Contextual analysis of team productivity in the R & D industry

We argue that productivity is a phenomenon which takes on various meanings in different contexts. Reliability coefficients of six scales of productivity, four of which have been used byAndrews and/or byPelz andAndrews, are estimated in 28 work contexts using data on 224 R & D teams. The results support the argument.     

Internationalization of industrial research: The pharmaceutical industry; 1965–1979

This study is a count of the publications of a sample of the major pharmaceutical multinational companies. These firms have been divided into three geopolitical groups: Europe, the United States and Japan. Results obtained show that research activities in this industry have been subjected to some changes between 1965 and 1979. Among these changes is the growing importance of fundamental research, the erosion of the leadership of U.S.-based firms and the growing importance of overseas research.     

Product innovation success based on cancer research in the pharmaceutical industry: co-publication networks and the effects of partners

This paper builds upon the literature which provides conflicting theoretical insights and empirical results concerning the importance of companies’ collaborative relations, their position within a network of collaborative relations and the effects on their innovative performance. Taking the importance of collaborations and networks in the pharmaceutical industry into account, the paper untangles the influence of the firm’s co-publication relations with different types of partners and its network position on the company’s product innovation in a specific disease area—cancer. We find rather robust evidence that in particular, companies’ indirect connections within the co-publication network, including connections to academic institutions and biotechnology companies, support product innovation. In contrast to evidence in the strategic alliance literature, direct co-publication links to biotechnology companies do not support product innovation in terms of new cancer medications.     

沸石分子筛材料在医药领域中的应用

沸石分子筛材料具有离子交换、择形吸附和催化等与生化过程密切相关的独特性能 ,是一类性能优异的新型功能材料 ,在工业及日常生活中有着广泛的应用。本文对近年来沸石分子筛在该领域中应用的研究及发展状况进行了综述     

Determinants of research productivity

Earlier researchers like Turkeli, suggested that ‘the factors which determine the productivity of scientists are admittedly complex and perhaps not amenable to real scientific analysis′. The present investigation was designed with the sole purpose of confronting such a complex problem. Nearly 200 variables influencing research productivity were collected through relevant literature, analysis of biographies of great scientists, and discussion with eminent scientists. Finally, through a critical examination, 80 variables were selected for the use of Q-sort technique. The sample for the study consisted of a cross section of scientists ranging from Fellows of Indian National Science Academy to young agricultural scientists. Mailed questionnaires and personal interview methods were used for collecting data. Out of a total of 912 respondents, reply was obtained from 325. On the basis of Q-sorted data, 26 variables were selected for further analysis and they were subjected to principal component factor analysis. The results indicated eleven factors affecting research productivity of scientists. They were: persistence, resource adequacy, access to literature, initiative, intelligence, creativity, learning capability, stimulative leadership, concern for advancement, external orientation, and professional commitment.     

Patenting,profitability and marketing characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry

The paper contains an analysis of the patenting activity of pharmaceutical companies in the UK, both the global evolution of pharmaceutical patenting during the years 1951 to 1977 and the fate of the patents published between 1951 and 1961. Further is studied: how much companies vary in their patenting policy and whether this is correlated with their profitability, as well as the amount of licensing going on between pharmaceutical companies.     

A decomposition of productivity change in the semiconductor manufacturing industry

This study divides a production system into three components: production design, demand support, and operations. Efficiency is then decomposed via network data envelopment analysis and integrated into the Malmquist Productivity Index framework to develop a more detailed decomposition of productivity change. The proposed model can identify the demand effect and the identity of the root cause of technical regress. Specifically, the demand effect allows the source of technical regress to be attributed to both demand deterioration and technical regress in the production technology. An empirical study using data from 1995 to 2000 for the semiconductor manufacturing industry is presented to demonstrate and validate the proposed method. The result shows that the regress of productivity in 1997–1998 and 1999–2000 is mainly caused by demand fluctuations rather than by technical regression in production capabilities.     

膜分离技术在制药工业中的应用

膜分离技术在制药工业中的应用包括生物发酵制药、中药生产和现代生物技术等．膜分离技术在抗生素、半合成抗生素、维生素和氨基酸生产中尤其常见．随着膜材料、膜组件和膜设备的不断改进，膜分离技术在制药工业中将扮演越来越重要角色．     

超滤技术在制药工业中除热原的应用

介绍了热原的本质，它的定量表示及测定方法．随着膜分离技术的快速发展，采用超滤法去除注射药液中的热原已在医药行业实际应用．列举了国外多项应用实例，并介绍了中国科学院上海原子核研究所生产的卷式超滤装置在药液除热原工艺中的使用情况     

Exploring size and agglomeration effects on public research productivity

The paper assesses the empirical foundation of two largely held assumptions in science policy making, namely scale and agglomeration effects. According to the former effect, scientific production may be subject to increasing returns to scale, defined at the level of administrative units, such as institutes or departments. A rationale for concentrating resources on larger units clearly follows from this argument. According to the latter, scientific production may be positively affected by external economies at the geographical level, so that concentrating institutes in the same area may improve scientific spillover, linkages and collaborations.  Taken together, these arguments have implicitly or explicitly legitimated policies aimed at consolidating institutes in public sector research and at creating large physical facilities in a small number of cities. The paper is based on the analysis of two large databases, built by the authors from data on the activity of the Italian National Research Council in all scientific fields and of the French INSERM in biomedical research. Evidence from the two institutions is that the two effects do not receive empirical support. The implications for policy making and for the theory of scientific production are discussed.     

