CaCO_3和EG与APP/PER/ZB体系协同阻燃交联EVAC基复合材料的研究

采用膨胀型阻燃剂[聚磷酸铵/季戊四醇/硼酸锌(APP/PER/ZB)体系]对交联乙烯–乙酸乙烯酯塑料(EVAC)进行阻燃改性,然后分别用CaCO3和可膨胀石墨(EG)进一步优化EVAC/APP/PER/ZB复合材料。采用极限氧指数(LOI)仪、锥形量热仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了复合材料的阻燃性能及阻燃机理,并测试了复合材料的力学性能和介电性能。结果表明,随着APP/PER/ZB体系含量的增加,复合材料的LOI逐渐升高,热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率、热释放总量逐渐降低;拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和介电常数逐渐下降,但介电损耗变化极小。CaCO3和EG优化的复合材料阻燃性能和拉伸性能均比未优化的有所提高,起到一定的协同阻燃效果,其中EG的优化效果最好;CaCO3对复合材料介电性能的影响与APP/PER/ZB体系大致相同,但高频下EG的影响较为显著,均明显降低了复合材料的介电常数和介电损耗峰值。     

可膨胀石墨/聚磷酸铵协同阻燃聚苯乙烯的研究

将可膨胀石墨(EG)与聚磷酸铵(APP)复配并添加至聚苯乙烯(PS)基体中,制备了PS/EG/APP阻燃复合材料。通过极限氧指数(LOI)、水平垂直燃烧(UL 94)测试,以及热重分析(TG)和扫描电镜分析(SEM)对PS/EG/APP阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能和热稳定性进行了检测,并优化了该材料配方。结果表明:复合阻燃剂EG/APP的加入,使得体系的LOI值与热稳定性均明显提高。其中当复合阻燃剂EG/APP的添加量为30 phr,且质量比为3:1时,阻燃体系的LOI值可达到31.8%,而单独添加同量EG或APP的阻燃体系,其LOI值仅为29%和20.8%,这说明EG与APP之间存在协同效应。     

可膨胀石墨/聚磷酸铵协效阻燃PUI泡沫塑料研究

通过添加可膨胀石墨(EG)和聚磷酸铵(APP)单组分阻燃剂及其复配阻燃剂,制备了聚氨酯–酰亚胺(PUI)泡沫塑料阻燃体系,并对其阻燃性能、热性能、表面碳层形貌及力学性能等进行了研究。结果表明,在相同阻燃剂添加量下,复配阻燃体系的极限氧指数(LOI)值高于单一阻燃剂阻燃体系,PUI/EG/APP体系的LOI值由18.6%提高至30.9%。热失重分析表明EG和APP间的相互作用导致了PUI/EG/APP体系在高温阶段的热降解速率下降,残炭率显著上升。扫描电镜分析表明PUI/EG/APP体系在燃烧后能生成更加连续和致密的炭层。在相同阻燃剂添加量的情况下,EG/APP复配使用能够减少EG对PUI压缩性能的损害。     

聚磷酸酯膨胀阻燃剂复配有机蒙脱土阻燃改性环氧树脂

以间苯二胺为固化剂,聚苯氧基磷酸210氢9氧杂磷杂菲对苯二酚酯（POPP）、聚磷酸铵（APP）为阻燃剂, 复配质量分数为1 %有机蒙脱土（OMMT）为膨胀阻燃体系,对环氧树脂（EP）进行阻燃改性。通过极限氧指数测定仪、垂直燃烧测定仪同步热分析仪、锥形量热等研究改性EP的阻燃性能、热性能和力学性能。结果表明,当膨胀阻燃体系（2.5 %POPP/APP+1 %OMMT）添加量为3.5 %时,改性EP可达UL 94 V-0级,同时LOI为25.2 %;当膨胀阻燃体系添加量为11 %时,改性EP的LOI值进一步升高到31.7 %;阻燃剂的加入,使EP的初始分解温度略有降低,但残炭量明显增加;POPP/APP/OMMT的加入很大程度上降低了EP的热释放速率、烟释放量和平均热释放速率。     

聚磷酸铵/Zn-Fe-LDH协效阻燃环氧树脂研究

聚磷酸铵(APP)单独应用于阻燃环氧树脂(EP)时,阻燃效率较低,往往需要较大的添加量才能达到环氧树脂复合材料的阻燃要求。通过制备层状双金属氢氧化物Zn-Fe-LDH,然后将其与聚磷酸铵复配引入环氧树脂中,成功制备出阻燃型复合材料(Zn-Fe-LDH+APP)/EP。极限氧指数(LOI)及垂直燃烧(UL94)测试表明,当Zn-Fe-LDH和APP的总添加量为5%时,(Zn-Fe-LDH+APP)/EP的LOI为28.6%,UL94可达V-1级,锥形量热结果表明,相比较纯APP,Zn-Fe-LDH和APP体系可明显降低环氧树脂的热释放和烟释放。     

