扩孔对本体型Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂加氢脱氧性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了本体型Ni-Mo复合氧化物加氢脱氧催化剂,并对其进行了XRD、BET、Py-IR、SEM等表征;以含20%(V)小桐子油的正辛烷溶液为原料,在连续固定床反应器上重点考察了扩孔剂的种类及添加量对催化剂性质和加氢脱氧性能的影响。结果表明,添加扩孔剂淀粉未影响催化剂的晶相性质,但显著增加了催化剂的孔径、比表面积、L酸量和改善了催化剂的加氢脱氧活性。     

焙烧温度对非负载型Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂加氢脱氧性能的影响

以柠檬酸为络合物,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了非负载型Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂.分别以乙酸、苯酚为探针分子,在连续流动固定床反应器中评价了催化剂的加氢脱氧活性,并采用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA),N2吸附-脱附和X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂的表面性质、晶态结构及催化加氢脱氧性能的影响.结果表明:催化剂主要以NiMoO4的晶相形式存在;在N2氛围下,随着焙烧温度的增加,催化剂孔径变大,晶化程度增强;在预焙烧温度为260℃,粉体焙烧和成型焙烧温度均为500℃时,催化剂的加氢脱氧活性最好,在0.3 MPa,液时空速2 h-1条件下,在170℃时,苯酚的脱氧率达到99.9％,在240℃时,乙酸的脱氧率达到98.6％.     

制备条件对非负载Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂加氢脱氧性能的影响

以柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了非负载Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂,用N2吸附-脱附、XRD、SEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征.在连续流动固定床反应器上,以乙酸为探针分子考察了不同溶液pH值和溶剂量制备催化剂对催化加氢脱氧性能的影响.结果表明:溶胶-凝胶法制备的催化剂具有较高的比表面积和双介孔结构:主要以复合氧化物NiMoO4的形式存在;改变溶液的pH值和溶剂量,对催化剂的比表面积有一定影响.在初始溶液pH=1、溶剂量855 mL-(mol(Ni+Mo))-1的条件下制备的催化剂具有较优异的加氢脱氧活性,在0.3 MPa,250℃,液时空速2h-1的条件下,催化剂催化乙酸加氢脱氧的转化率和脱氧率分别达到99.9％和98.9％.     

TiSi复合氧化物性质对NiMo基催化剂加氢脱氧性能的影响

分别以机械混合法与溶胶凝胶法所得的钛硅氧化物TiO_2SiO_2与TiO_2-SiO_2为载体制备了NiMo基催化剂,以含20%小桐子油的正辛烷溶液为原料,在连续流动固定床反应器中考察了催化剂的加氢脱氧性能,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气物理吸附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)和NH3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等技术对催化剂和TiSi复合氧化物载体进行了表征。结果表明,与TiO_2-SiO_2相比,机械混合法制得的TiO_2SiO_2具有双介孔结构特征、较规则的表面形貌和较多的L酸性中心;溶胶凝胶法制得的TiO_2-SiO_2的表面形貌规则性则较差,负载Ni、Mo的孔道堵塞导致所得催化剂的比表面积和孔容急剧减小,在高温反应条件下TiO_2-SiO_2中的Ti—OH—Si键结构形成的B酸中心对催化剂HDO性能的促进作用较小。催化剂性能的评价结果表明NiMo/TiO_2SiO_2催化剂的加氢脱氧活性优于NiMo/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂的加氢脱氧性能。     

纳米Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂加氢脱氧性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了非负载Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂,用X-射线能谱、N_2吸附-脱附、SEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征。以苯酚和乙酸为探针分子考察了在制备过程中添加硝酸铝和乙醇对催化加氢脱氧性能的影响。由结果可知:溶胶-凝胶法可制备纳米结构的Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂,颗粒尺寸达70 nm;溶胶凝胶溶液中不添加硝酸铝可提高催化剂中活性组分Mo和Ni的利用率;溶剂中乙醇的体积分数为50%所制备的催化剂具有较高加氢脱氧活性,在0.3 MPa,270℃,液时空速2 h~(-1)的条件下,催化剂催化苯酚加氢脱氧的脱氧率达到98.4%。     

