鼠李糖脂的发酵及其在清洗原油储罐中的应用

从被油类污染的土壤中得到一株分泌鼠李糖脂的铜绿假单胞菌P aeruginosa ZJU u1,利用烹饪废油为碳源,在摇瓶上对此菌株进行发酵培养,鼠李糖脂的产量在120 h后达到12.54 g/L.获得的发酵液可以使溶液表面张力降低到37×10-3 N/m,临界胶束浓度(CMC)为63.3 mg/L.实验结果表明,发酵液可提高罐底油泥的洗脱效果,提高储油罐罐底油泥中原油的回收率.     

铜绿假单胞菌分泌鼠李糖脂能力对原油降解影响的研究

研究了铜绿假单胞菌分泌鼠李糖脂能力对原油生物降解的作用.将保存在原油中的铜绿假单胞菌转接至甘油培养基进行继代培养,观察到各继代培养下鼠李糖脂分泌量越高则该发酵液对原油的乳化降解能力就越强,推测该菌产鼠李糖脂能力决定了该培养液对原油的乳化与降解程度.鉴于此,分别将鼠李糖脂提取液、发酵液加入到原油培养基中,观察其各自的原油乳化程度的变化趋势,发现鼠李糖脂本身可以乳化原油但不能降解原油,且其乳化能力不如去菌体的发酵液.去菌体发酵液能很快地乳化原油而同样不能降解原油.只有含菌体的发酵液既能乳化又能降解原油.因此,可以认为鼠李糖脂本身具有乳化原油的能力,但是由铜绿假单胞菌同时分泌的其它表面活性物质可能协同鼠李糖脂更好地乳化原油以促进微生物对原油的利用与降解.     

鼠李糖脂促进含油餐饮废水的生物降解

研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂发酵液在含废油餐饮废水的好氧处理过程中的降解性能.结果表明,作为一种高效、绿色环保的生物表面活性剂,鼠李糖脂发酵液能非常迅速地促进废水中餐饮废油的生物降解.在采用活性污泥法处理实际废水的曝气池中的试验进一步表明,对油脂的生物降解能力而言,添加鼠李糖脂发酵液比未添加的处理效果要显著得多;同时,温度和糖脂发酵液的添加量对降解能力有较明显的影响.在27℃和糖脂加量为1倍CMC的最优条件下,废水中废油24 h的生物降解率高达89%.     

鼠李糖脂产量的提高及采油应用研究

对一株铜绿假单胞菌进行发酵条件优化,最优培养基为：菜籽油80 g/L、NaNO₃ 6 g/L、Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O 3 g/L、KH₂PO₄ 1.5 g/L、MgSO₄ 0.36 g/L、FeSO₄·7H₂O 0.2 g/L、CaCl₂ 0.12 g/L;最适培养条件为：温度37℃,装液量40 mL/250 mL,发酵时间168 h。在最优条件下,鼠李糖脂平均产量可达57.83 g/L,表面张力降到27.89 mN/m。鼠李糖脂在相对苛刻的温度、盐度、pH环境中具有较强的稳定性。在物理模拟驱油实验中,用发酵液进行实验,添加具有增黏性质的生物聚合物黄原胶辅助,建立了一种新的生物驱油体系。5%鼠李糖脂发酵液的生物复合体系采收率可达17.4%,表明其在微生物采油领域有着较大的应用前景。     

发酵液中鼠李糖脂的活性炭吸附-酸沉淀分离

采用活性炭吸附-酸沉淀法从铜绿假单胞菌发酵液中提取鼠李糖脂。探讨了活性炭吸附鼠李糖脂的热、动力学规律,研究了p H值对活性炭吸附鼠李糖脂的影响及洗脱剂与洗脱时间的选择。结果表明:p H 7.0、吸附温度40—80℃时果壳活性炭的吸附平衡时间为60—140 min,80℃得到最大吸附量40.2 mg/g;酸沉淀能显著提高吸附量,p H 2.0时,果壳活性炭对鼠李糖脂的平衡吸附量提高至120.6 mg/g,一次吸附回收率达76.1%。适宜的洗脱剂为体积分数95%乙醇,洗脱时间为2 h,鼠李糖脂一次洗脱回收率为30.2%。该方法避免了有毒挥发性有机溶剂的使用,是一种经济环保的鼠李糖脂分离提取工艺。     

假单胞菌O-2-2利用油脂废水生产鼠李糖脂研究

通过摇瓶培养试验,研究了铜绿假单胞菌O-2-2以植物油精炼废水为原料生产鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的适宜条件.结果表明以NaNO3为氮源,碳氮比为15,培养基初始pH值为7.5,32℃,250 r/min培养84 h,鼠李糖脂产量最高,达2.14g/L.液-质联用分析结果表明所提取的糖脂由11种同系物组成,都含有1～2个的鼠李糖和1～2个含β-羟基的碳链长度为8～12的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸.该糖脂生物表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度为69.5 mg/L,可将水的表面张力降至29.2 mN/m,并具有良好的耐温耐盐性.     

