硫酸改性甘草废渣对结晶紫和甲基橙染料的吸附

将改性甘草废渣生物吸附剂(SGR)用于对含结晶紫和甲基橙染料模拟废水的吸附。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱和表面官能团的测定对改性前后的甘草废渣进行了表征。结果表明:经硫酸改性后,甘草废渣表面结构发生了变化,表面活性基团的数目也相应增加。根据Langmuir等温方程式计算SGR对结晶紫和甲基橙的饱和吸附量分别为157.60、64.86 mg/g。改性甘草废渣吸附剂对两种染料的吸附符合二级动力学方程。     

聚丙烯酸钠包覆Fe_3O_4磁性交联聚合物的制备及其对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

采用溶液分散聚合和Ca2+表面交联制备了聚丙烯酸钠包覆Fe_3O_4的磁性交联聚合物(CPAANa@Fe_3O_4),对其进行了XRD、FT-IR、SEM和TGA等表征。以CPAANa@Fe_3O_4为吸附剂研究了CPAANa@Fe_3O_4对水溶液中Pb2+、Cd2+的静态吸附,考察了溶液p H、吸附剂投加量、金属离子初始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明:CPAANa@Fe_3O_4在p H=2~6范围内均具有较好的吸附性能,当吸附剂投加量分别为1.0 g·L-1和1.6 g·L-1时对初始浓度分别为200 mg·L-1的Pb2+和100 mg·L-1的Cd2+的去除率达到最大,可使Pb2+实现达标排放(GB8978—1996);CPAANa@Fe_3O_4对Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附动力学符合准二级模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,对Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附量分别为454.55 mg·g-1和275.48 mg·g-1。将CPAANa@Fe_3O_4用于处理实际电解矿浆废水,发现能有效吸附其中的Pb2+和Cd2+,具有潜在实用价值。     

改性火山石对氟离子的吸附性能研究

选用盐酸改性天然火山石作为吸附剂,研究了其对水中氟离子的去除性能,探究吸附时间、改性火山石投加量和溶液pH值对氟离子吸附效果的影响。结果表明,盐酸改性提高了火山石对氟离子的吸附能力。改性火山石对含氟废水的处理时间较短,120min即可达到平衡;吸附剂投加量为8g·L-1时,氟离子的吸附去除率达到最大,为82.4%;溶液pH为4～7的范围内,对氟离子的吸附去除率达到75%以上。正交实验结果发现,当吸附时间为60min,改性火山石投加量为8g·L-1,溶液pH为4时,对氟离子的吸附效果较好。改性火山石吸附氟离子的过程更符合Langmuir模型,吸附过程更接近单层吸附,吸附容量可达0.91mg·g-1,吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级动力学方程,吸附速率快。     

柚子皮生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附性能研究

以固废物柚子皮为生物质代表,经炭化改性处理后,考察其对Cd2+的吸附特征。应用红外吸收光谱技术表征柚子皮生物炭表面的功能基团,考察了吸附剂的粒径和用量、Cd2+初始浓度、溶液p H以及吸附时间对吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,在p H为5.0,吸附时间1 h,温度298 K条件下,0.1 g柚子皮生物炭对100 m L 10 mg/L Cd2+的去除效率达93%,平衡吸附量qe为9.35 mg/g。吸附反应符合动力学二级方程(R=0.993 6)。用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对吸附等温线进行拟合,发现Langmuir模型能更好地反应吸附过程特征。     

酿酒酵母吸附海水中铅离子的研究

将酿酒酵母菌制成的生物吸附剂用于重金属污染海水中Pb2+的生物吸附,研究了pH值、吸附剂用量、吸附温度、Pb2+初始浓度、吸附时间等因素对生物吸附效果的影响。结果表明,酿酒酵母对海水中Pb2+具有较好的吸附效果,最佳吸附条件为:pH值6、吸附剂用量1.0g·L-1、吸附温度40℃、Pb2+初始浓度50mg·L-1、吸附时间120min,吸附率达94.57%。吸附过程能较好拟合Langmuir方程,理论最大吸附量为60.98mg·g-1。动力学分析表明,酿酒酵母对海水中Pb2+吸附120min达到平衡,吸附过程可用准二级反应动力学模型拟合,相关系数为0.9991。原子力显微镜照片显示,Pb2+被吸附到酿酒酵母表面,与细胞壁上的物质结合生成沉淀物附着在细胞壁上。     

