压水堆工作场所模拟中子参考辐射场的建立

利用串列加速器T(d,n)⁴He反应产生的14.8 MeV中子,以及适当的中子慢化散射装置建立了目前国内唯一的压水堆典型工作场所模拟中子参考辐射场。对不同中子慢化散射材料组合下的中子能谱及中子周围剂量当量进行了测量,并校准了2台典型结构的中子周围剂量当量率仪。将模拟中子参考辐射场下的校准因子和放射性核素中子源参考辐射场下的校准因子进行比较,发现放射性核素中子源参考辐射场下的校准因子明显偏高,且仪表类型不同,偏高的程度也有所区别,这主要是由于不同类型仪表的能量响应不同。相比之下,模拟中子参考辐射场更适合用于反应堆工作场所的中子剂量仪表的校准。     

中子剂量仪表校准的本底扣除方法研究

用241Am-Be中子源参考辐射场校准了一台中子周围剂量当量（率）仪,采用影锥法、半经验法、多项式拟合法和简化拟合法等方法扣除散射中子本底的结果,并对结果进行了比较研究,说明了各自的优缺点和适用范围。结果表明,这四种方法的结果在不确定度范围内一致。     

同位素中子源参考辐射能谱测量及模拟中子谱分析

不同成分中子参考辐射场是对中子防护材料性能测试的基本条件。为获得较理想的测试中子防护材料的中子参考辐射场,构建基于³He正比计数管的多球中子能谱测量系统,对基于²⁴¹Am-Be和²⁵²Cf中子源的中子辐射场慢化情况进行MCNP模拟和能谱实验测量。为准确判断实验室校准参考位置的中子散射情况,基于多球中子能谱测量系统,开展了中子散射成分测量。采用ICRP推荐的注量-剂量转换系数对能谱进行了剂量率转化,与使用长计数器的测量结果进行比较,发现在校准参考位置的剂量率相对偏差≤20%。开展了聚乙烯慢化同位素中子源获得特定能谱的实验研究,进行了慢化谱的模拟计算和实验测量,两者结果符合较好。该工作为后续的中子计量测试和中子防护材料测试提供了可用的中子参考辐射场。     

固定式中子剂量仪器现场标校方法研究

本文利用小型可控中子源和中子剂量参考仪器组成的核设施现场标校系统,通过空间位置对称条件下的待校准仪器与参考仪器对中子管出射中子响应之比,得到校准系数;为了完成仪器的周围剂量当量校准系数从国家标准计量检定中心参考辐射场到核设施现场的传递,必须对其进行能量修正。通过Am-Be中子源模拟核设施内部辐射场,在其中进行中子剂量仪器现场标校实验,并与校准过的多球中子谱仪测量结果相比较。结果表明:使用未经修正的校准系数对待校准仪器的测量结果进行校准,周围剂量当量率相对偏差为17.0%;使用修正后的校准系数对待校准仪器的测量结果进行校准,周围剂量当量率相对偏差为-2.4%。     

一种新型中子周围剂量当量(率)测量装置的性能实验

本文介绍一种新型中子周围剂量当量（率）监测方法,搭接了一套单球多计数器的中子周围剂量当量（率）监测装置,利用蒙特卡罗MCNP4A程序模拟计算了中子注量的响应函数,借用“少道”解谱软件进行解谱并对一些辐射防护量进行了计算.通过对^252Cf和Am-Be两种中子参考辐射场的测试,表明对中子注量率、周围剂量当量率、单位注量平均周围剂量当量和剂量当量平均能量的计算结果与参考值相比,偏差均小于10%, 这种监测方法较好地解决了中子剂量仪表的能量响应问题.     

