金属粉末选择性激光烧结技术研究进展

选择性激光烧结技术是一种新型的制造技术,是对传统制造技术的重要补充。系统论述金属粉末激光烧结技术的国内外发展现状进行,介绍了间接法和直接法两种典型的金属粉末激光烧结技术,总结了目前该领域中所取得的成果及存在问题,并对金属粉末激光烧结技术的发展进行了展望。     

激光选区烧结成型材料的研究和应用现状

介绍激光快速成型的原理及SLS对材料性能的要求,概括激光选取烧结成形技术中各种材料的研究和应用现状,分析SLS技术产业化存在的问题及可能解决的途径。     

粉末薄层选区激光烧结温度场数值模拟与实验研究

单层粉末的激光烧结温度场对三维结构熔结成型有着直接影响。通过对工程塑料粉末选区激光烧结过程能量作用形式的分析,构建了粉体与金属基板界面接触热阻的导热模型和扫描烧结的移动热源模型;利用有限元法对功率为10～25W,光斑直径为0.24mm的激光逐行扫描烧结过程的温度场进行了数值模拟;通过温度场分布模拟和激光烧结实验得到了单层厚度为0.5mm的PA6粉末行扫描间距的优化区间为0.3～0.4mm,获得了熔结质量较好、厚度均匀的平板形烧结物,为进一步优化工艺参数提供了基础。     

用SLS(选择性激光烧结)技术制造熔模铸造型芯

介绍用SLS技术制造熔模铸造型芯的方法与技术关键。利用此方法,可以快速制造熔模铸造型芯,降低小批量生产的周期,使设计、修改、制造同步。     

Manufacturing AISI304 metal parts by indirect selective laser sintering combined with isostatic pressing

In order to improve the lower relative densities and mechanical performance of metal parts manufactured by indirect selective laser sintering (SLS), cold isostatic pressing (CIP) technology is introduced into SLS combined with hot isostatic pressing (HIP). In the process of SLS/CIP/HIP, the degreasing of SLS green parts was carried out according to the thermal gravity curve of the binder. Then, airproof canning made of RTV-2, CH₃COOCH₂CH₃, Si(OEt)₄, and Bu₂Sn(OCOC₁₁H₂₃)₂ prepared for CIP was manufactured. Finally, the densifications and mechanical performance of the metal parts were analyzed. The results show that the degreasing process is rational, airproof canning made of RTV-2, CH₃COOCH₂CH₃, Si(OEt)₄, and Bu₂Sn(OCOC₁₁H₂₃)₂ is suitable for CIP, and the relative densities of AISI304 metal parts manufactured by SLS/CIP/HIP reach 98%, with their tensile strengths, yield strengths, Young’s modulus, and elongation percentages being 577.5 MPa, 306 MPa, 93.15 GPa, and 32.05%, respectively. Consequently, dense metal parts with better mechanical performance can be manufactured by SLS/CIP/HIP, and the process has a vital contribution to the development of SLS.     

激光选区熔化自由制造异质材料零件技术研究

为解决当前激光选区熔化成型过程难以按需在零件任意位置自由布置不同材料的难题,基于多漏斗供粉+柔性清扫回收粉末原理,对异质材料零件激光选区熔化增材制造技术展开了研究,详细探讨了成型机理、粉尘污染防范机制及异质材料数据处理方法。采用CuSn10、4340两种不同的合金材料进了工艺实验验证。实验表明该方法可以较有效解决激光选区熔化成型过程异质材料布置难题,实现异质材料零件成型：（1）能自由地在不同层间或同层内不同区域按需布置不同的材料;（2）所得块状异质材料零件的铜合金材料区域Fe元素平均质量百分含量可控制在2%以下,钢材料区域Cu元素平均质量百分含量可控制在1%以下;（3）成功成型了一个具有复杂外形及微细材料区域特征的异质材料齿轮零件,零件异质材料区域不受零件复杂外形限制,可自由按需布置材料,0.5mm宽的层内异质材料区域也能被较好地表达出来,尺寸误差不超过±0.1mm。     

选择性激光烧结激光能量密度与温度补偿规律研究

选择性激光烧结（SLS）成型预热温度从成型缸中间到缸壁呈降低趋势,由于预热温度不均匀,导致SLS成型件密度不均匀。针对这一问题,通过增加激光能量密度对预热温度不足进行了补偿。通过试验建立了激光能量密度差△E与预热温差△T的经验公式,并比较了温度补偿前后烧结件的机械强度。实验结果表明,通过增加激光能量密度对预热温度不足进行补偿,提高了产品机械强度。     

Effect of process parameters on the density and porosity of laser melted AlSi10Mg/SiC metal matrix composite

Laser melting of aluminium alloy—AlSi10Mg has increasingly been used to create specialised products in various industrial applications, however, research on utilising laser melting of aluminium matrix composites in replacing specialised parts have been slow on the uptake. This has been attributed to the complexity of the laser melting process, metal/ceramic feedstock for the process and the reaction of the feedstock material to the laser. Thus, an understanding of the process, material microstructure and mechanical properties is important for its adoption as a manufacturing route of aluminium metal matrix composites. The effects of several parameters of the laser melting process on the mechanical blended composite were thus investigated in this research. This included single track formations of the matrix alloy and the composite alloyed with 5% and 10% respectively for their reaction to laser melting and the fabrication of density blocks to investigate the relative density and porosity over different scan speeds. The results from these experiments were utilised in determining a process window in fabricating near-fully dense parts.     

