单自由度力觉临场感比率遥操作实验系统研制

介绍了单自由度主从式力觉临场感比率遥操作实验系统的设计和低成本实现方法。由操作者操纵的主手装有直流力矩电机，与环境作用的小尺度从手选用可细分控制的步进电机驱动。采用一种2通道位置-力控制结构，进行了有时延和无时延的力觉临场感比率遥操作实验。实验结果表明了该系统的有效性。     

力觉临场感遥操作系统的双向控制

通过建立一套主从机器人遥操作系统，研究在非确定性环境下借助力觉临场感技术实现遥操作的控制理论和设计方法，在力和运动的双向控制中采用力反射伺服型控制方案，实验表明了该方案的可行性，显示了临场感在增强人机交互能力方面的重要作用．     

一种具有力觉触觉临场感的主从机器人装配作业平台

本文介绍了一种具有力觉触觉临场感的主从机器人系统，该系统以改造后的PUMA手 作为从手，和主手一起构成异构主从手，实现了力觉触觉临场感以及对工件的自动识别和抓 取等功能，其中对PUMA手的改造以开放性作为改造的主要目的，以期能为多种传感器的集成 提供一个开放式的机器人装配作业平台．     

临场感遥操作机器人综述

本文分别综述了视觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、触觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、运动觉临场感遥操作机器人系统及时延对临场感遥操作机器人系统的影响问题。提出了临场感遥操作机器人技术是一门多传感器、多信息融合的人机交互技术，并指出了其今后的发展方向及研究重点。     

外骨骼式遥操作主手设计及主从异构映射算法研究

为了更好地促进机器人适应复杂的遥操作任务,开发了能够精确获取人体上肢运动信息的外骨骼式遥操作主手,并通过异构映射算法,实现对6自由度协作机械臂的遥操作．首先,基于人体仿生结构,设计了可穿戴式8自由度外骨骼主手（臂部7自由度和手部1自由度）;其次,通过改进的D-H（Denavit-Hartenberg）方法建立遥操作系统的运动学模型,基于Matlab的机器人工具箱进行了工作空间仿真,并设计主从异构映射算法;最后,实验验证外骨骼主手在遥操作系统中的可操作性,以及工作空间异构映射算法的可行性．实验表明,外骨骼主手能够控制从端机械手臂,且保证末端位置和姿态一致,可在大范围工作空间内复现人体上肢精细运动,主从跟随误差达2 mm,工作空间类似于直径1.08 m的半球形．因此,可穿戴式的外骨骼主手使操作者能更加直观地参与到遥操作系统当中,辅助操作者更加高效地完成精细复杂任务．     

工业机器人遥操作系统的空间映射与控制策略

针对工业机器人遥操作系统中存在的主从机器人工作空间差异以及运动控制精度与安全问题,提出了一种工作空间映射算法与位置—速度混合控制策略。首先,将遥操作划分为自由运动和交互两个阶段,在自由运动阶段采用映射算法使主从机器人的工作空间高度覆盖,使主机器人可操控的从机器人运动范围最大化。进一步,在交互阶段设计了一种位置—速度混合控制策略对工业机器人的运动进行准确的控制,使主从机器人的实际位置轨迹准确的跟随,并进一步引入反馈引导力以实现安全的控制。最后在Touch-ABB IRB120主从机器人遥操作实验平台上对所提控制方法进行验证,实验结果表明该方法使得主从机器人运动范围在高度覆盖的同时可以保证遥操作控制的精度。     

主从遥操作位置-速度混合映射研究

主从异构型遥操作机器人系统在主从结构、自由度等方面的差异,导致其主端小范围操作空间难以覆盖从端大范围工作空间,以及从端难以精确定位。针对此问题,首先搭建了一套主从异构型遥操作机器人系统的软硬件平台,然后对主从端机器人进行运动学建模,进而提出了一种主端位置-从端速度和主端位置-从端位置混合切换的映射算法。一方面,所提算法通过主端位置-从端速度映射模式解决主从工作空间不匹配的问题,从而提高大范围空间下从端抵近目标的效率;另一方面,所提算法通过主端位置-从端位置映射模式实现从端精细定位,同时克服主端位置-从端速度映射中从端无法快速换向运动的缺陷。实验结果表明,所提混合映射算法能够实现主端遥操作从端机器人高效地完成复杂、精细的操作任务。     

带有力觉和触觉临场感的灵巧手主从系统的设计

针对遥控作业中控制者操作时缺乏力觉和触觉临场感等问题，介绍了设计的带有力觉和触觉临场感主、从灵巧手系统，讨论了在从机械手上触觉和力觉的感知以及在主机械手上触觉和力觉的再现等问题，提出了利用模糊控制实现触觉再现以及改进的力反馈－位置型结构来实现力觉再现的新方法，最后进行了实验验证．     

力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统的预测无源控制

针对力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统传输通道中存在大的通信时延，造成系统不稳定和操作性能降低，利用前向神经网络建立从机械手和环境的模型。通过神经网络模型预测从机械手受力，并结合无源控制算法进行控制切换，消除或减少通信时延对系统的影响。文中的实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