鼠李糖脂钙的制备及物理化学性质表征

鼠李糖脂是一种生物表面活性剂，由于其表面活性好及环境友好特性，在环境、石油和日化等领域都有广泛应用，但在日化方面的应用受限于其颜色深、不易保存与运输。研究以鼠李糖脂为原料制备色泽浅且呈固态的鼠李糖脂钙，并研究其结构、表面活性及物理化学性质。核磁和红外结果显示，鼠李糖脂钙具有与鼠李糖脂相同的主体结构。分析表明鼠李糖脂钙由质量分数为3.12%的钙离子和质量分数为36.22%的鼠李糖构成，钙原子与鼠李糖脂的物质的量比为1:2。热重分析测得鼠李糖脂钙熔点约为125℃，显著高于鼠李糖脂的熔点(83℃)，但二者热分解稳定性却相差不大。此外，鼠李糖脂钙可将水的表面张力降至27 mN·m^-1左右，其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为223.7 mg·L^-1，具有与鼠李糖脂相似的表面活性。综上，鼠李糖脂钙表面活性好、色度低且以固体形式存在，是比较理想的用于日化行业的生物表面活性物质。     

鼠李糖脂强化白腐菌处理制浆黑液效果研究

研究了吐温、鼠李糖脂、硫酸铜和乙醇等不同添加物对白腐菌处理黑液效果的强化作用,发现鼠李糖脂能够较好地强化修复效果,当其质量浓度在50~60 mg/L时处理效果最佳。将产生鼠李糖脂的铜绿假单胞菌与白腐菌共同接种黑液后培养,可将COD降低44%。本研究为黑液的微生物处理提供了新的思路。     

生物表面活性剂产生菌发酵液中糖含量的测定

采用苯酚-硫酸法测定鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂产生菌发酵液中的总糖含量,研究了显色温度、显色时间、苯酚及硫酸用量对测定的影响。通过试验确定了较佳测定条件：100℃显色15min,苯酚用量1．0mL,硫酸用量5．0mL,于482肿处测定。结果表明,用此方法测定鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂产生菌发酵液中的总糖含量时,其吸收值与鼠李糖质量浓度（在0～0．04g／L）呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0．9969,加样回收率为100．5％（n=5）。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂发酵条件的优化及绿色提取新工艺研究

通过正交实验对铜绿假单胞杆菌产鼠李糖脂（RL）的发酵条件进行了优化,并采用预处理酸沉淀冷冻干燥法新工艺提取RL。在最优发酵条件下RL的产量可达56 g/L以上。提取后的RL由二鼠李糖脂和单鼠李糖脂两种同系物组成,可将去离子水的表面张力降至29.01 mN/m。该RL提取工艺是一项绿色工艺。     

Characterization of corn oil,soybean oil and sunflowerseed oil nonpolar material

Normal phase preparative and semi-preparative liquid chromatography were used to isolate fractions of varying polarity from corn, soybean and sunflowerseed oils. Reported here is the composition of one fraction, less polar than triglycerides, determined by isolating the individual ?peaks? of a semi-preparative separation using as starting material the mix of compounds obtained from a large scale separation. These peaks were then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (LC) gas chromatography (GC), mass-spectrometry (MS) with and without GC, in both electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) modes, and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Semi-quantitative data were obtained for many of the components found in these semi-preparative isolates including hydrocarbons, steryl esters, triterpenyl esters, phytyl esters and geranylgeranyl esters. The weight percent and composition of the preparative fraction differed substantially among the three oils. Corn oil had the greatest amount, at 1.25% of the starting oil, and was composed mostly of steryl and triterpenyl esters. Sunflowerseed oil, at 0.7%, and soybean oil, at 0.3%, showed greater variety in that branched chain esters were included with the steryl/triterpenyl distributions.     

