古诗词中蕴含的饮食文化研究 ——《人间有味是清欢:古诗词中的风雅饮食》评述

中国自古以来便是美食大国,各阶层人群都有着独特的饮食文化传承.同样地,中国历史上喜欢美食的文人骚客也非常多,通过研究其古诗词作品可以发现,这些诗词作家看似在写饮食体验,实则是通过对饮食文化的刻画反映出对当时生活以及时代的思考.     

论当代中国城市文学中底层人物的生存诉求

在中国社会转型时期,城市文学异军突起,开拓了一片与传统文学异质的视域。城市文学塑造了一批底层人物形象,作家通过对底层人物艰难生存的描绘,突出底层人物诉求的失语性与不稳定性,传达出作家各自对＂城和人＂关系的思考。     

ON THE RUNWAY

在这个大选之年，关于美国是什么、不是什么的话题已经很多。对于作家、音乐家、艺术家、时装设计师．尤其是那些喜欢从各种复杂、矛盾的角度来思考美国生活和历史的人来说，这个大选就是处可以催生无数话题的肥沃土壤。今天晚上，马克·加格布斯在纽约的发布会就体现出一种颇具深度的思考。     

马克·加格布斯:美式风情

在这个大选之年,关于美国是什么,不是什么的话题已经很多.对于作家、音乐家、艺术家、时装设计师,尤其是那些喜欢从各种复杂、矛盾的角度来思考美国生活和历史的人来说,这个大选就是一处可以催生无数话题的肥沃土壤.     

路遥佚文《浅谈深入生活》释读

在《作家通讯》1984年第4期,登载有作家路遥的《浅谈深入生活》,应是路遥的佚文。路遥认为,深入生活对作家的创作而言至关重要,但作家深入生活不应该只满足于收集故事和素材,而是要让自己成为生活中的普通一员,注重感情的积累,同时还要更为广泛地深入不同的生活领域,这样作品才有广度和深度。路遥的这篇佚文,集中反映出他的创作思想和文学追求。     

自然、随性与山林之间

随心而动,独立于自然的束缚,自由自在的生活是家的最高定义。——张连涛面对一幢平淡的三层半的独立别墅.一位真诚而质朴的业主.设计师从繁杂的事物中梳理出内在的精神.以新的角度去思考业主的生活、家庭以及内心世界之间的联系。通过与业主沟通.对业主生活的审美态度进行认真的推敲、深     

展讯

GLOBAL MODELVILLAGESLINKACHUGLOBAL MODEL VILLAGE——SLINKACHU艺术家Stinkachu在世界各地的门廊和马路上设置微缩的实景模型。这些小型的装置表现的是日常生活中的场景:开普敦的一位妈妈和她的孩子穿过熙熙攘攘的街道,香港红灯区一盏路灯下跳钢管舞的女人……一出出生活的悲喜剧,孤独和幽默被诠释,这些摄影作品唤起了人们对于社会政治和经济困境的关注,揭示了人生以及人性的意义.     

食品质量与安全人才的需求分析

正食品是人类赖以生存和发展的最基本的物质条件。随着社会生活水平的提高,越来越多的人开始重视食品安全问题,对食品安全的检测和管理人员的需求越来越大,要求越来越高。为此,对食品质量与安全专业人才的需求分析和思考,有助于我国高职教育培养出更符合社会需求的食品质量与安全人才。宏观背景分析随着社会生活水平的提高,越来越多的人开始重视食品安全问题,近     

清楚自己到底要什么

在当今社会，贫穷是失败的代名词，但清简，却是一种精神境界，两者是不等同的。正如弘一法师后半生过着粗茶淡饭、布衣绳床的生活，但谁都不会认为他是贫穷的。日本作家中野孝次说过：“清简是由自己思想与意志积极创出的、简单朴实的生活形态。”清简是选择最简朴的生活以表现自己的人格和思想。诚然，你我都是凡世俗人，怕是达不到清简原意的那个境界，但在这萧瑟寒冷的经济隆冬，或许正好可借此重新思考和调整我们的生活态度。     

家当

中国社会进入现代化进程后,加速了社会肌体的变化,甚至在某些情况下,面貌全非.这样的语境为艺术创伤提供了巨大的机会和挑战,它要求于当下艺术的,不单单是形式的跟进,更重要的是艺术家对社会场域变迁的感应和心理体验,也就是本真的生活呼唤着一种思考型的艺术.     

