behaviour which has been reported for a number of other metals. Here, the combustion is characterized by a sporadic rise in the flame temperature accompanied by a bright glow. Potassium is found to burn in vapour phase combustion in all cases without sporadic temperature excursions. In the present study, this different burning behaviour is attributed to the formation of thick oxide agglomerates in the case of Li and Na through the pores of which oxygen/metal vapour has to diffuse for combustion to occur. In such cases, a second stage of vapour phase combustion occurs when the oxide agglomerate is heated sufficiently so that the vapour of the liquid metal trapped in the pores breaks through to the surface. In the case of potassium, a self-cleaning mechanism, attributable to the high solubility of the metal oxides in liquid potassium and the relatively low melting point of the potassium oxides, enables a clear liquid surface to be exposed throughout for vapour phase combustion to prevail always. Recorded temperature profiles, SEM analysis of the oxide agglomerates as well as calculations of the metal–oxygen equilibrium thermo-chemistry for the three metals confirm this scenario.     

Combustion characteristics and energy distribution of hydrogen engine under high oxygen concentration

Integrated Vehicle Fluid (IVF) system is a promised energy management system for cryogenic upper stage. The power unit of IVF is hydrogen-oxygen internal combustion engine (ICE) whose energy utilization is close to 100% in IVF system. The oxygen concentration of intake gas was gradually raised during ICE tests as a preliminary study. The power of hydrogen-oxygen ICE reaches 4 kW at 3000 r/min, which satisfies the power requirement of IVF system. At this time, the exhaust loss reaches 41.6%, the heat transfer loss is 35.9%, and the output power only accounts for 21.9%. The heat transfer loss shows a parabolic trend which first rises and then falls with increasing oxygen concentration. But the exhaust loss keeps growing with the increases in oxygen concentration and engine speed. It is significant for the design of regenerative cooling system and other subsystems in IVF system at specific engine speed.