工业节能降耗的全生命周期成本研究

基于节能降耗与可持续发展,将全生命周期成本分析方法用于工业节能降耗的研究,对工业产品的全生命周期成本及能耗进行了分析．在利用LCC方法分析工艺全生命周期成本的同时,还考虑了影响能源消耗的成本因素．力图在兼顾节能降耗的同时,考虑企业成本最小化与利益最大化,为有效指导工业节能降耗生产、合理选择工艺设施提供了新的思路,也为设备规划和选型、计算设备的经济寿命、管理控制设备投资以及项目的方案论证等提供方法和工具．     

Consideration of maintenance objectives in the design and development of software

Factors are addressed that affect the total cost of developing, deploying and supporting software systems. The experiences are drawn from a large computerized facility incorporating over half a million lines of application code. The operational and support activities dominate the cost considerations over program life. Techniques are presented in this paper to ensure early design considerations of these operational and support activities and to reduce their cost. Thus, the focus is the life cycle cost factors of the system software.     

A sustainability-oriented multi-dimensional value assessment model for product-service development

In the product-service system (PSS), products are carriers of functions and media of services. Currently, value creation in PSS is directly related to the capabilities of the product-service solutions provided to serve customer demands and supplier business interest over time. There is a need for an evaluation approach that can identify in what manner and to what extent products and services should best be bundled in the development of a company’s value proposition. Furthermore, with an increasing focus on the sustainability profile of business operations, it is necessary to incorporate environmental impact measures with technical performance and cost measures to present a more comprehensive value assessment of product-service development. In this paper, a sustainability-oriented value assessment model is proposed as an attempt for product-service development decision support based on life cycle thinking. In this proposed approach, the fitness for extended utilisation indicators, the net present value (NPV) approach and life cycle assessment (LCA), are applied as the measures of life cycle performance, life cycle cost, and life cycle environmental impact, which are used for value assessment. A case study on a solar heating system will be presented to show how the assessment model can be used to support the evaluation and selection of different product-service development alternatives.     

LED照明产品的全生命周期评价方法研究

生命周期评价（LCA）作为一种重要的环境管理工具,不仅能够对材料或产品全生命周期所涉及的环境问题进行评价,而且能为可持续发展决策提供依据,有利于促进产品、行业甚至整个产业链的行为更符合可持续发展的原则。但是目前国内还尚未有关于LED照明产品的生命周期评价。本文综述了生命周期评价方法在LED照明领域的应用,并提出我们的新思路,即将产品设计要素、经济成本要素及环境影响相结合的LED照明产品全生命周期评价方法。     

自动测试系统自检适配器自动设计技术

采用面向信号方法建立仪器模型、开关模型,对系统所有仪器端口进行自动最优匹配,与相应开关构成自检回路,并实现自检回路自动布线. 依据IVI(Interchangeable Virtual Instrument)-Signal Interface 标准自动编写自检程序,较大地提高了设计效率和标准化程度. 以某机载通讯设备自动测试系统为例,采用该技术可缩短 ATS 自检适配器开发周期至原来的 1/3,显著降低了开发成本.     

增材制造技术在航空铸造领域的应用

增材制造技术是一种兼顾精准成型和高性能的一体化制造技术,其产品因生产周期短、成本低和复杂结构构件制备等方面的优势而备受关注,在多个领域都有所应用。铸造技术作为一种典型的传统工艺,在复杂结构构件和大型件制造方面也具有独特优势,即使在材料加工技术日新月异的今天也无法被取代,但铸造技术也因为长周期、复杂成型件的冶金及尺寸缺陷控制困难等因素的限制,需要谋求新的工艺发展方向。对于航空铸件而言,缩短研制周期,提高冶金质量尤为重要,本文旨在探讨增材制造技术在航空铸件制造方向的应用,将增材制造技术与传统的铸造技术进行深度融合,实现航空铸件短周期、低成本、高性能、精确成型和功能优先设计。     

舰船用钛及钛合金经济性分析

阐述了钛及钛合金在国内外舰船上的应用、舰船设备的建造成本、使用寿命等,通过全寿命经济性分析的方法,探讨了钛及钛合金在舰船上应用的经济性,进而提出了在舰船上采用钛及钛合金不仅可以实现设备减重、全寿命服役,提高舰船性能,而且可以满足舰船建造最经济化的要求。     

