基于压痕硬度测试的圆柱形试样表面布氏硬度分析

通过对有色金属材料不同截面形状(圆柱形、平板)的硬度试样进行布氏硬度测试,获得不同压痕形貌及相关形貌特征参数;通过对应平板试样的压痕直径,寻找圆柱形试样压痕硬度特征参数表示方法.结果表明:有色金属圆柱试样布氏硬度压痕特征表现为近似椭圆,通过测定椭圆的长短轴长度,建立圆柱试样椭圆形压痕与平面中圆形压痕的等效关系,从而测得柱面形试样的表面布氏硬度.     

工程陶瓷超声振动辅助下的预压应力压痕试验

提出了一种超声振动辅助加工下的预压应力压痕试验,采用ZrO₂、95% Al₂O₃、SiC工程陶瓷作为试验材料,研究外部载荷对材料的加工损伤影响机理。结果表明,在无预压应力压痕过程中,3种材料的加工损伤表现出不同的形式,如径向裂纹、边缘破损和微裂纹;在预压应力压痕过程中,不论是相同法向负载还是相同压痕深度条件下,上述材料的加工损伤都受到了不同程度的抑制,同时证实了预压应力会加大压痕过程的法向力,减小压痕深度。在超声振动辅助下的预压应力压痕试验过程中,由于超声振动的作用机理,有效减小了压痕过程的法向力、增大了压痕深度,有利于工程陶瓷的高效低损伤加工。     

多孔SiC/Ti非晶合金复合材料的动态压痕响应行为（英文）

多孔SiC/Ti基非晶合金复合材料作为一种新型的复合材料,在轻质装甲领域具有重要的应用前景。通过对比研究该复合材料在静态和动态加载下的硬度和相应的压痕变形特征,揭示该复合材料的动态响应行为,评估其冲击性能,其中动态硬度采用自主设计的基于分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)的改进装置进行测试。研究发现复合材料的动态硬度明显高于静态硬度,其动态脆性参数也明显高于静态脆性参数。该复合材料在静态和动态加载下的变形和断裂特征并无显著差别,均表现为SiC相中形成了大量的裂纹而非晶相发生了剧烈的塑性变形,所不同的仅是动态压痕加载下的变形行为比静态更剧烈。     

压痕尺寸和晶粒/亚晶粒尺寸对高纯钨显微硬度的影响（英文）

通过对不同结构的高纯钨进行微米和纳米压痕实验,发现压痕尺寸和晶粒/亚晶粒尺寸对材料的硬度有重要影响。探讨硬度的晶界效应和压痕尺寸效应。采用Nix-Gao模型,结合尺度因子对实验获得的压痕硬度值进行拟合。结果表明,尺度因子几乎与晶粒或亚晶粒的尺寸无关。塑性变形区与晶界或亚晶界之间的相互作用是导致硬度在某一特定深度增加的原因,而塑性变形区与晶粒或亚晶粒的尺寸几乎无关。当塑性变形区扩展增大到单个晶粒或亚晶粒尺寸时,压痕硬度开始趋于稳定。     

铱单晶的纳米压痕尺寸效应研究

采用纳米压痕技术和原子力显微镜对铱(Ir)单晶(100)和(110)取向的载荷-位移曲线、弹性模量、压痕形貌、压痕硬度-加载深度等进行了研究。结果表明,Ir(100)与Ir(110)单晶的弹性模量分别为477和493 GPa;加载深度为10~2500 nm时,Ir单晶的纳米压痕硬度存在压痕尺寸效应,在10~500nm时表现更为强烈,表明随着加载深度的增加,单晶材料的硬度减小;基于Nix-Gao模型,计算出Ir(100)和Ir(110)单晶的纳米硬度H0分别为2.32和2.46 GPa,当加载深度分别大于4910和5220 nm时,Ir单晶的纳米硬度不存在尺寸效应,可作为金属铱硬度测试的重要依据;采用硬度和深度的幂律关系计算出Ir(100)和Ir(110)单晶的尺寸效应因子(m)分别为0.44和0.48,该值远远大于其他金属和半导体材料,这种反常现象可能与铱原子间的异常强的交互作用有关。     