可膨胀石墨/聚磷酸铵协同阻燃聚乙烯的研究

本文进行了可膨胀石墨(EG)/聚磷酸铵(APP)协同阻燃聚乙烯的研究。采用氧指数(LOI)、扫描电镜(SEM)和热重分析(TG)等技术手段对EG/APP阻燃聚乙烯体系进行表征。结果表明,加入APP后,体系氧指数明显提高,热降解速率降低,热稳定性增强。说明EG/APP发挥了协同阻燃作用,形成了致密稳定的膨胀炭层。     

膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯-木粉复合材料阻燃及性能的影响

主要以聚磷酸铵(APP)、季戊四醇(PER)、以及自制的成炭发泡剂(CFA)复配成的膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯-木粉复合材料进行阻燃.并通过一系列的性能实验研究了不同的阻燃剂配方及阻燃剂含量对聚丙烯-木粉复合材料的力学性能、阻燃性能、流变行为以及热降解行为的影响.结果表明,膨胀型阻燃体系可以提高聚丙烯-木粉复合材料的LOI与成炭性,当添加量为25%时,APP与PER复配阻燃的复合材料的LOI可达27.5,800℃时残余炭含量为19.24%.而且该阻燃剂的加入对提高材料的拉伸和弯曲强度有一定作用.     

聚磷酸铵/可膨胀石墨阻燃环氧树脂的性能

将聚磷酸铵(APP)与可膨胀石墨(EG)进行复配后添加到环氧树脂(EP)中,以间苯二胺(PDA)为固化剂,制备阻燃环氧树脂固化物,通过极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)和热重分析(TGA)测试研究了材料的阻燃性能、热降解行为,通过锥形量热(CONE)测试研究了材料的燃烧行为,通过扫描电镜(SEM)研究了材料炭层的形貌,同时还研究了APP与EG的不同配比对EP材料阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:当APP与EG的质量比为3∶2、添加量为5%时,阻燃EP材料通过了UL-94 V-0级,LOI值达到了29.0%。TGA测试结果表明:阻燃剂APP及EG的加入明显地改变了材料的热降解行为,促进了环氧树脂材料的提前降解和成炭,降低了材料的热降解速率,材料在700℃时的残炭量由14.6%提高到了29.9%。CONE测试结果表明:阻燃剂的加入明显降低了材料的热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放量(THR)。SEM测试结果表明:阻燃材料燃烧后形成了致密均一的炭层,能很好地阻止氧气和热量进入到材料的内部,同时减少可燃气体的逸出,从而抑制了基体树脂的进一步降解和燃烧,提高了材料的阻燃性能。     

膨胀阻燃环氧树脂/有机化凹凸棒土复合材料的制备及性能研究

考察了不同膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)添加量对环氧树脂(EP)阻燃性能的影响,以及有机化凹凸棒土(OAT)对膨胀阻燃环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响,最后对复合材料的增韧机理及阻燃机理进行了简要分析。结果表明,在环氧树脂中加入25%的IFR,可使复合材料的氧指数(LOI)达到30%,并通过UL94 V-0级测试,但拉伸性能有所降低;在膨胀阻燃环氧树脂体系中,适量添加3%的OAT能使复合材料的力学性能有所提高,对氧指数未见协同改善效果,但都通过了UL94垂直燃烧测试。     

IFR/可膨胀石墨及协效剂氧化锌对PP阻燃性能影响的研究

制备了聚丙烯(PP)/有机膨胀型阻燃体系(IFR)、PP/IFR/可膨胀石墨(EG)和PP/IFR/可膨胀石墨(EG)/协效剂氧化锌(ZnO)三种体系,通过力学性能、氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧测试及热重分析(TG),探讨了复配膨胀型阻燃体系IFR/EG与协效阻燃剂ZnO之间的协同效应。结果表明,当IFR/EG/ZnO质量比为9.25/9.25/1.5时,阻燃PP的LOI值达到最高,同时阻燃PP的力学性能比不含ZnO的PP有所提高。TG结果表明,ZnO的加入使阻燃PP的热稳定性得到提高,形成了更稳定的保护层,从而提高了PP的阻燃效果。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。