Efficient angular spectrum decomposition of acoustic sources. I. Theory

The angular spectrum decomposition is evaluated in terms of plane wave angular range, angular resolution, and spatial aliasing error using two-dimensional FFT (2-D FFT). The algorithm makes possible the source plane decomposition of normal velocity and pressure fields radiated by transducers of arbitrary shape, with significantly faster results achievable for planar sources. Although the angular spectrum is equally applicable to fields far from the transducer, the efficient calculation is derived specifically for fields in or very close to the source plane. An antialiasing algorithm is proposed that allows the source to be discretized with fewer sample points for a given accuracy than required with simple discretization techniques. Guidelines for the selection of sampling interval, discretization size, etc. are developed on an application-specific basis and indicate the best ratio of numerical accuracy to computational cost.     

Comments on “efficient angular spectrum decomposition ofacoustic sources-parts I and II”[and reply]

Problems with the angular spectrum analysis of a recent pair of papers (see ibid., vol. 40, p. 238-49, 1993 and vol. 40, p. 250-57, 1993)are described. An alternative numerically correct approach is described and is used to efficiently and accurately re-compute a result considered in the original papers. The original authors give their reply to the comments     

运动声源的多普勒信号仿真

运动声源会产生多普勒频移信号，本文以简单的点声源为例讨论了运动声源产生多普勒频移信号的原理，并根据这一原理编制了相应的程序来直观的表示。为分析多普勒频移信号提供信号源。     

Coherent-mode decomposition of partially polarized,partially coherent sources

It is shown that any partially polarized, partially coherent source can be expressed in terms of a suitable superposition of transverse coherent modes with orthogonal polarization states. Such modes are determined through the solution of a system of two coupled integral equations. An example, for which the modal decomposition is obtained in closed form in terms of fully linearly polarized Hermite Gaussian modes, is given.     

基于角谱方法的二次谐波声场的研究

1引言 80年代初,Muir及Castensen首先从理论及实验上证实了在生物医学超声所使用的频率及强度范围内,存在不容忽视的非线性现象.[1]自此,生物医学超声中的非线性得到了广泛的研究和应用,如非线性声参量B/A的测量及成像、基于超声造影剂的非线性成像等[2].为提高测量及成像的精度,非线性声场的研究十分重要.     

高阶谱双通道的水声信号检测方法研究

实际海洋环境中,水下声纳系统往往因环境条件的失配而性能下降。从高阶统计量分析的角度来研究失配条件下的水声信号检测问题。采用二阶、三阶统计联合分析的方法,把双谱能量检测器与常规能量检测器联合构成一种双谱双通道检测器。它同时利用了水声信号中的二阶和三阶统计信息,增加了所利用的信息量,且能在更大程度上适应复杂水声环境变化的要求,改善和提高了水声信号的检测性能。计算机仿真证明了上述算法的有效性。该方法为失配条件下的水下微弱信号检测提供了一条可能的途径。     

Efficient evaluation of the acoustic radiation using multipole expansion

The variational boundary element method (VBEM) is widely used to compute the acoustic radiation of structures. The classical numerical implementation of the VBEM suffers from the computational cost associated with double surface integration. In a previous paper [1], the authors proposed a novel method, based on multipole expansions, to accelerate the double layer potential calculation for structures having a periodic mesh. This technique, while efficient, is still limited by the cost of computing the surface pressure from the double surface potential. This paper presents an acceleration technique, based on multipole expansion, that allies both efficiency and accuracy. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

扩展性噪声源定位的空间谱估计仿真研究

波束形成是列车噪声源定位的常用方法,但在低频条件下分辨率较差,对扩展性声源的识别效果不佳.我们以扩展性声源为研究对象,理论推导了去自谱算法的扩展源模型.信噪比分别为-5dB和5dB时,通过比较分辨率和信源间隔的关系,对CBF、MVDR、MUSIC三种算法的稳健性进行定性分析,发现MVDR算法的分辨率受信噪比影响最小、稳健性较好.还系统地比较了MVDR算法和去自谱算法对单点声源、扩展性声源的定位效果,仿真表明,去自谱算法能有效抑制旁瓣效果(最大旁瓣级比MVDR算法低7.4dB),更适用于扩展性声源的定位.     