一种基于Internet 力觉临场感遥操作无源控制算法

将Internet技术引入到力觉临场感遥操作系统是目前一个具有广阔应用前景的研究方向。由此，针对基于Internet力觉临场感遥操作系统所面临的变时延稳定控制问题，提出了一种基于波积分传输的无源控制算法。经过仿真，证明本算法可保证系统的无源性，并获得较好的操作性。     

基于神经网络的力觉临场感系统的预测控制

针对力觉临场感系统传输通道中存在时交通讯时廷，造成系统不稳定和操作性能降低的问题，利用前向神经网络建立主机械手、从机械手和环境的模型，并通过神经网络模型预测主机械手速度和从机械手受力，以消除或减少通讯时廷对系统的影响。实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

Master-slave intelligent robot telepresence system

In this paper, the analysis and design of master-slave intelligent robot telepresence system are discussed. When the operator acts on the master manipulator, the position and attitude information of the master manipulator are gathered by the computer. After calculating and coordinate transforming, the data are send to the computer of the slave manipulator. Then the slave manipulator-PUMA562 robot follows the master manipulator's movement precisely. Six-dimension force/toque sensor(lord cell) is mounted on the slave manipulator. As the master manipulator and the toque on the slave manipulator are different in structure, the force and the slave manipulator should be send to the master manipulator computer and dissociated by the master manipulator computer. Proper ratio of the force on the master manipulator and the force on the slave manipulator is selected, and distribute to the master manipulator joints. So that the operator could feel the force from the master manipulator, which is obtained by the motors of the joints. The proposed control scheme is introduced to a prototype master-slave system and the experimental results show the validity of the proposed scheme.     

基于随机共振的力觉临场感主从遥控系统

在力觉临场感主从遥控系统的应用中,操作员与工 作站之间通常相隔很远,操作员所发出的控制信号及工作站的力反馈信号必然会受到未知环 境中随机噪声的干扰,有时信号甚至会淹没在噪声中,本文将随机共振模型引入力觉临场感 系统,设计了一种可有效抑制并利用噪声的力觉临场感主从遥控系统．     

A Telepresence-Guaranteed Control Scheme for Teleoperation Applications of Transferring Weight-Unknown Objects

Currently, most teleoperation work is focusing on scenarios where slave robots interact with unknown environments. However, in some fields such as medical robots or rescue robots, the other typical teleoperation application is precise object transportation. Generally, the object’s weight is unknown yet essential for both accurate control of the slave robot and intuitive perception of the human operator. However, due to high cost and limited installation space, it is unreliable to employ a force sensor to directly measure the weight. Therefore, in this paper, a control scheme free of force sensor is proposed for teleoperation robots to transfer a weight-unknown object accurately. In this scheme, the workspace mapping between master and slave robot is firstly established, based on which, the operator can generate command trajectory on-line by operating the master robot. Then, a slave controller is designed to follow the master command closely and estimate the object’s weight rapidly, accurately and robust to unmodeled uncertainties. Finally, for the sake of telepresence, a master controller is designed to generate force feedback to reproduce the estimated weight of the object. In the end, comparative experiments show that the proposed scheme can achieve better control accuracy and telepresence, with accurate force feedback generated in only 500 ms.      

High-fidelity bilateral teleoperation systems and the effect of multimodal haptics.

In master-slave teleoperation applications that deal with a delicate and sensitive environment, it is important to provide haptic feedback of slave/environment interactions to the user's hand as it improves task performance and teleoperation transparency (fidelity), which is the extent of telepresence of the remote environment available to the user through the master-slave system. For haptic teleoperation, in addition to a haptics-capable master interface, often one or more force sensors are also used, which warrant new bilateral control architectures while increasing the cost and the complexity of the teleoperation system. In this paper, we investigate the added benefits of using force sensors that measure hand/master and slave/environment interactions and of utilizing local feedback loops on the teleoperation transparency. We compare the two-channel and the four-channel bilateral control systems in terms of stability and transparency, and study the stability and performance robustness of the four-channel method against nonidealities that arise during bilateral control implementation, which include master-slave communication latency and changes in the environment dynamics. The next issue addressed in the paper deals with the case where the master interface is not haptics capable, but the slave is equipped with a force sensor. In the context of robotics-assisted soft-tissue surgical applications, we explore through human factors experiments whether slave/environment force measurements can be of any help with regard to improving task performance. The last problem we study is whether slave/environment force information, with and without haptic capability in the master interface, can help improve outcomes under degraded visual conditions.     

虚拟现实力觉临场感遥控作业系统的研究进展

本文阐述了虚拟现实技术在力觉临场感遥控作业系统中的研究和应用背景、状况和主要内容,综述了虚拟现实力觉临场遥控作业实系统的国内外最近研究进展,并介绍了目前研究亟需解决的关键技术,指出虚拟现实力觉临场感遥控作业系统的研究对临场感技术以至于非确定性环境下作业的第三代机器人的发展有着非常重要的理论意义和应用价值。