预加载条件下钛合金锥形压痕代表应变的确定

为通过锥形压痕代表应变和约束因子反求钛合金的应力-应变曲线,建立了预加载条件下的压痕变形有限元模型,使用预加载压痕实验的载荷-位移曲线验证了模型的可靠性。通过有限元模型研究了Ti-6. 5Al-3. 5Mo-1. 5Zr-0. 3Si (TC11)合金力学性能与代表应变和约束因子的关系。结果表明,TC11合金硬度与强度系数比值的自然对数与预应变和代表应变之和的自然对数呈线性关系。TC11合金代表应变范围为0. 035～0. 05,对应的约束因子的变化范围为3. 08～3. 42。代表应变和约束因子的值随合金性能变化而变化,并不存在固定的值。代表应变随着压痕塑性变形区平均应变增加而增加。由本方法确定的压痕代表应变和约束因子计算的代表应力与TC11合金应力-应变曲线重合良好。     

基于纳米压痕测试的超细晶Si_2N_2O-Si_3N_4陶瓷常温弹塑性仿真

对分别在1 600℃、1 650℃、1 700℃条件下热压烧结制备的Si2N2O-Si3N4超细晶陶瓷进行纳米压痕试验测试,获得了材料的硬度值、弹性模量值和载荷-深度曲线。考虑试验中波士压针的磨损缺陷,通过理论和数值模拟相结合的方法,确定压针的尖端球面半径RBerk=500nm。以纳米压痕试验数据为依据,利用MSC.Marc有限元仿真软件模拟纳米压痕试验压针压入材料表面的过程,反推出所测试材料的应力应变关系曲线,其屈服应力随弹性模量的减小而降低,分别为47GPa、43GPa、35GPa。通过比较分析压痕区域的应变场和应力场,分析纳米压痕试验中材料的变形特征。     

Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn合金单晶纳米压痕研究

利用纳米压痕仪研究Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn (Ti2448)合金不同取向单晶体的硬度和弹性模量.结果表明:Ti2448合金单晶表现出各向异性,不同晶面的压入模量和纳米压痕硬度值不同,(001)、(011)和(111)晶面的压入模量分别为68.1、69.1和78.9 GPa,纳米压痕硬度分别为3.5、3.5和3.0 GPa;不同晶面压入模量和纳米压痕硬度的相对大小规律与常规方法测量结果一致,但无法相互换算.     

SHS制备纳米/微米Al2O3-ZrO2复相陶瓷力学行为研究

Al2O3-ZrO2复相陶瓷相对密度与硬度均随ZrO2体积分数增加而下降,复相陶瓷的硬度和晶粒尺寸的关系符合正Hall-Patch关系.vickers压痕试验发现,该复相陶瓷的压痕裂纹系统属于中位裂纹系统,而引发复相陶瓷中位裂纹扩展的压痕压制载荷临界值为30kg;Vickers压痕SEM形貌观察显示,亚共晶成分复相陶瓷具有较大的断裂韧性和较高的塑性形变行为.裂纹扩展路径的SEM观察,该复相陶瓷中的裂纹扩展主要受晶内型结构共晶组织中ZrO2纳米相所控制;XRD物相定量分析表明在该复相陶瓷的增韧行为中,ZrO2相所具有的传统的应力诱发相变增韧机制和微裂纹增韧机制较微弱,而纳米相增韧机制则发挥着决定性作用,使得该复相陶瓷中的晶界和相界对陶瓷断裂行为有着极大的影响.     

表面残余应力对玻璃压痕参数的影响

通过研究化学钢化前、钢化后钠钙玻璃的压痕形貌、几何尺寸和表面力学性能，分析和探讨了表面残余应力对玻璃压痕参数以及表面力学性能变化的影响机理。结果表明，普通玻璃的压痕与钢化玻璃的压痕有明显的差别，钢化玻璃的压痕周围呈圆形放射状光斑，压痕裂纹很小，其硬度值比相同载荷下钢化前玻璃硬度值增加了约15．8％，压痕断裂韧性有明显的提高，是钢化前玻璃断裂韧性的2．75倍，显示了钢化后表面残余压应力对玻璃的压痕参数和力学性能的影响。     

Influence of the residual stress on the nanoindentation-evaluated hardness for zirconiumnitride films

The influence of the residual stress on the evaluated hardness and modulus for zirconium nitride films has been investigated using nanoindentation experiments in this work, and a variety of indentation load–displacement curves have been examined by analyzing the contribution of the residual stress to the indentation load. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is performed to reveal the behavior of deformation (e.g. pile-up) around the indent on the surface of the film. The pile-up occurs for the film under a compressive stress, and is enlarged with increasing the compressive stress, which leads to that the actual contact area by indenter significantly deviates to the one calculated by Oliver–Pharr method. After correcting the contact area contributed by pile-up via AFM experiments, the residual stress does not affect the nanoindentation-measured hardness and modulus.     