改性果胶-Fe3O4磁性微球制备及对Pb 2+吸附性能

合成了一种琥珀酸酐改性果胶-四氧化三铁（Fe₃O₄）磁性微球吸附剂,分别采用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）等手段对样品进行了表征,并研究了其吸附铅离子（Pb ²⁺）的性能。研究结果表明：成功制备了琥珀酸酐改性果胶-Fe₃O₄磁性微球,改性果胶包覆四氧化三铁几乎没有改变Fe₃O₄的尖晶石结构,其表面疏松多孔;改性果胶-Fe₃O₄磁性微球对铅离子的吸附符合准二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温吸附方程,吸附过程主要为化学吸附。最佳吸附条件：吸附时间为600 min,吸附温度为40 ℃,溶液pH为5,吸附剂添加量为20 mg,溶液中Pb ²⁺质量浓度为800 mg/L。改性果胶-Fe₃O₄磁性微球吸附剂用于脱除毛蚶子、扇贝酶解液中的Pb ²⁺,Pb ²⁺去除率分别为76.47%和80.34%,效果良好。     

环氧氯丙烷改性豆渣吸附剂对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

以环氧氯丙烷化学改性豆渣(CBD)为吸附剂,吸附废水中的重金离子Pb(II)。研究了溶液吸附温度、p H、初始浓度、吸附时间对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,环氧氯丙烷改性豆渣吸附Pb(Ⅱ)过程符合二级动力学模型,为物理吸附,吸附等温线与Freundlich方程较为相符,为多层吸附过程,为自发、吸热的过程。     

环氧氯丙烷改性豆渣吸附剂对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

以环氧氯丙烷化学改性豆渣(CBD)为吸附剂,吸附废水中的重金离子Pb(II)。研究了溶液吸附温度、p H、初始浓度、吸附时间对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,环氧氯丙烷改性豆渣吸附Pb(Ⅱ)过程符合二级动力学模型,为物理吸附,吸附等温线与Freundlich方程较为相符,为多层吸附过程,为自发、吸热的过程。     

改性龙眼壳对废水中六价铬离子的吸附研究

采用硫酸溶液对龙眼壳进行改性制备吸附剂,研究吸附剂粒径、废水浓度、吸附时间和温度等因素对吸附率的影响。结果表明,改性吸附剂吸附Cr(Vl)的最佳pH为2.0、离子浓度为30 mg/L、吸附时间为100 min时,吸附率可达到99%左右。改性吸附剂对Cr(Vl)的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,经过5级静态吸附后,吸附率仍可以达到83.39%。用HCl溶液(1+5)对吸附后的改性龙眼壳可解吸再生,改性龙眼壳可作为含铬废水的处理材料。     

城市剩余污泥制备活性炭吸附剂对Ni2+的吸附研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余脱水污泥为原料,采用化学活化热解法制备了污泥活性炭吸附剂,对水溶液中的Ni2+进行去除,确定了最佳实验参数。实验结果表明,吸附时间为1 h、p H为7、吸附剂用量为6 g/L时,对含Ni2+废水(Ni2+质量浓度为50 mg/L)的平均去除率为29.132%,污泥活性炭吸附剂的平均吸附容量为2.428 mg/g。通过单因素实验得出吸附时间为80 min、溶液p H为7时,对溶液中的Ni2+有较好的去除效果。Ni2+在污泥活性炭吸附剂上的吸附比较符合伪二级吸附动力学方程,Langmuir等温方程更适合描述Ni2+在污泥活性炭吸附剂上的吸附行为。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。