Fabrication of macroscopic solid models of three-dimensional microscopic data by selective laser sintering

We discuss and give examples of the use of selective laser sintering to fabricate solid macroscopic models of microscopic specimens that have been imaged with a confocal microscope. The digital image processing necessary to create structurally sound models of both translucent and opaque specimens is presented. The fabricated models offer the ultimate in data visualization since they can be physically handled and manipulated to investigate the shape and features of the specimen. Such a powerful visualization tool is useful in both research and educational environments.     

镍合金激光直接烧结成形制件显微结构及微观缺陷

利用自行研制的激光直接烧结快速成形系统进行了镍合金激光直接烧结成形试验，获得了具有复杂三维形状的镍合金样件；讨论了激光直接照射下镍合金材料的熔凝过程及微观结构特征。研究表明，烧结过程为不完全液相烧结。金属材料系统中添加铜可有效地抑制球化效应，改善制件内部存在的微观缺陷；制件内部单一层面微观组织呈枝晶和等轴晶两种组织不均匀分布，此两种组织形态沿制件堆积方向交替重复出现。     

Mo-Cu合金烧结和形变强化研究

用机械合金化法制取Mo-8wt%Cu纳米复合粉末, 采用液相烧结和后处理工艺制备了全致密Mo-8wt%Cu合金. 通过扫描电镜对Mo-Cu液相烧结和变形加工后合金显微组织进行了分析, 研究了各种工艺参数对Mo-Cu合金致密性、 拉伸强度和延伸率的影响. 结果表明, 高能球磨的Mo-8wt%Cu纳米复合粉末坯体, 经液相烧结后, 其烧结态为Mo和Cu的复合网状组织, 在1 250 ℃烧结30 min, 可获得相对密度高达98.6%的Mo-Cu合金. 再经静液挤压和旋转锻造变形加工处理后, 可获得全致密的Mo-8wt%Cu合金. 在室温静液挤压40%形变率的条件下, 其拉伸强度可达576 MPa, 延伸率为5.8%.     

激光选区烧结超高分子量聚乙烯工艺及性能

研究了激光选区烧结(SLS)成型工艺中不同工艺参数以及后续热处理工艺对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)材料成型性能的影响。通过调整扫描间距、激光功率、扫描速度等不同工艺参数,描述了SLS成型UHMWPE零件的致密度、拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率,并对热处理前后的SLS成型UHMWPE零件的力学性能进行了比较。结果显示,致密度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率总体上与激光功率呈正相关关系,与扫描间距、扫描速度呈负相关关系。经热处理后,SLS成型UHMWPE零件的力学性能有明显提高,致密度达到95.12%,抗拉强度达到24.08 MPa,断裂伸长率达到334.82 MPa。实验结果表明:SLS成型UHMWPE零件与模塑成型UHMWPE零件性能尚有差距,仅优化成型工艺不足以得到理想性能,但经热处理后,零件性能基本满足使用要求。     

合金成分对激光熔覆TiC-TiB_2复合涂层组织性能影响

为增强材料表面硬度和耐磨性,以Ti O2-Al-B4C-C作为粉末体系,利用激光熔覆技术在45#钢基材表面上制备了Ti C-Ti B2增强复合涂层,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同含量的Ti O2-Al-B4C-C系合金粉末对涂层组织性能的影响。结果表明:复合涂层与基材冶金结合,无裂纹和气孔等缺陷,Ti C、Ti B2弥散分布于涂层中;随着Ti O2-Al-B4C-C系合金粉末含量的增加,涂层组织中Ti C、Ti B2及等轴晶的量逐渐增多;熔覆层的硬度也逐渐增加,当合金粉末含量为70Wt%时,熔覆层硬度最高,为基材的4倍。Ti O2-Al-B4C-C系合金粉末含量为50Wt%时,熔覆层磨损量最小,耐磨性最好     

选区激光烧结设备成型缸传动系统及铺粉精度的研究

成型缸传动系统是影响选区激光烧结铺粉精度的关键因素,根据铺粉工艺过程,确定成型缸传动系统总体方案,并建立传动系统模型.根据铺粉参数要求,详细介绍了传动系统动力参数的计算及步进电机的选用.最后对传动系统进行了静态定位误差的分析,以确保选区激光烧结设备铺粉精度符合要求.     