Dietary cholesterol affects lipid metabolism in rabbits

Effects of dietary cholesterol [0 (control), 1, 2, 4, or 8 g cholesterol/kg diet for 12 weeks] on lipid contents and fatty acid compositions in red blood cell (RBC) membranes and plasma of rabbits and pathological changes and lipid oxidation in their livers were determined. Contents of total lipid and unsaturated fatty acids in RBC membrane and plasma of rabbits fed ≥4 and ≥2 g dosages, respectively, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the control, and their increases were dosage-dependent. Accumulations of neutral lipids in centrolobular regions of livers in rabbits fed ≥2 g were dosage-dependent. Lipid oxidation in liver of rabbits fed 8 g was >2 times higher (p<0.05) than those fed lower dosages. The results indicated that dietary cholesterol can modify lipid metabolisms of rabbits, including biosynthesis and transportation of lipids and fatty acids and incorporation of fatty acid into RBC membranes.     

Free-radical lipid oxidation in rabbits with the alimentary peroxidation syndrome

The results are presented of the study of free radical oxidation of lipids in rabbits with alimentary peroxidation syndrome. A long-term feeding of the animals with a ration devoid of alimentary antioxidants reproduces the main biochemical changes in the blood and tissues characteristic of old animals. It has been revealed that the intensity of EPR signals of lyophilized tissues increased proportionally to the animals' age and to the duration of their maintenance on the ration devoid of antioxidants. A conclusion has been made that the deprivation of the rabbits of alimentary antioxidants accelerates aging.     

Fatty acid composition of meat and perirenal fat in rabbits from two different rearing systems

To evaluate the effect of different rearing systems and sex on the fatty acid composition of rabbit meat and perirenal fat, the fat content and fatty acid composition of Longissimus lumborum and perirenal fat were determined by gas chromatography on 40 rabbits (20 males and 20 females) of the Carmagnola Grey breed reared from 9 to 16 weeks of age in individual California type cages (0.12 m²) or in group ground pens (0.25 m²/head). Ether extract percentage of muscle was significantly influenced by the housing system while, both sex and rearing method affected the fatty acid composition with a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and an increase in polyunsaturated ones (PUFA) in penned and male rabbits. The same trends were observed in the fatty acid composition of the perirenal fat, gender only had a significant affect on the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content in the perirenal fat. Indices relating to human health showed the PUFA/SFA ratio to be over the minimum recommendation for rabbits reared in pens and for males, while only the n6/n3 ratio was above the maximum recommendation for caged rabbits. Atherogenic index (AI) of perirenal fat was affected by gender, but no differences were observed in trombogenic index (TI) in either muscle or perirenal fat.     

Effect of stocking density and group size on growth performance,carcass traits and meat quality of outdoor-reared rabbits

The effect of stocking density (16 rabbits/m², 5 rabbits/m², 2.5 rabbits/m², n = 60, Experiment 1) and group size (4 rabbits/cage, 8 rabbits/cage, 16 rabbits/cage, n = 88, Experiment 2) on productive performance, carcass and meat quality of a slow-growing rabbit population reared outdoors was investigated in two experiments. The highest stocking density induced the highest skin percentage. Lower stocking densities showed lower lightness of Biceps femoris and higher redness of Longissimus lumborum muscles. Four rabbits/cage group (Experiment 2) showed the highest daily weight gain and slaughter weight and the lowest skin percentage. The muscles of 16 rabbits/cage showed significantly higher pHu than 8 and 4 rabbits/cage. BF of 16 and 4 rabbits/cage showed higher L* value. Productive performance and meat quality of rabbits reared outdoors improved in low group size while stocking density needs more experiments. The best combination of density, group size and total available surface that showed the best production and carcass traits was of 5 rabbits/m², 4 rabbits/cage, and 0.8 m².     

Some observations on the arginine requirement of the growing New Zealand white rabbit

Young meat rabbits of the New Zealand White breed, aged between 5 and 8 weeks, were fed semi-purified diets containing casein as the main protein source, and increasing levels of supplementary arginine to assess their requirements for dietary arginine. On all experimental diets the rabbits achieved good mean growth rates which were not significantly different from the growth rate of 42 g day-¹ on a well-tried control diet. The results are discussed with reference to studies by other workers and the conclusion reached that the requirement for arginine is not greater than 5.6 g kg?¹ diet as fed.     

Effect of prolonged fasting upon the calcium activated sarcoplasmic factor of rabbit skeletal muscle

Adult male New Zealand rabbits were subjected to a 28-day fast (food deprivation). Various blood biochemical parameters, as well as organ and individual skeletal muscle (semitendinosus and longissimus dorsi) weights, were determined. Additionally, the effect of fasting upon individual skeletal muscle functions was assessed. The calcium activated sarcoplasmic factor (CASF) isolated from the fasted rabbits was compared with the same enzyme isolated from ad lib fed rabbits. The fasted rabbits yielded greater amounts of CASF of a slightly higher specific activity than the same enzyme derived from ad lib fed rabbits. However, the enzymes from both treatments exhibited similar activities on intact myofibrils, as demonstrated by phase contrast microscopy and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Dose response modelling of Escherichia coli O157 incorporating data from foodborne and environmental outbreaks