基片负偏压对Cu膜纳米压入硬度及微观结构的影响

测试了不同溅射偏压下Cu膜的纳米压入硬度，探讨了溅射偏压、残余应力及压痕尺寸效应对Cu膜硬度的影响。结果表明，随着溅射偏压的增大，薄膜晶粒尺寸及残余压应力均减小，导致薄膜的硬度增大，并在-80V达到最大值，随后有所降低。同时薄膜中的压痕尺寸效应对薄膜硬度随压入深度的分布有很大的影响。     

The hardness of silicon and germanium

It is generally accepted that the hardness of silicon and germanium at low temperature is limited by a phase transformation under the indenter, as the measured hardness is equal to the transformation pressure. However, observations of the deformation under indents using transmission electron microscopy indicate that, in addition to the phase transformation, there is also plastic flow both in the transformed region and outside it. An analysis based on the spherical cavity model for indentation was developed to quantify the effect of a phase transformation on the measured hardness. This predicts that plastic deformation will extend beyond the transformed zone when the transformation pressure is greater than two-thirds of the yield stress. The analysis also predicts that the hardness can only be approximately equal to the transformation pressure if the yield strength of the transformed material is low, consistent with the experimental observations of substantial plastic deformation of the transformed phase, as well as with estimates of its lattice resistance.     

Cohesive interface simulations of indentation cracking as a fracture toughness measurement method for brittle materials

Cracks in brittle solids induced by pyramidal indenters are ideal for toughness evaluation since the indentation stress fields decay rapidly from the contact center and any cracks will be eventually arrested. Thus, if the applied energy release rate can be determined analytically, the material toughness can be deduced by measuring the crack length. However, such a driving force calculation is a nontrivial task because of the complex stress fields; only a number of limit cases can be solved, such as the long half-penny cracks (at least two times larger than the contact size) in the classic Lawn–Evans–Marshall (LEM) model. Important questions such as the evolution from short cracks to median/radial and then to half-penny cracks, the form of the scaling relationship that relates fracture toughness to material hardness and indenter angles, the threshold load for indentation cracking, etc., cannot easily be answered without a detailed knowledge of the co-evolution history of the stress fields and crack morphology. To this end, a finite element model of four-sided pyramidal indentation adopting cohesive interface elements is developed to study the effects of indenter geometry, load, cohesive interface parameters, and material properties on the initiation and propagation of the median/radial/half-penny crack systems. The validity and artifacts of the cohesive interface model are carefully examined, and the crack morphologies under various indentation and material parameters are systematically studied. Numerical predictions lead to a quantitative evaluation of the threshold load for indentation fracture, and an improved method for the evaluation of material toughness from the indentation load, crack size, hardness, elastic constants, and indenter geometry, which compare favorably to a large set of experiments in the literature. It is also found that the toughness evaluation method is very sensitive to Poisson’s ratio – an observation that has previously received little attentions. An approximate analysis for short cracks is developed based on the fracture mechanics of annular cracks and the embedded-center-of-dilatation model for indentation-induced residual stress fields.     

On the effect of a general residual stress state on indentation and hardness testing

During indentation experiments, residual stresses are superimposed on the applied indentation stress field and influence the measurement of the volume of interest. The residual stress state can vary in magnitude and biaxiality, and the resultant error in the measured hardness is difficult to estimate. A prediction of the effect in the contact pressure with and without residual stresses is carried out by a new model that accounts for nonlinearities caused by the von Mises’ flow rule. The model can also be used for the correction of the effect of a general residual stress state on any further analysis of mechanical properties and stress–strain behaviour from the measured indentation data. The model provides an estimation of the measurement uncertainty when the stress ratio or the strength of the material is unknown – a situation that is a commonly encountered with hardness testing of thin films and welded materials.     