多相分解滤波器在OFDM高速水声通信中的应用

影响OFDM浅海高速水声通信的一个重要的因素是多普勒,多普勒频率会导致OFDM子载波间的正交性被破坏,进而带来OFDM子载波间干扰,严重影响OFDM水声通信的质量,因此必须对如何消除多普勒进行研究。在水声通信中消除多普勒的影响通常分两步：首先对多普勒因子正确估计,进而对接收数据变采样。在仿真实现变采样的基础上,利用多相分解降低其运算量,实现了高速率的变采样滤波器,并将算法运用到OFDM系统仿真中,最终对OFDM湖试数据进行解码,取得了满意的结果,很大程度上降低了多普勒频移对OFDM水声通信系统的影响。     

Assessment of anisotropic tissue elasticity of cortical bone from high-resolution, angular acoustic measurements

Assessment of anisotropic elastic properties at the tissue level is still one of the major challenges in bone research. In previous studies, bone sections were cut in different directions relative to a principle axis of symmetry. This causes a high preparation and measurement effort. We have developed a new acoustic scanning procedure that allows one to measure the angular dependence of the acoustic impedance of cylindrically shaped samples (diameter: 4.4 mm) with a single measurement. Our scanning acoustic microscope was equipped with a rotational stage, and a scanning procedure was developed that measures the surface reflection of the rotating cylinder. It was shown in a previous study that the acoustic impedance derived from the reflection coefficient is highly correlated with the elastic coefficient in the probing direction. From the angular reflection, the independent elastic coefficients were derived using assumptions of transverse isotropy and continuum micromechanical model constraints. This method was applied to the inspection of human femoral bone samples. Four cylinders were prepared from the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral regions. The measurements were performed with a 50 MHz transducer, providing a lateral resolution of 23 microm. Remarkable structural and elastic variations were observed between the four samples. The means and standard deviations of the derived elastic coefficients were: c33 = 29.9 +/- 5.0 GPa, c11 = 21.9 +/- 2.1 GPa, c12 = 9.2 +/- 1.5 GPa, c13 = 9.7 +/- 1.6 GPa, and c44 = 6.7 +/- 1.2 GPa. The results demonstrate that microstructural and anisotropic elastic tissue parameters can be assessed by ultrasound in very small bone samples.     

The transverse acoustic impedance of He II

The complex shear acoustic impedance of liquid He II has been measured at frequenciesf(=/2) of 20.5, 34.1, and 47.8 MHz from 30 mK to the -point T (2.176 K). The impedanceZ was found from the temperature dependence of the quality factor and the resonant frequency of a thickness shear mode quartz crystal resonator immersed in the liquid. The relationship for a hydrodynamic viscous liquidZ(T)=(1–i)(f _n )^1/2 was used to measure the temperature dependence of the viscosity (T) using tabulated values of the normal fluid density _n (T). Deviations from hydrodynamic behavior occurred when the viscous penetration depth was less than the superfluid healing length, the phonon mean free path, and the roton mean free path. Near the -point,Z(T)/Z(T) was frequency dependent and a value for the superfluid healing lengtha=(0.10±0.01)^–2/3 nm was found, where =(T–T)/T. The effects of van der Waals forces near the crystal surface were also observed and a layer model was used to interpret the measurements. Below 1.8 K only rotons contribute significantly toZ and we determined the roton relaxation time as _r =8.5×10^–14 T ^–1/3 exp (8.65/T) sec. Below 1.2 K, _r >1 and we investigated the breakdown of hydrodynamics in this region. ForT<0.6 K the resonant frequency of the crystals decreased by f/f=2×10^–7, but the origin of this effect is not yet known.Financial support provided by the SERC, Bedford College, and the Central Research Fund, University of London.     

Optical vortex symmetry breakdown and decomposition of the orbital angular momentum of light beams

Two forms of the transverse energy circulation within plane-polarized paraxial light beams are specified: one inherent in wave-front singularities (optical vortices) and the other peculiar to astigmatism and asymmetry of beams with a smooth wave front. As quantitative measures of these energy flow components, the concepts of vortex and asymmetry parts of a beam's orbital angular momentum are introduced and their definitions are proposed on the basis of beam intensity moments. The properties and physical meaning of these concepts are analyzed, and their use for the study of transformations of optical vortices is demonstrated.     

