葡萄RAPD不同电泳指纹特点及其用于葡萄品种鉴定的评价

为更好地将快速简便的RAPD技术应用于葡萄品种资源的鉴定以及遗传基础的研究,本文以18个葡萄品种为试材,对琼脂糖凝胶电泳以及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)检测RAPD的PCR扩增产物的效果进行了比较.结果表明,PAGE检测出的谱带总数量以及多态性谱带数量均高于前者;PAGE电泳指纹信息能够更好地鉴定葡萄品种.同时对随机挑选的片段进行克隆与测序发现,这些片段都是对应引物的RAPD扩增产物.     

葡萄不同砧穗组合的营养特征分析

本试验以5种葡萄嫁接植株为研究对象,分析了植株的N、P、K含量和贮藏营养水平,以探讨砧木根系对葡萄营养特性的影响。结果表明:不论什么嫁接品种,枝条和根系中的N、P、K含量,可溶性糖和淀粉含量均以嫁接沙地葡萄-冬葡萄系列砧木110R和1103P的植株较高,嫁接河岸葡萄-冬葡萄系列砧木420A、SO4,以及河岸葡萄-沙地葡萄系列砧木3309C的植株较低。生长季节各组合叶柄N素含量在0.9%～1.1%之间,处于偏低水平,以桑娇维赛/1103P和玛瓦斯亚/110R的叶柄N较高,玛瓦斯亚/420A的较低;各组合叶柄P含量在0.08%～0.12%之间,处于丰足水平,以M/3309C的较高,S/SO4的偏低;不同砧穗组合K营养水平差异显著,变化于0.65%～0.23%之间,以M/110R较高,S/SO4较低,但均处于不足范围,需要补K。     

Biomass distribution and nitrate assimilation in response to N supply for Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon on five Vitis rootstock genotypes

Effects of nitrogen (N) supply on biomass distribution as well as N effects on NO₃"assimilation, were examined in two-year-old graftlings of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon on five rootstocks. Whole-plant biomass in all graftlings more than doubled with increased N supply in solution from 0.25 to 8 mM. Whole plant biomass was also affected by rootstock genotype, but to a lesser extent than by N supply. Biomass allocation to roots declined with increased N supply for all stock-scion combinations, but the magnitude of that response varied with rootstock genotype. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in leaves increased with increased N supply for all stock-scion combinations, whereas root NRA increased only up to 1 mM N supply, dropping markedly with additional N. NRA in leaves was one to two orders of magnitude higher than NRA in roots - a difference that increased steadily with increased N supply. By implication, grapevine leaves have a much higher capacity for NO₃^-_- reduction than do grapevine roots, and any contribution by roots to whole-vine NO₃^-_- assimilation declines even further as NO₃^-_- availability increases.     

Oxygen isotope composition of must-water in grapevine: effects of water deficit and rootstock

The influence of soil moisture and different rootstock genotypes on the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of must-water in grapes was investigated. Grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L.) with cv. Cabernet Sauvignon as scion grafted on rootstocks 101–14, 420A and 41B were subjected to three levels of plant-available soil-water from veraison to harvest. Significant differences were observed in the ¹⁸O level of must-water, the differences being related to water regime and rootstock genotype, with ¹⁸O increasing as soil-water became less available. The higher the canopy-air vapour pressure gradient (VPG), the larger was the oxygen isotope content of must-water, indicating that VPG is an important factor in determining the degree of must-water enrichment under water deficit conditions. In all water regimes of soil, 41B induced the highest degree of ¹⁸O enrichment in must-water. The differences between rootstocks in must-water ¹⁸O could not fully be explained either by the rootstock effect on VPG or on root distribution.     

赤霞珠不同砧穗组合对中后期光合能力及果实品质的影响

为了探讨砧木和品系对葡萄生长发育的影响,以赤霞珠葡萄的不同砧穗组合为试材,测定其生长季中后期光合荧光参数、果实品质及休眠期枝条和根系贮藏营养。结果表明:相同品系不同砧木,CS-169/SO4组合中期(8月份)光合速率最高,而CS-169/1103P组合后期(9、10月份)光合速率最高;CS-169/1103P组合的Fv/Fo、Fm、ETR、ΦPSⅡ指标在不同时期均处于最高水平;同一砧木不同品系光合和荧光参数均以CS-169品系优于R5、FV5品系;以1103P为砧木的果实糖含量高于SO4砧,不同品系CS-169CS-FV5CS-R5,组合CS-169/SO4果实酸含量最高;枝条和根系的贮藏C、N营养以CS-169/1103P组合含量最高。综合看,砧木的影响大于品系,赤霞珠以1103P为砧木的各砧穗组合在光合荧光特性、果实品质、树体贮藏营养方面优于以SO4为砧木的组合。     

Interaction of rootstock and applied water amounts at various fractions of estimated evapotranspiration (ETc) on productivity of Cabernet Sauvignon