TEPC中子和γ分辨技术研究

混合辐射场中子剂量、剂量当量的测量需进行中子、γ分辨。依据各种辐射沉积线能的不同,组织等效正比计数器（TEPC）具有一定的中子、γ分辨能力。本文采用自制的圆柱形TEPC在5SDH-2加速器单能中子辐射场进行了微剂量谱测量,对其中子、γ分辨技术进行了探讨分析。采用¹³⁷Cs纯γ辐射微剂量谱匹配法,在²⁵²Cf、²⁴¹Am-Be中子辐射场进行了中子、γ分辨研究。分辨后的中子剂量当量与约定真值一致性较好,表明TEPC用于中子、γ混合辐射场的吸收剂量、剂量当量测量是可行的。     

西藏地区天然中子能谱测量

本文采用多球中子谱仪和中子周围剂量当量（率）仪分别对西藏地区的天然中子能谱和周围剂量当量率进行了测量,得到了西藏地区不同海拔处的室外天然中子能谱和周围剂量当量率。研究结果表明：该地区室外天然中子的能谱形状基本保持不变,其各能区的中子注量率随海拔的增加而增大,天然中子的总注量率和有效剂量率及周围剂量当量率均随海拔的增加呈指数规律增大;此外,天然中子的有效剂量率可用中子周围剂量当量（率）仪的测量结果乘以能谱 有效剂量转换因子得到。     

用于中子剂量当量仪校准的同位素中子参考辐射的建立

建立了三种辐射中子源项的同位素中子参考辐射场,对有关技术内容和方法以及达到的技术指标进行了总结;介绍了参考辐射场的标准化中子参数及其测量方法。结果表明,已建立的同位素中子参考辐射满足有关技术规范要求,可用于中子剂量当量仪的校准和检定。     

基于3层硅探测器的主动式中子个人剂量计研制

研制了一种具有能量分辨能力的中子个人剂量计。该个人剂量计由3层硅探测器组成,硅探测器周围装有⁶LiF、聚乙烯和含硼聚乙烯作为转化体、慢化体和吸收体。个人剂量计有直读和解谱两种工作模式。直读模式将中子能区划分为低能、中能和快中子3个能区,可实时测量。解谱模式可获得快中子能区的中子能量分布。利用GEANT4程序模拟了7 MeV γ射线的能量沉积谱,设置适当的甄别域以降低γ射线的影响。采用GEANT4程序模拟了个人剂量计对不同能量入射中子的个人剂量当量率响应。在加速器单能中子参考辐射场中完成了单能中子剂量响应的实验校准,对模拟计算的响应函数进行了实验修正,并得出了不同能区的平均中子个人剂量当量率响应。     

中子气泡探测器用于核测井中子个人剂量监测的研究

为研究国产中子气泡探测器在核测井中子个人剂量监测中的适用性,采用国内研制的中子气泡探测器对核测井运源车外表面、车内兼用储源仓周围等关注点的中子辐射水平进行监测,同时采用进口LB6411型中子周围剂量当量仪进行比对监测。实验结果表明,当运源车兼用储源仓内仅装载中子源时,中子气泡探测器与LB6411的测量结果无显著统计学差异,两者测量结果符合较好,中子气泡探测器的测量结果准确可信;当兼用储源仓分别装载中子源、中子-γ源时,两组中子气泡探测器的测量结果也无显著统计学差异,中子气泡探测器适用于中子-γ混合辐射场中子辐射剂量的测量。中子气泡探测器在运源车现场与在²⁴¹Am-Be源标准中子场中的剂量响应灵敏度因子间的相对偏差为7.4%,验证了其较好的能量响应特性,并显示了在核测井现场条件下用于中子个人剂量监测的适用性。     

Establishment of Simulated Neutron Reference Radiation Field for Workplaces of Pressurized Water Reactor

A simulated neutron reference field for typical workplaces of the pressurized water reactor was established with 14.8 MeV neutrons from T(d,n)⁴He reaction and a neutron moderating and scattering assembly. The neutron energy spectrum and ambient dose equivalent were measured with the assembly in different material combinations. Two typical neutron ambient dose rate meters were calibrated in this field. Calibration factors were compared with the results from the radionuclide neutron reference field. The results show that the calibration factors from the radionuclide neutron reference field are larger than the simulated neutron reference field, and different for two types of meters due to their energy responses. By contrast, the simulated neutron reference field is more appropriate to calibrate neutron dose meters which are used in reactor workplaces.     