A human dose response model for Escherichia coli O157 would enable prediction of risk of infection to humans following exposure from either foodborne or environmental pathways. However, due to the severe nature of the disease, volunteer human dose response studies cannot be carried out. Surrogate models from Shigella fed to humans and E. coli O157 to rabbits have been utilised but are significantly different to one another. In addition data obtained by animal exposure may not be representative for human beings. An alternative approach to generating and validating a dose response model is to use quantitative data obtained from actual human outbreaks. This work collates outbreak data obtained from global sources and these are fitted using exponential and beta-Poisson models. The best fitting model was found to be the beta-Poisson model using a beta-binomial likelihood and the authors favour the exact version of this model. The confidence levels in this model encompass a previously published Shigella dose response model. The potential incorporation of this model into QMRAs is discussed together with applications of the model to help explain foodborne outbreaks.     

物理处理鱼体内华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染兔实验观察

为研究钴-60辐照和-18℃～-20℃冷冻对鱼肉中华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染的影响，设立A、B2个实验组。一组用0．05、0．10、0．15、0．20、0．25kGy钴-60对含华支睾吸虫囊蚴的鱼肉进行辐照；另一组将感染了华支睾吸虫囊蚴的鱼肉于-18～-20℃冷冻3、7、14、2l、28d。用两组处理过囊蚴的鱼肉灌喂家兔，用粪检虫卵和解剖动物检查虫体的方法判定结果。囊蚴感染家兔45d后解剖，0．15、0．20、0．25kGy组及冷冻组鱼肉饲喂的动物内均未找到华支睾吸虫成虫、童虫、和虫卵。肝胆器官未见病变。鱼肉中的华支睾吸虫囊蚴经钴-600．15kGv以上剂量辐照或存放于-18℃～-20℃冷冻3d以上，便失去感染力。     

Intestinal morphology,epithelial cell proliferation,and absorptive capacity in neonatal calves fed milk-born insulin-like growth factor-I or a colostrum extract

Concentrations of nonnutritional factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), in bovine colostrum are high and can modulate neonatal gastrointestinal tract development and function. In neonatal calves, we have investigated effects on intestinal epithelial cell morphology, proliferation, and absorption of feeding milk-born human IGF-I (hIGF-I) or a bovine colostrum extract. Calves were fed a milk-based formula containing amounts of nutrients comparable to colostrum for the first 3 d and a milk replacer from d 4 on. Formula and milk replacer contained only traces of nonnutritional factors. In experiment 1, supraphysiological amounts of hIGF-I (3.8 mg/L formula; secreted by transgenic rabbits with their milk) were added to the formula. Xylose appearance in blood (after feeding xylose on d 5) and intestinal traits (after euthanasia on d 8) did not differ between groups. In experiment 2, an extract of first-milked bovine colostrum that provided physiological amounts of IGF-I (0.50, 0.15, and 0.09 mg of IGF-I/L formula on d 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and 0.09 mg of IGF-I/L milk replacer on d 4) was added to formula or milk replacer. Plasma xylose concentration in the control group was transiently higher than in calves fed the colostrum extract. On d 5 (after euthanasia), villus circumferences and heights in small intestine, and epithelial cell proliferation rate in intestine were higher in calves fed the colostrum extract than in controls. In conclusion, orally administered hIGF-I from transgenic rabbits had no effect on the intestinal tract. However, feeding a bovine colostrum extract enhanced intestinal villus size, although it appeared to transiently decrease the absorptive capacity.     

A study of the need for fibre by the growing New Zealand white rabbit

New Zealand White rabbits, aged between 5 and 8 weeks, were offered diets based on oatmeal together with up to 500 g kg^?1 of ground oat husk, or 500 g kg^?1 of ground barley straw or 400 g of a purified cellulose. The rabbits gained about 40 g liveweight per day when fed a well-balanced control diet (in which oatmeal, grassmeal, corn oil and fishmeal were the main constituents) and, apart from one occasion, there was no significant reduction in this rate of gain even when the diets offered contained up to 500 g kg^?1 of these fibre sources. Food consumption increased from 80 g day^?1 to 115 g day^?1 as the acid detergent fibre concentration in the diet increased from 39 to 270 g kg^?1. Digestible and metabolisable energy contents of the diets fell as the fibre concentration rose but the rabbits were able to adjust their intakes and maintain their daily metabolisable energy intakes constant at about 1100 kJ. The proportion of fat in the body dry matter fell as the fibre concentration in the diet was raised. A minimum dietary fibre content of 100 g kg^?1 as measured by the acid detergent fibre or crude fibre techniques is suggested for optimum healthy growth.