Background and Aims: It is commonly thought that grapevine rootstocks vary in their tolerance to drought. This study examined the interaction between various applied water amounts and productivity of Cabernet Sauvignon grafted onto five rootstocks. Methods and Results: The commercial vineyard used in this study was located along the central coast of California. The rootstocks used were Teleki 5C, 110 Ricter, 140 Ruggeri, 1103 Paulson and Freedom. Irrigation amounts ranged from 0.25 up to 1.25 of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration. Midday leaf water potential (Ψ_l), was significantly affected by irrigation treatment but not by rootstock. There was a significant effect of irrigation treatment and rootstock on berry weight, number of bunches per vine and yield but no interaction between those two factors. The rootstock 5C had the lowest yield compared with the other rootstocks. Yield at the 0.25 irrigation level was approximately 62% of the yield at the 1.25 irrigation level across rootstocks. Irrigation treatment was the only factor that significantly affected soluble solids in the fruit. There was a significant interaction between rootstock and irrigation amount on pruning weights. Berry weight, yield and pruning weights were linearly correlated with midday Ψ_l across rootstock and year. Conclusions: The results indicate that the rootstocks producing greater yields at the highest applied water amounts also produced greater yields when deficit irrigated. Significance of the Study: Under both stressed and non-stressed conditions, the rootstocks with the highest yield were those with the greatest number of bunches.     

砧木对酿酒葡萄生长和结果状况的影响

以SO4、5BB两种砧木与宁夏主栽的赤霞珠、美乐、霞多丽进行绿枝嫁接,研究砧木对酿酒葡萄生长、果实品质的影响。结果表明,对于同一接穗品种,以5BB为砧木越冬保存率高,接穗与砧木增粗的速度接近,亲和性更好。SO4和5BB两种砧木显著增加赤霞珠葡萄的单粒质量,但对3个品种的穗质量没有明显影响。5BB做砧木提高霞多丽、赤霞珠可溶性固形物含量,降低霞多丽、美乐可滴定酸含量;以SO4为砧木显著降低3个品种可溶性固形物含量,提高赤霞珠酸含量。综合来看,以5BB为砧木可提高果实品质,而SO4为砧木降低果实品质或推迟成熟。     

Impact of rootstock on yield and ion concentrations in petioles,juice and wine of Shiraz and Chardonnay in different viticultural environments with different irrigation water salinity

Background and Aims: Within-site comparisons were made of rootstock effects on yield, and chloride and sodium concentrations in petioles, juice and wine of Shiraz and Chardonnay vines at sites with irrigation water salinities (EC_iw) ranging from low (0.4 dS/m) to moderate-high (1.8 to 3.3 dS/m). It also compared consistency of yield performance of the various rootstocks with both scions over 8 years at one site with an EC_iw of 2.1 dS/m. Methods and Results: Chardonnay and Shiraz on own roots and on Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen, 140 Ruggeri, K51-40, Schwarzmann, 101-14, Rupestris St. George and 1202 Couderc were compared. Ramsey resulted in better yields relative to most of the other rootstocks at three of the four sites for each scion. Exceptions were the low salinity site where Schwarzmann was best with Chardonnay, and Padthaway where 140 Ruggeri was best with Shiraz. Chardonnay wine chloride concentrations were similar to grape juice chloride concentrations, but Shiraz wine chloride concentrations were on average 1.7-fold higher than grape juice chloride. Conclusions: Shiraz on own roots, K51-40 and 1202C rootstocks carry some risk of accumulating unacceptable levels of chloride in grape juice and wine when the salinity of the irrigation water is at moderate to high levels. Rootstocks K51-40 (with Chardonnay and Shiraz) and potentially 101-14 (with Shiraz) should be avoided in situations of long term irrigation with moderate to high salinity water. Significance of the Study: The study identifies rootstocks with acceptable yields and grape juice chloride concentrations for potential use in regions affected by salinity.     

The use of molecular biology techniques to study and manipulate the grapevine: Why and how?

This paper aims to give an overview of how molecular biology relates to grapevine research and viticulture. In it we explain some basic premises and techniques of molecular biology with the aim of introducing a wider readership to this rapidly developing field. Current and potential uses of molecular biology for research and practical viticulture are presented. These include molecular cloning, analysis of gene expression, grapevine transformation, marker-assisted breeding, cultivar identification and pest and disease diagnostics. A glossary of terms and a list of web sites for further information are also provided.     

SO4和贝达砧木对鄞红葡萄生长与果实品质的影响

以SO4和贝达砧木嫁接鄞红葡萄,研究这两种砧木对鄞红葡萄生长和果实品质的影响.结果表明,与自根苗相比,嫁接SO4和贝达砧木的鄞红葡萄萌芽和结实状况良好,果实着色均匀,叶片叶绿素、可溶性固形物、总糖和产量均较自根苗增加,是平原水网地区鄞红葡萄的优良砧木.     