Processing oil shales with heavy oil recycle

Recycle of heavy oil (>340 °C) to the retort, in order to crack/coke the oil to lighter fractions, was investigated as a means of producing shale oil of more desirable product slates. Conversion of heavy oil to light oil (<340 °C) by thermal cracking and coking in the absence of and during oil shale retorting was studied using the CSIRO BIRCOS retort. As expected, the conversion by thermal cracking increased as temperature increased, with most of the net oil loss in the form of gas. By contrast, the conversion by coking alone decreased as temperature increased, with coke representing all the net oil loss. Thermal cracking was found not to be a first-order reaction, by showing a reduced conversion of heavy oil with reduced concentration of oil vapour. Retorting Stuart oil shale with heavy oil feeding and simultaneous cracking and coking showed a conversion of 19.1 g per 100 g feed heavy oil to 10.9 g light oil, 2.2 g gas and 6.0 g coke, with a net oil loss of 3.8 g per 100 g shale oil produced. These data were used to generate a set of parameters for a mathematical model which simulated a heavy oil recycle loop.     

Preparation of laurel oil alkanolamide from laurel oil

A low-temperature synthesis of laurel oil alkanolamides directly from laurel oil and ethanolamine was carried out in essentially quantitative yields. The ethanolamine/laurel oil molar ratio used was 10∶1. Even though amine served as a catalyst in the reaction, we used sodium methoxide at a ratio of 0.2–2% as a second catalyst. The reaction was complete in 1–9 h at room temperature. The identity of the amide was confirmed by IR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.     

Sunflower oil processing from crude to salad oil

World-wide use of sunflower oil is second only to soybean oil. Interest in domestic use as a premium salad oil is very recent. The high ratio of polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids makes sunflower oil a premium salad oil. Sunflower oil, however, contains a small amount of high melting wax which must be removed to avoid settling problems. It is possible to produce a brilliant, dewaxed, deodorized sunflower oil with over a 100-hr cold test at 0 C. This quality oil can be produced by conventional caustic refining, dewaxing, bleaching and deodorization. A quality finished oil may also be produced by dewaxing and steam refining. This paper reviews various methods for processing sunflower oil from the crude state through the finished, dewaxed, deodorized salad oil. Presented at the ISF/AOCS Meeting, New York, April, 1980.     

生物质裂解油在柴油中乳化的研究

以乳化液稳定性为评价指标,研究了复配乳化剂、助乳化剂、助乳化剂与复配乳化剂质量比[m(C)m/(T)]及生物质裂解油在乳化液中质量分数的选择,并考察了HLB值、乳化温度、乳化时间、乳化方式、搅拌方式对乳化液稳定性的影响。实验结果表明:采用质量分数1.7%的T-85和乳化剂A的复配乳化剂,m(C)m/(T)为0.05的正辛醇为助乳化剂,在HLB值为8、乳化温度为20~40℃的条件下,将质量分数5%的生物质裂解油在柴油中高速乳化5m in,其中,乳化方式为T-85溶于生物质裂解油,乳化剂A溶于柴油,边搅拌柴油边加入生物质裂解油,再加入助乳化剂,乳化液的稳定性较好,稳定时间可达20 d。     

油浆抽余油FCC反应

油浆经萃取分离得到以饱和烃为主的理想组分——抽余油。利用该油作为原料进行FCC反应,并与石蜡基重油从原料性质、反应工艺条件、产品分布及性质、再生剂性能等方面进行对比研究。结果表明：抽余油具有良好的FCC性能,其合适的反应条件为剂油比6.0、反应温度520 ℃、重时空速12.0 h?1;在各自最优工艺条件下,抽余油比重油液体收率增加1.69%,生焦率上升0.02%;在相同工艺条件即剂油比5.0、反应温度500 ℃、空速14.4 h?1,抽余油比重油液体收率增加0.19%,生焦率上升2.55%;与重油相比,抽余油FCC汽油辛烷值相当,FCC柴油十六烷值降低3.7,其再生剂失活程度较小。因此,抽余油完全可以替代重油作为FCC的原料,具有很好的工业应用前景。     

Solubility of hydrogenated peanut oil in peanut oil

Conclusions Data obtained on the solubility of hydrogenated peanut oil in refined peanut oil and the behavior of the mixtures on cooling indicate that freedom from oil separation on storage is largely determined by the nature as well as the amount of solid crystals present in the oil. The results suggest that the best procedure for prevention of oil separation would involve shockchilling the molten mixture to produce the finely divided metastable crystalline modification followed by tempering at such a temperature as to permit transformation of the crystals into the more desirable higher-melting form without changing the finely divided state necessary for improved palatability. The data imply that under controlled conditions any amount of the high-melting modification of the hard fat incorporated in peanut oil above the solubility temperature in excess of 2% should produce a mixture free from oil separation under average storage conditions. The choice of the actual concentration of the hard fat, above the minimum amount, would depend upon the degree of plasticity desired. Ambient temperature to which the mixture is likely to be subjected will influence to a considerable extent the selection of the hard fat content. The information obtained is of fundamental importance in connection with the problem of oil separation in peanut butter. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.