Effect of deposition parameters on adhesion, hardness and wear resistance of Sn-Ni electrolytic coatings

The present investigation has been conducted in order to determine the influence of both the chemical composition of the bath and current density employed, on the adhesion, hardness and wear resistance of electrolytic Sn-Ni coatings deposited on a steel substrate. The micro-scratch test method was employed to evaluate the coating adhesion. Three scratches were performed at progressive loads. The subsequent observation of the surface damage by means of optical microscopy allowed the determination of the critical load, defined as the smallest load at which coating delamination will occur. The composite hardness of the system was determined by means of Vickers indentation and represented as a function of the relative indentation depth (R.I.D.). The absolute hardness of the coatings was computed by using a model published previously in the literature by one of the authors. The evaluation of the wear resistance was carried out through an accelerated wear test, without lubricant, under a ball-on-disc configuration, using a ball of AISI 52100 steel as a static counterpart. The wear scar morphology was studied by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) techniques coupled with the energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The results indicate that the Sn-Ni coatings obtained by means of the chloride-fluoride bath (CF) have apparently a higher adhesion to the steel substrate and wear resistance, in comparison with the coatings which were obtained by using the pyrophosphate bath (PF), irrespective to the current density value employed during deposition. However, the hardness results indicate that the coatings obtained from the pyrophosphate bath have a better endurance against indentation loads. Such a behavior has been partially explained in terms of the different microstructural features that characterized both coatings. The CF deposits were observed to present an elongated columnar grain structure free of cracks, whereas the PF coatings were observed to have an equiaxial structure with a high crack density. The present study has allowed the conclusion that the CF coatings have an overall better performance than the PF coatings.     

TA15钛合金中纳米压痕附近残余应力-应变场及几何必须位错密度的分布

结合纳米压痕及高分辨电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)测定了TA15钛合金中α及β相的弹性模量和纳米硬度,揭示了纳米压痕附近应力-应变场及几何必须位错(GND)密度的非均匀分布情况.利用高分辨EBSD测试过程中同步保存的背散射电子衍射花样,并基于cross-correlation的处理方法,计算得出了纳米压痕附近区域的残余弹性应力-应变场分布.结合应变梯度场理论,计算分析了纳米压痕附近区域的几何必须位错密度分布,进而对合金的微观塑性变形机制进行了讨论与分析.结果表明,α相的弹性模量及纳米硬度分别为129.05 GPa和6.44GPa,而β相的相应值为109.80 GPa和4.29 GPa.纳米压痕附近区域的残余Mises应力呈现明显的非均匀分布并受到相邻较软β相的显著影响.压痕附近的低残余应力区域伴随有显著较高的<α>形和柱面型几何必须位错密度分布.     

Material-dependent representative plastic strain for the prediction of indentation hardness

The definition of representative plastic strain induced by a Vickers indent has received considerable attention in recent years. Previous reports have attempted to define a universal value that was independent of a material’s plastic response. However, the work presented here will show that a material-dependent representative plastic strain is valid in the conversion of flow stress to indentation hardness. This representative plastic strain is the volume average plastic strain within the plastic zone of Vickers indentation. The increase in indentation hardness within the plastic zones of macro-indents was experimentally determined by micro-Vickers indentation and then compared with that predicted by finite element modeling, which utilizes the proposed representative plastic strain. It was further shown that the representative plastic strain defined here is independent of yield strength, elastic modulus and magnitude of prior plastic deformation for both linear and power law strain hardening materials.     

Correlation between tensile and indentation behavior of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites: an experimental and numerical study

The correlation between tensile and indentation behavior in particle-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) was examined. The model composite system consists of a Al–Cu–Mg alloy matrix reinforced with SiC particles. The effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, and matrix aging characteristics on the interrelationship between tensile strength and macro-hardness were investigated. Experimental data indicated that, contrary to what has been documented for a variety of monolithic metals and alloys, a simple relationship between hardness and tensile strength does not exist for MMCs. While processing-induced particle fracture greatly reduces the tensile strength, it does not significantly affect the deformation under indentation loading. Even in composites where processing-induced fracture was nonexistent (due to relatively small particle size), no unique correspondence between tensile strength and hardness was observed. At very low matrix strengths, the composites exhibited similar tensile strengths but the hardness increased with increasing particle concentration. Fractographic analyses showed that particle fracture caused by tensile testing is independent of matrix strength. The lack of unique strength–hardness correlation is not due to the particle fracture-induced weakening during the tensile test. It is proposed that, under indentation loading, enhanced matrix flow that contributes to a localized increase in particle concentration directly below the indenter results in a significant overestimation of the overall composite strength by the hardness test. Micromechanical modeling using the finite element method was used to illustrate the proposed mechanisms under indentation loading and to justify the experimental findings.