烤烟品种的RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记研究了29个烤烟品种的分子指纹和遗传关系。100个随机引物经10个品种筛选,选出18个随机引物对29个品种基因组DNA进行扩增,得到了29个烤烟品种的分子指纹图谱,参照这些图谱,可对不同烤烟品种进行真实性鉴定。以扩增到的79条多态性DNA片段为基础计算29个品种间遗传相似系数,利用UPGMA法作聚类图,可将参试品种分为3个类群。云南省主栽品种K326与近年选育的品种V2、云烟85、云烟317等被归为一类,遗传基础过于狭窄,建议选用一些遗传关系较远的品种进行亲本选配、品种布局;北方烟区主栽品种NC89、地方品种净叶黄及G140等则归为另一类。      

碱性土壤藤稔葡萄嫁接在不同砧木上的表现

在碱性土壤上,把藤稔嫁接在少毛变叶葡萄LDP-191、Ln33和巨峰砧木上,以藤稔自根苗为对照,研究了伤流产生和持续的时间、伤流总量和伤流成分,并在黄化发生期间调查黄化程度和测定叶绿素含量。成熟后对藤稔嫁接在3个砧木上的生产表现进行了对比。结果表明,藤稔嫁接在少毛变叶葡萄LDP-191、Ln33上经济性状和生理活性均优于自根藤稔和巨峰砧木;自根藤稔又优于巨峰砧木,表明在碱性土壤上,以少毛变叶葡萄LDP-191、Ln33做藤稔砧木要比以巨峰做藤稔砧木更为适宜。     

酿酒葡萄嫁接育苗中砧穗组合愈合性与生根率的研究

本文对5个优良酿酒葡萄品种和4种砧木嫁接组合的愈合性及生根率进行研究,结果发现,砧木品种101-14对试验的5个葡萄品种均具有较好的愈合性和生根率,是嫁接生产苗木的首选砧木品种,其次是砧木品种5BB,而SO4的表现相对较差。     

基于电子鼻的水稻品种鉴别研究

为了实现水稻品种的快速鉴别,避免水稻品种混杂,利用电子鼻对来自同一产地不同水稻品种进行测试,获取有效信息。对获取的信息提取平均微分值和面积斜率比两种特征。采用主成分分析、Fisher判别分析及BP神经网络3种模式识别方法进行水稻品种的判别,并对3种识别方法的结果进行比较分析。结果表明:不同种类的水稻品种可以被区分开来,但BP神经网络分类效果最好,Fisher判别分析效果次之,PCA分类效果最差。因此,结合合适的特征提取方法及模式识别方法,有可能实现一种基于电子鼻技术的对不同水稻品种鉴别的简单、有效的方法。     

烟草RAPD反应体系优化及品种多态性标记研究

利用鲜烟叶材料对RAPD反应体系进行了优化,建立了一个适合烟草的比较稳定的RAPD反应体系,并对影响RAPD反应的主要因素进行了探讨.利用该稳定体系,对具有两对相对性状差异的两个烤烟品种进行了多态性标记研究,从500个引物中筛选到4个有多态性的引物,这4个引物扩出的多态性片段可作为鉴定两个品种的分子标记.初步分析认为,两个品种的多态性标记可能与香气性状和抗病性状连锁.     

Identification,distribution and current taxonomy of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine decline in New South Wales and South Australia

Background and Aims: Botryosphaeriaceae species are recognised as important pathogens of grapevines both in Australia and overseas. The identity, prevalence and distribution of Botryosphaeriaceae species in vineyards throughout the major winegrowing regions of New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA) was determined to provide a foundation for improved disease prevention and management. Methods and Results: Field surveys from 91 vineyards across NSW and SA resulted in the collection of 2239 diseased wood samples and subsequent isolation of 1258 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates. Morphological identification along with phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α) showed that eight Botryosphaeriaceae species from four phylogenetic lineages occur on grapevines in eastern Australia, including Diplodia seriata, Diplodia mutila, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, Neofusicoccum australe, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Dothiorella viticola and Dothiorella iberica. Conclusions: The prevalence of individual species varied according to geography and climate. Species of Diplodia and Dothiorella, characterised by thick-walled, pigmented conidia were the most prevalent and were distributed widely throughout both NSW and SA. Species with hyaline conidia, such as Neofusicoccum and Fusicoccum, were isolated less frequently and displayed more limited geographic ranges, whilst only a single isolate of Lasiodiplodia was recovered, this being from the northern most region of NSW. Significance of the Study: The identification of eight taxa within the Botryosphaeriaceae, and their distributions throughout south-eastern Australia was established and discussed in context with climate, reported optimum growth temperatures, and more recent taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. We established a sound base for control strategies based on the prevailing species in Australian viticultural regions.