产品生命周期成本概念及分析方法

随着人们成本意识的增强,生命周期成本日益引起设计者和用户的重视。对产品生命周期和产品生命周期成本概念进行了论述,介绍了参数模型、类推模型和详细模型3种生命周期成本分析模型,最后以某厂计划购买自动包装生产线为例,说明如何利用生命周期成本概念进行投资决策分析。     

Reliability centered prediction technique for diagnostic modeling and improvement

A diagnosability prediction metric is developed for system modeling of component failure rates and unjustified removals. The metric emphasizes ambiguity of system component indications as well as system structure. The metric is evaluated using historical data from the bleed air control system (BACS) on the Boeing737-300. Four design changes are suggested based on improving system diagnosability by changing component functions, modifying indications, and adding or changing sensors. The resulting designs are compared via Boeing's life cycle cost mechanism, DEPCOST model, based on cost improvements. It is shown that system improvements based on this prediction technique will increase the quality of a product since increased diagnosability decreases life cycle costs.     

Life‐cycle cost optimization of steel structures

This article addresses the life‐cycle cost optimization of steel structures. The main factors influencing the life‐cycle cost of a structure are delineated and their effects on various cost functions are discussed. A four‐criteria optimization model is presented for the life‐cycle cost optimization of steel structures. These criteria are (i) select discrete commercially available sections with the lowest cost, (ii) select commercially available sections with the lightest weight, (iii) select the minimum number of different types of commercially available sections, and (iv) select commercially available sections with the minimum total perimeter length. The last criterion models a representative type of cost incurred over the life of the structure, that is, preventative maintenance in the form of periodic painting of an exposed steel structure to avoid corrosion. The life‐cycle cost optimization model is based on fuzzy logic with the goal of formalizing the life‐cycle design process but with some input from the design engineer through introduction of weighting coefficients reflecting the relative importance of various criteria. The model is applied to a large steel structure with over 3300 members. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

碳/导电聚合物复合电极材料的研究进展

阐述了碳材料和导电聚合物作为超级电容器电极材料的研究进展,对比了其电化学性能,尤其是碳纳米管与聚苯胺、聚吡咯的复合材料。这些材料虽在超级电容器应用方面取得了一些突破,但在循环寿命、聚合物易脱落等方面仍存在问题,另外碳纳米管昂贵的价格也限制了其在工业上的应用。展望了一种柔性石墨纸作基体复合导电聚合物的新型复合材料,在电化学性能方面也取得了很好的效果。     

Need assessment: a way of improving the value of new products

This paper discusses a concept of product value as the ratio between the degree of need satisfaction of a product, and product life cycle cost. Strategies for improving product value are presented. User needs and need satisfaction are elaborated, with recommendations concerning application of methods for assessment of user needs.     

Performance-based multi-objective optimization of large steel structures

In recent years, the importance of economical considerations in the field of structures has motivated many researchers to propose new methods for minimizing the initial and life cycle cost of the structures subjected to seismic loading. In this paper, a new framework is presented to solve the performance-based multi-objective optimization problem considering the initial and life cycle cost of large structures. In order to solve this problem, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) using differential evolution operators is employed to solve the optimization problem, while a specific meta-model is utilized for reducing the number of fitness function evaluations. The required computational time for pushover analysis is decreased by a simple numerical method. The constraints of the optimization problem are based on the FEMA codes. The presented results for application of the proposed framework demonstrate its capability in solving the present complex multi-objective optimization problem.     

A comparison between the life cycle cost of gravel and of bituminous surfacing options for feeder roads in Ghana

Feeder roads, which constitute a key component of rural transport infrastructure, play a vital role in rural development, but only 5% of the total feeder road network in Ghana has bituminous seal surfacing. The remaining 95% have either gravel or earth surfacing. However, gravel surfacing (G-S) is known to deteriorate rather rapidly necessitating expensive frequent maintenance while bituminous surfacing offers a more durable surfacing. Various life cycle cost studies have suggested that even though G-S may have lower initial construction costs, they tend to have higher life cycle costs than bituminous seal surfaced ones. However, since most of these studies are based on ideal maintenance practices, their conclusions do not reflect actual field conditions. This study seeks therefore to compare the life cycle cost of G-S with that of bituminous seal surfacing options for engineered feeder roads in Ghana using actual cost data. Data were collected from eight feeder road projects with G-S and a similar number with bituminous surfacing from six regions of Ghana completed between 2010 and 2013. The life cycle cost for each road was computed using a discount rate of 12% and an inflation rate of 15% over an analysis period of 21 years. The results for G-S are then compared with those for single bituminous seal surfacing and for double bituminous seal surfacing. The results are further compared with those from trial sections of an experimental study of Otta seal surfacing using natural gravel and using crushed rock as aggregates. The results suggest that based on the high initial construction costs of bituminous seal surfacing and actual low maintenance intervention practices, G-S remain the least cost option. The study recommends the need for alternative surfacing technology that does not involve bitumen.     