合成四氢噻吩非负载Ni-Mo催化剂的制备与表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了非负载Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂,采用N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线能谱(EDS)和H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。在连续流动固定床反应器上,以环丁砜体积分数为10%的乙基苯溶液为原料加氢脱氧合成四氢噻吩为探针反应,考察了不同Mo和Ni的物质的量之比对含硫氧化合物选择性加氢脱氧性能的影响。结果表明:采用溶胶-凝胶法可制备较高比表面积催化剂,活性组分Ni和Mo发生相互作用形成了复合氧化物Ni MoO_4;随着Mo和Ni的物质的量之比的增大,催化剂表面的活性组分Mo的含量先增大后减小,在Mo和Ni的物质的量之比为0.6时,催化剂表面的Mo含量最高,其催化性能较好,该催化剂在230℃,0.3 MPa和液时空速为1 h-1的条件下,环丁砜转化率为91.3%,四氢噻吩选择性为84.1%。     

还原条件对Ni-Mo非负载催化剂选择性加氢脱氧的影响

以柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了非负载Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂,经过H2还原得到还原态催化剂。以环丁砜为反应原料,考察了还原条件对Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂结构及选择性加氢脱氧催化性能的影响。结果表明,非负载催化剂中NiO和MoO_3形成了复合氧化物NiMoO_4。NiMoO_4的形成降低了催化剂的还原温度;还原温度的升高和还原时间的延长有利于催化剂充分还原。催化剂的适宜还原条件为:还原温度400℃,H2流量45mL×min~(-1),还原时间3h;在0.3MPa,230℃,V氢气/V原料=200,1h~(-1)反应条件下,催化剂的性能是环丁砜的转化率为95.6%,四氢噻吩的选择性为86.2%。     

水热处理对体相加氢催化剂活性的影响

体相催化剂经水热处理后,催化剂孔结构发生了改变,孔容、孔径和比表面积增加。采用小型加氢装置加工处理不同超深度脱硫难度的柴油原料,对水热处理后的催化剂进行超深度加氢脱硫活性评价。评价结果表明,体相催化剂经水热处理后,提高体相催化剂的超深度加氢脱硫活性和芳烃饱和性能,加工处理超深度脱硫难度大的劣质柴油时,加氢活性提高更加明显。以直馏柴油为原料,在相同工艺条件下,精制油中硫含量小于10μg/g时,对比没经水热处理的催化剂,水热处理后催化剂的反应温度降低了5℃。而以催化柴油为原料,在相同工艺条件下,精制油中硫含量小于10μg/g时,水热处理后催化剂的反应温度比水热处理前的反应温度降低了13℃。水热处理后的体相催化剂具有良好的活性稳定性。     

TiO2-Al2O3复合载体用于加氢脱硫催化剂的性能研究

采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,将不同含量的钛溶胶采用不同方法负载在Al2O3,上制成复合载体,在不同温度下焙烧.用XRD、TEM、BET进行了表征,同时考察以其为载体制成催化剂的加氢脱硫活性.XRD结果表明,复合载体中TiO2和Al2O3分别以锐钛矿和γ-A12O3晶型存在.TEM结果表明,TiO2为纳米粒子且均匀分布在A12O3表面上.复合载体粒子形貌存在差异.以该复合载体所制催化剂在氢分压2 MPa,空速3 h-1,氢油体积比450的条件下,具有较高的加氢脱硫活性,可达98%以上.     

非负载介孔Co-Mo-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其加氢脱氧性能

采用热沉淀法制备了非负载介孔Co-Mo-Al2O3复合氧化物催化剂,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和N2吸附-脱附等方法分析了焙烧温度和超声振荡对催化剂微观结构的影响,并以苯酚为探针分子,在连续流动固定床反应器上考察了催化剂的加氢脱氧性能.结果表明:非负载介孔Co-Mo-Al2O3复合氧化物催化剂具有较窄的孔径分布(最可几孔径3.9 nm)和良好的苯酚加氢脱氧活性;在热沉淀过程中辅以超声振荡可有效控制催化剂的粒径尺寸、均匀度和介孔结构,可使催化剂的比表面积提高约50%,使苯酚的加氢脱氧活性提高约45%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。