组织等效正比计数器对单能中子响应的测量及模拟

在辐射防护中,组织等效正比计数器（TEPC）可作为主动式剂量计用于中子辐射场监测。采用研制的球形TEPC对加速器单能中子进行测量,获取了0.36、0.65、0.8、1.0、1.3 MeV各单能中子的微剂量谱,根据测得的线能谱计算了吸收剂量和平均品质因子,进一步得到了剂量当量,并与利用注量-周围剂量当量转化因子计算的结果进行了对比。采用FLUKA蒙特卡罗软件模拟了TEPC对各单能中子的响应,并与实验进行了比较。结果发现,理论模拟和实验测量符合很好。实验与理论结果均表明研制的球形TEPC对上述各单能中子具有较好的剂量当量响应。     

Development of lightweight portable neutron survey meter

We have developed a lightweight portable neutron survey meter comprising a proportional gas counter containing a mixed gas of methane gas and nitrogen gas for measuring the ambient neutron dose equivalent H^*(10) up to about 20 MeV neutrons intended for use in nuclear power plants, and accelerator facilities. Since no heavy polyethylene moderator is used, the survey meter is only about 2.2 kg in weight causing a weight reduction of 70% or more compared to that of the conventional moderated-type survey meter. The spectrum-weight function, G(E) is adopted for dose conversion.

In order to evaluate the energy characteristics of the developed survey meter, mono-energetic neutron reference fields and continuous energy neutron reference fields were used. The evaluation was also carried out by the PHITS calculation. Although the neutron energy response to the mono-energetic neutron fields was highly deviated from the ambient dose equivalent H^*(10) in keV energy region, the response to H^*(10) showed very good agreement only within 25% to the continuous energy neutron fields which are close to the actual work-place neutron fields. The neutron energy response was also investigated for high energy quasi-mono-energetic neutron fields and showed much better results compared with those of conventional moderated-type neutron survey meters.     

Calibration factors for the SNOOPY - NP-100 neutron dosimeter

Within CANDU nuclear power facilities, only a small fraction of workers are exposed to neutron radiation. For these individuals, roughly 4.5% of the total radiation equivalent dose is the result of exposure to neutrons. When this figure is considered across all workers receiving external exposure of any kind, only 0.25% of the total radiation equivalent dose is the result of exposure to neutrons. At many facilities, the NP-100 neutron dosimeter, manufactured by Canberra Industries Incorporated, is employed in both direct and indirect dosimetry methods. Also known as “SNOOPY”, these detectors undergo calibration, which results in a calibration factor relating the neutron count rate to the ambient dose equivalent rate, using a standard Am-Be neutron source. Using measurements presented in a technical note, readings from the dosimeter for six different neutron fields in six source-detector orientations were used, to determine a calibration factor for each of these sources. The calibration factor depends on the neutron energy spectrum and the radiation weighting factor to link neutron fluence to equivalent dose. Although the neutron energy spectra measured in the CANDU workplace are quite different than that of the Am-Be calibration source, the calibration factor remains constant - within acceptable limits - regardless of the neutron source used in the calibration; for the specified calibration orientation and current radiation weighting factors. However, changing the value of the radiation weighting factors would result in changes to the calibration factor. In the event of changes to the radiation weighting factors, it will be necessary to assess whether a change to the calibration process or resulting calibration factor is warranted.     

三种解谱算法求解中子能谱的解谱效果比较

使用多球谱仪测量中子能谱时,需要使用"少道"解谱算法。为此,本文分别将迭代算法、蒙卡算法和遗传算法应用到中子能谱解谱中,通过MCNP模拟几种辐射防护常见的中子能谱,模拟得到探测器在各个球中的计数,然后使用迭代算法、蒙卡算法和遗传算法进行解谱,并对三种解谱算法的解谱效果进行比较。结果显示,三种算法均能够很好的完成解谱,且给出的中子注量、周围剂量当量和平均能量与参考值符合的也较好。另外,在典型的中子辐射场,三种算法的使用条件不同,可相互配合,较好的给出解谱结果。