大气等离子喷涂Al2O3/ZnO/TiO2涂层微波介电性能的研究

采用高焓大气等离子喷涂技术,以纳米级ZnO、Al2O3和TiO2为原料,通过固相反应制得以ZnAl2O4为主相的陶瓷粉末,加入粘结剂聚乙烯醇(PVA),通过喷雾造粒的方法制备复合吸波陶瓷涂层(简称为AZT涂层).分析了AZT涂层的微观结构和相组成,探究了喷涂功率对AZT涂层微波介电性能的影响.结果表明,AZT涂层对比粉...     

等离子喷涂ZnO/Al_2O_3涂层微波介电特性研究

采用等离子喷涂工艺,以氧化锌(ZnO)作为吸收剂,氧化铝(Al2O3)为填料,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为粘结剂制备成ZnO/Al2O3复合涂层。分析了复合涂层的相组成及微观结构,研究了氧化锌含量对复合涂层介电性能的影响。结果表明,经喷涂后的涂层中有新相ZnAl2O4生成,其含量随原料中ZnO的含量增加而增加。涂层的密度与涂层中氧化锌含量有关。介电性能测试表明,涂层中ZnO含量的增加使涂层介电常数实部(ε′)及损耗(tanδ)先增加后降低。ZnO摩尔含量为65%时,随频率的增加,涂层介电常数呈降低的趋势。     

等离子喷涂MoSi2/Al2O3涂层材料的力学与介电性能

以MoSi2为吸收剂,纳米Al2O3粉为基体,采用大气等离子喷涂法制备出MoSi2/Al2O3复合涂层。研究了MoSi2含量对复合涂层力学及介电性能的影响。结果表明,MoSi2颗粒均匀分布于Al2O3基体中;随MoSi2含量的增加,复合涂层的抗弯强度、断裂韧性及冲击强度逐渐增强;根据测定的复介电常数与频率的关系及计算出的介电损耗角正切可以看出,复合涂层的介电常数与MoSi2含量有关,MoSi2掺量越高,复合材料涂层的介电常数越小;随频率的逐渐增大,材料的复介电常数表现出减小的趋势,具有频散效应。     

轴向送粉等离子喷涂Ni/Al2O3涂层的力学及微波介电性能

以轴向送粉等离子喷涂法制备了Ni/Al2O3陶瓷涂层,分析了Ni含量变化对涂层材料的显微结构、力学性能及微波介电性能的影响.结果表明,随着Ni含量增加,涂层中Ni粒子的分布逐渐由孤立向部分桥连方式转变;陶瓷涂层的相对密度、抗弯强度呈下降趋势,这主要是由于在陶瓷涂层中Ni与Al2O3不润湿,Ni与Al2O3热膨胀系数不匹配从而形成空隙引起的.涂层断裂韧性随Ni含量的增加而升高,则是由于材料中Ni粒子发生了延展变形和引起裂纹转向.复介电常数性能测试结果表明,在8.2～12.4GHz微波频率范围内,陶瓷涂层复介电常数的实部值随Ni粒子含量的增加先逐渐上升后逐渐下降,复介电常数的虚部上升.这与Ni粒子形成的桥连结构有关.     

等离子喷涂CNTs/Al2O3复合涂层力学性能研究

通过等离子喷涂工艺制备了不同碳纳米管含量的CNTs/Al2O3复合涂层,系统研究了碳纳米管含量对涂层孔隙率、洛氏硬度和断裂韧性的影响规律。实验结果表明:采用喷雾干燥工艺制备的CNTs/Al2O3颗粒为球形,CNTs均匀分布在团聚颗粒的表面;部分CNTs经等离子喷涂后保留在沉积涂层内部并且与Al2O3基体形成冶金结合,起到一定桥接作用。涂层孔隙率和洛氏硬度值均随CNTs含量的增加呈现降低的趋势。随CNTs含量从6%(质量分数)增加到12%(质量分数),CNTs增韧效果的增强和涂层孔隙率的降低导致涂层断裂韧性值从48MPa增加到90MPa。     