微槽激光电解组合微加工研究

微槽结构作为微型结构的基本单元,具有增加散热面积、存储润滑剂和减少阻力等功能,多用于大热流密度器件的散热或表面润滑,但其存在加工尺寸小、精度要求高以及加工难度大等问题。为了实现微槽的高效高精度加工,提出了一种激光电解组合微加工方法,并搭建了纳秒激光加工装置和数控微细电解加工装置;利用激光烧蚀快速加工出微槽结构的基本形貌,再通过微细电解的方式去除其表面再铸层及飞溅颗粒,提高其表面精度和表面性能。通过理论研究以及优化加工参数试验,加工出长度为400μm,宽度为220μm,深度为120μm的微槽结构。激光电解组合微加工微槽的表面粗糙度由激光加工后的Ra 5.36μm降低至Ra 1.23μm;激光电解组合微加工的加工效率是微细电解加工的4.26倍。     

Microtensile strength of resin cement bond to indirect composite treated by different output powers of Er:YAG laser

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different output powers of Er:YAG laser on microtensile bonding strength of indirect composite to resin cements.36 indirect composite blocks (GC Gradia DA2, Japan) size 15 × 10 × 10 mm³ were constructed, and divided into 12 groups, as follows:G1: control group (no treatment); Groups G2 to G6: treated with Er:YAG laser (2,940 nm) in noncontact mode, frequency 20 Hz, pulse duration 470 µs, with output power ranging from 2W to 6W; Groups G7 sandblasting, Groups 8 to G12: as Groups G2 to G 6 with preparatory sandblasting. One specimen from each group was analyzed by SEM; each specimen was fixed to a specialized metal jig using cyanoacrylate (Mitreapel, Beta Kimya San. Ve TIC, Iran) and debonded under tension with a universal testing machine (Zwick, Germany) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min^?1. Sandblasting and laser can improve bond strength above an energy level of 150 mJ. SEM evaluation of laser‐treated specimens showed irregularities and deep undercuts. T test analysis showed no significant difference between sandblasted and non‐sandblasted group, with laser output power of 0, 100, or 150 mJ (P = 0.666, P = 0.875, and P = 0.069); in the specimens irradiated with energy output of 200, 250, or 300 mJ, sandblasted specimens showed higher bond strength than non‐sandblasted ones. The results demonstrate that, in composite resin irradiated with laser at energy output of 200–300 mJ, sandblasting might be a suitable procedure to enhance bond strength of resin cement. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:328–333, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

尼龙6/铜复合粉末选区激光烧结制件翘曲研究

通过大量的对尼龙6/铜复合尼龙粉末烧结试验,研究不同工艺参数,如激光功率、铺粉厚度以及扫描速度对制件翘曲程度的影响,并采用翘曲高度法来表征翘曲程度。根据试验数据绘出了尼龙制件翘曲程度随各工艺参数的变化曲线,总结出了制件翘曲程度随各工艺参数变化的趋势。     

Metal-ceramic bond mechanism of the Co-Cr alloy denture with original rough surface produced by selective laser melting

The porcelain fracture caused by low metal-ceramic bond strength is a critical issue in porcelain fused to metal（PFM） restorations. Surface roughening methods, such as sand blasting, acid etching and alkaline degreasing for the metal matrix are used to increase bond strength. However, the metal matrix of PFM processed by selective laser melting（SLM） has natural rough surface. To explore the effect of the original roughness on metal-ceramic bond strength, two groups of specimen are fabricated by SLM. One group of specimen surface is polished smooth while another group remains the original rough surface. The dental porcelain is fused to the specimens＇ surfaces according to the ISO 9693：1999 standard. To gain the bond strength, a three-point bending test is carried out and X ray energy spectrum analysis（EDS）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） are used to show fracture mode. The results show that the mean bond strength is 116.5 16 MPa of the group with rough surface（Ra= 17.2）, and the fracture mode is cohesive. However, when the surface is smooth （Ra =3.8）, the mean bond strength is 74.5 MPa _＋ 5 MPa and the fracture mode is mixed. The original surface with prominent structures formed by the partly melted powder particles, not only increases surface roughness but also significantly improves the bond strength by forming strong mechanical lock effect. Statistical analysis （Student＇s t-test） demonstrates a significant difference （p〈0.05） of the mean value of bond strength between the two groups. The experiments indicate the natural rough surface can enhance the metal-ceramic bond strength to over four times the minimum value （25 MPa） of the ISO 9693：1999 standard. It is found that the natural rough surface of SLM-made PFM can eliminate the porcelain collapse defect produced by traditional casting method in PFM restorations.     

铜包裹氧化铝粉体增强铝基复合材料的研究

用非匀相沉淀的方法制备出了纳米铜颗粒包裹Al2O3的复合粉体,并制备出铝基复合材料,对包裹粉体的形貌、铝基复合材料的微观结构和性能进行了分析研究.结果表明：包裹层铜颗粒呈球形,团聚少,尺寸在10～20 nm左右,铝基复合材料当中包裹粉体位于晶界处,分布均匀;铝基复合材料的密度和显微硬度都有一定提高,耐磨性能也比较高.