Challenges and future perspectives on sodium and potassium ion batteries for grid-scale energy storage

The energy crisis and environmental pollution require the advancement of large-scale energy storage techniques. Among the various commercialized technologies, batteries have attracted enormous attention due to their relatively high energy density and long cycle life. Nevertheless, the limited supply and uneven distribution of lithium minerals, as well as their high cost, has greatly hindered the application of lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage. Therefore, building next-generation alternative rechargeable batteries that feature low cost, long service life, and high safety is of the utmost importance. Over the past several years, we have witnessed many successful research outcomes for sodium and potassium ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs) in regard to electrode and electrolyte materials. In this Perspective, we summarize the current developments on SIBs/PIBs and their challenges when facing practical applications, including their cost, energy density, ion diffusivity in solids/electrolytes/interphases, cycle life, and safety concerns. Furthermore, we provide an overview of strategies to overcome the remaining challenges for achieving better electrochemical performance. Finally, we outline several possible directions for the future development of these two battery chemistries, with the hope of aiding the transition from the laboratory to next-generation practical applications for SIBs/PIBs batteries in grid-scale energy storage.     

Preface

Since the founding of TEROTECHNOLOGY at the beginning of the seventieth decade of this century,Plant Engineering and Management have made great progress.People pay attention to the effects of fixed assets,because they play an important role in the development of national economy.Plant Engineering is developing rapidly in different fields such as fundamental theory,life cycle cost,fault model analysis,condition monitoring and fault diagnosis,maintenance model,application of computer,reli…     

基于盲数理论的工程全寿命周期成本估算

借鉴盲数理论,以公路工程为例,研究如何更加精确地估算工程全寿命周期成本。结果表明：基于盲数理论的工程全寿命周期成本估算法全面真实地反映专家估算的区间和可信度,充分地显示了其简洁性和准确性。把参数作为盲数处理,不必关心随机变量的分布问题,匹配了专家判断回答模式的本质特点,包容了未来的不可确知因素,使得准确性得到有效的提高。不足之处是盲数的四则运算阶数增加很快,必须借助计算机程序解决。     

Spacecraft borne long life cryogenic refrigeration status and trends

The status of cryogenic refrigerator development intended for, or possibly applicable to, long life spacecraft borne application is reviewed. Based on these efforts, the general development trends are identified. Using currently projected technology needs, the various trends are compared and evaluated. The linear drive, non-contacting bearing Stirling cycle refrigerator concept appears to be the best current approach that will meet the technology projection requirements for spacecraft borne cryogenic refrigerators. However, a multiple redundant set of lightweight, moderate life, moderate reliability Stirling cycle cryogenic refrigerators using high-speed linear drive and sliding contact bearings may possibly suffice.     

水性涂料在车身中的应用现状及发展趋势

汽车车身采用水性涂料涂装具有环保优势,但生产成本高、能耗大、施工管理复杂.介绍了近年来汽车车身水性涂料涂装的应用状况及存在的问题,指出十多年来涂装材料工艺、设备的改进已逐步解决了以上问题.从汽车生命周期评估(LCA)来看,汽车车身水性涂料涂装的发展将能使节能、环保、产品性能和企业利益达到最佳的平衡.     

基于全寿命周期费用分析法的风管系统的选择

针对目前国内还没有一种有效的方法用于选择和评价风管系统的现状,提出采用全寿命周期费用分析法来选择和评价风管系统,并在实际工程中,采用该方法比较和分析国内4种常见风管系统的一次性投资、能耗费和维护费,重点对各风管的全寿命周期费用进行评估,认为酚醛铝箔复合风管的费用最低,是一种值得推广的风管系统。