反应等离子喷涂Fe-Al2O3-FeAl2O4复合涂层的反应机理研究

金属/陶瓷复合涂层具有金属的韧性和陶瓷的高强度、高硬度等优点,利用反应等离子喷涂技术将Fe2O3/Al复合粉制备成金属/陶瓷复合涂层,以X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等分析技术研究了该复合涂层的反应机理和涂层性能.结果表明:涂层具有以层状的FeAl2O4、Al2O3为骨架,球形的Fe及部分FeAl为弥散相的复合组织;复合粉体反应形成涂层的过程是分步进行的,而且在熔滴到达基体后部分反应仍继续进行;一定程度上,由于反应过程受到Al元素的扩散限制,同时等离子喷涂的冷却速度较高,使得涂层中主要含有FeAl2O4及少量的FeO.     

等离子喷涂纳米Al2O3/TiO2复合陶瓷涂层的显微组织与性能

采用液相喷雾造粒方法将纳米级Al2O3/TiO2团聚成微米级颗粒,制备了适用于等离子喷涂的陶瓷复合粉体,并利用等离子喷涂技术成功的制备出了含有纳米结构的陶瓷涂层.利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和显微硬度计等设备对涂层的微观结构和性能做了初步的检测.结果表明,涂层中含有适当比例的未熔或半熔的纳米颗粒,涂层的硬度、韧性和耐磨性等性能与普通涂层相比都有了较大提高.     

Al-Fe2O3体系等离子反应合成金属颗粒增韧复合陶瓷涂层的研究

利用Al-Fe2O3体系放热反应,采用等离子反应合成技术,制备出了金属颗粒增韧的FeAl2O4-Al2O3-Fe复合陶瓷涂层,并研究分析了复合涂层的组织及其性能.结果表明:等离子反应合成得到了以层状基体相FeAl2O4与硬质相Al2O3为骨架,球状Fe相弥散分布于基体相上的复合涂层;所制得的金属/陶瓷复合涂层的韧性得到明显提高,其韧性优于在同样基材上等离子喷涂的陶瓷涂层;特别是复合涂层具有较高的耐磨性能.     

微束等离子喷涂Al2O3陶瓷涂层特性

采用轴向中心送粉式微束等离子喷涂系统在2kW级的小功率条件下制备了Al2O3陶瓷涂层.研究了电弧功率、工作气体流量和喷涂距离对粒子速度与涂层组织结构和性能的影响.采用光学显微镜观察涂层的组织结构,采用X射线衍射分析涂层的相结构,采用磨粒磨损质量损失表征涂层的性能,用热辐射粒子速度温度测量系统测试工艺参数对喷涂粒子速度的影响.结果表明,电弧功率、工作气体流量和喷涂距离对粒子速度的影响都比较明显,粒子速度随着电弧功率和工作气体流量的增加而增加,随着喷涂距离的增加而下降.涂层的磨粒磨损质量损失随电弧功率的增加而减少,而随工作气体流量和喷涂距离的增加而增加.分析表明粒子的温度对涂层磨粒磨损质量损失有较大的影响.采用微束等离子喷涂可以制备磨粒磨损性能与传统等离子喷涂在38kW下制备的涂层相当的Al2O3涂层.     

纳米掺杂Al2O3/ZrO2等离子喷涂涂层组织结构研究

利用大气等离子喷涂技术,在N80钢基体上制备纳米掺杂Al2O3/ZrO2热障涂层。利用XRD、SEM等观察分析了纳米掺杂Al2O3/ZrO2粉末及等离子喷涂涂层组织形貌及结构,结果表明,Al2O3/ZrO2等离子喷涂粉末是由纳米包覆微米级粒子及少量的纳米团聚体球团粒子构成。纳米掺杂等离子喷涂Al2O3/ZrO2涂层的微观组织形貌复杂,存在着纳米柱状晶薄壳内包裹着微米级柱状晶、未熔化的ZrO2陶瓷粒子嵌镶在晶体内部的独特晶内结构。涂层主要由α-Al2O3及亚稳四方相t,-ZrO2相构成。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...