利用无线传感器网络实现运动声源的定位与跟踪

1引言随着无线通信和大规模集成电路的发展,无线传感器网络受到人们越来越多的关注。在无线传感器网络中,如何融合各个节点采集的音频数据实现运动声源的精确定位和跟踪,是目前的一个研究热点。     

Equations of State for Technical Applications. II. Results for Nonpolar Fluids

New functional forms have been developed for multiparameter equations of state for non- and weakly polar fluids and for polar fluids. The resulting functional forms, which were established with an optimization algorithm which considers data sets for different fluids simultaneously, are suitable as a basis for equations of state for a broad variety of fluids. The functional forms were designed to fulfill typical demands of advanced technical applications with regard to the achieved accuracy. They are numerically very stable and their substance-specific coefficients can easily be fitted to restricted data sets. In this way, a fast extension of the group of fluids for which accurate empirical equations of state are available becomes possible. This article deals with the results found for the non- and weakly polar fluids methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, ethylene, cyclohexane, and sulfur hexafluoride. The substance-specific parameters of the new equations of state are given as well as statistical and graphical comparisons with experimental data. General features of the new class of equations of state such as their extrapolation behavior and their numerical stability have been discussed in a preceding article. Results for typical polar fluids will be discussed in a subsequent article.     

Efficient generation and control of different-order orbital angular momentum states for communication links

We present an optical scheme to encode and decode 2 bits of information into different orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of a paraxial optical beam. Our device generates the four light angular momentum states of order ±2 and ±4 by spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in a triangular optical loop arrangement. The switching among the four OAM states is obtained by changing the polarization state of the circulating beam by two quarter-wave plates, and the 2 bit information is transferred to the beam OAM exploiting a single q plate. The polarization of the exit beam is left free for an additional 1 bit of information. The switching among the different OAM states can be as fast as a few nanoseconds, if suitable electro-optical cells are used. This may be particularly useful in communication systems based on light OAM.     

The inverse transformation of angular spectrum propagation algorithm and its application to phase retrieval

An angular spectrum propagation (ASP) algorithm with a scaling parameter to simulate optical diffraction propagation through optical systems is studied. The alterable observation size is obtained by adding the scaling parameter to the Collins formula. A directly mathematical inverse transformation of the ASP algorithm (IASP) is proposed to calculate the source optical field from the known observation optical field, and the results are proved more precise. The IASP algorithm is applied to execute the phase retrieval to derive the aberrations of optical systems from intensity profiles measured in the observation plane. The derived aberrations are fitted by Zernike polynomials under the constraint that the wavefront aberrations are smooth. Numerical simulations are performed to test the accuracy of this method.     

流域网格中嵌入式复杂声源的时域传播仿真

针对声学商业软件较难模拟任意形状、时变复杂声源的声辐射问题,使用有限体积法在时域内求解无声源项亥姆霍兹(Helmholtz)方程,将复杂声源嵌入到有限体积单元节点,推导了由给定声源表面声压或振动位移得到速度势公式,提高了声源处理的灵活性和计算效率。该方法允许对初始场问题及复杂时变声源声辐射进行仿真。对常见声源及二阶圆柱体声源声辐射进行了数值模拟,结果与解析解及商业软件结果进行了对比,误差均小于15%。程序具有良好的封装性及通用性,可以灵活地对不同声源进行组合,得出任意复杂声源时域的传播规律,为复杂声源声辐射等线性声学问题的研究提供了一个可靠的平台。     

Wideband spherically focused PVDF acoustic sources for calibration of ultrasound hydrophone probes

Several broadband sources have been developed for the purpose of calibrating hydrophones. The specific configuration described is intended for the calibration of hydrophones In a frequency range of 1 to 40 MHz. All devices used 25 /spl mu/m film of PVDF bonded to a matched backing. Two had radii of curvatures (ROC) of 25.4 and 127 mm with f numbers of 3.8 and 19, respectively. Their active element diameter was 0.28 in (6.60 mm). The active diameter of the third source used was 25 mm, and it had an ROC of 254 mm and an f number of 10. The use of a focused element minimized frequency-dependent diffraction effects, resulting in a smooth variation of acoustic pressure at the focus from 1 to 40 MHz. Also, using a focused PVDF source permitted calibrations above 20 MHz without resorting to harmonic generation via nonlinear propagation.     

用数据矩阵分解确定多噪声源的频率和位置

本文提出利用均匀线阵接收的数据构造一种矩阵进行奇异值分解，以对频率、方位两参数进行分离估计，用频率谱估计出声源频率，用方位谱估计出声源方位角。并在此基础上改变变阵列中心位置确定噪声源位置，计算机模拟和声学实验证明了上述方法的可行性。