Innovation in pharmaceutical R&D: mapping the research landscape

In December 2016, Elsevier launched CiteScore, a new indicator of a journal´s impact based on similar principles as the journal impact factor but improving some issues that had been raised about the latter. The inclusion of all document types, an extension on the period of time for its calculation and the access of CiteScore free of charge made this indicator more transparent and comprehensive. However, many sources display “N/A” instead of a CiteScore value. Since no explanation has been provided by Scopus regarding the significance of this abbreviation form, all the sources categorized by Scopus under the sub-subject category “Library and Information Science” were examined. This study shows that 78 sources that displayed the abbreviation form included sources that had been discontinued, others that had a name change, some that had recently been indexed by Scopus and one particular journal that has been covered by Scopus since 2000 that unexplainably has not been assigned a CiteScore. Certainly, explaining the complex use of this abbreviation form would improve the clarity of CiteScore. In fact, it would be advisable to use different abbreviation forms to denote the reasons why any given indexed journal has not been assigned a CiteScore value.

     

An economic model of the life-cycle research productivity of scientists

Scientific productivity is constant as a scientist ages according to recent studies relying mainly on quantity measures of productivity. An economic model of the life-cycle productivity of scientists is presented which implies that the number of citations made to a scientist's previous work will decline with age. The implication could be consistent with the finding of constant quantity output with age if the decline in quality (as measured by number of citations per article) is large enough.     

Impact of CFC regulations on the air conditioning and refrigeration industry

I welcome the opportunity to speak about a subject of great importance to our industry. The biennial conferences at Purdue have acquired a justified reputation for substance and excellence, and I'm glad to see the large attendance. Given the recent significant developments pointing toward possible further CFC restrictions and the continuing need for high efficiency compressors, the conferences take on a greater significance than ever. Everyone in our industry, and indeed all people in the world who depend upon the products we provide, face some difficult choices and possibly some disruptions during the next decade or two as we shift away from refrigerants that have been used for more than 50 years. With modern technology, and with ingenuity and determination, we should be able to find alternative ways of refrigerating. But it will take time. It will not be easy. We have an enormous investment in current technology and a vast worldwide inventory of equipment which will continue to need service for years. Will we be given the time needed to accomplish the transition? How do we do it? How long will it take? What are the implications if our governments, responding to public concerns, insist on rapidly terminating production of CFC refrigerants? I don't anticipate that I can answer those questions completely in this presentation, but I will attempt to identify the main concerns as I see them and suggest some actions which we should all be considering in responding to this developing issue.     

Patent literature — a tool for forecasting in the pharmaceutical industry?

Technological forecasting based on patents in the pharmaceutical field appears to be feasible by correlating the respective basic patents with the market shares of the applicants, and thereafter by taking the more important patent family cases as indicators for the future new products to appear on the market.     

The publication productivity of international agricultural research centers

The literature output over one year, 1990, of 22 International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs), including 16 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers, was examined. Total output of the IARCs was 1,694 items, of which on average 42% were primary (refereed) literature; 24% were reports and monographs; 18% proceedings papers; 8% book chapters; and 8% semitechnical/popular literature. Total literature production from the IARCs is similar in magnitude to that of FAO. There were 1,230 internationally recruited scientists in the IARCs, with an average annual productivity of 1.38 items per scientist, including 0.58 primary literature articles. There was no correlation between scientific productivity and numbers of scientists in a center. However, there was a significant positive correlation between scientific productivity and center budget, indicating higher efficiency in the larger centers. In view of the nature of IARCs' literature output, we argue that IARCs should reject the trend for scientists to be assessed only by citations in core primary literature; and that IARCs should set up an international standard, perhaps based on the present proportionality of types of their literature output in order to assess IARC individual scientists and the health of their institutional output.     

Age and productivity as determinants of firm survival over the industry life cycle

This paper contributes to fill the gap between the literature on the determinants of firm survival and the empirical works on the industry life cycle (ILC). Using a representative sample of Spanish firms with 10 or more employees over the period 1993–2009, the role played by firm age and productivity in firm survival is empirically analysed across three stages of the life cycle of forty-seven 3-digit manufacturing sectors. In the ‘early’ stage of the ILC, firm age is negatively correlated with hazard rates while firm productivity is not. Firm productivity is associated with lower hazard in the ‘mature’ stage of the ILC, when competition is primarily efficiency-driven, while firm age does not play a significant role for firm survival. In the ‘intermediate’ stage, both age and productivity play a role in reducing firms’ hazard rates.     

An optimal control model of the life-cycle research productivity of scientists

A continuous time model using optimal control techniques is presented which implies that a scientist's productivity will eventually decline with age. This implication is at variance withCole's empirical findings¹ but is consistent withDiamond's empirical findings.²